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Two hundred eight Angus-crossbred heifers (291 ± 23 kg) from four sources were used in a randomized complete block design. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of implant strategy and Zn supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, muscle fiber diameter, and mineral status of heifers. Heifers were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial study for 168 d, and factors included Zn and implant (IMP). Heifers were supplemented Zn (mg/kg dry matter [DM]; ZnSO4) at national (30; NRC) or industry (100; IND) recommendations. Implant strategies (Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) included extended-release Revalor-XH on day 0 (REV-XH; 20 mg estradiol + 200 mg trenbolone acetate) containing four uncoated pellets and six coated pellets or the uncoated implant Revalor-200 on day 0 and again on day 91 (REV-200; 20 mg estradiol + 200 mg trenbolone acetate). Heifers were blocked by weight within source to pens of five or six heifers per pen (nine pens per treatment). A corn silage-based diet was fed during the growing period (days 0–55) followed by transition to a corn-based finishing diet. Weights were taken consecutively on days −1/0, 55/56, and 167/168. Liver and muscle from the longissimus thoracis were collected from one heifer per pen on days −5, 14, 105, and 164. Data were analyzed via Mixed Procedure of SAS. Average daily gain (ADG) and liver mineral used Period as the repeated effect. Corresponding to periods of high hormone payout from each implant, days 0–28 and 91–120 ADG were greatest for REV-200, whereas REV-XH numerically peaked during days 56–91 (IMP × Period; P = 0.02). Day 91 IND body weight tended to be heavier (P = 0.06) and day 120 body weight was heavier (P = 0.05) than NRC heifers. No effect of Zn or IMP on final body weight was observed (P ≥ 0.21). Muscle fiber cross-sectional diameter on day 164 was greater (P = 0.05) in IND than NRC. Liver Mn concentrations decreased by day 14 regardless of implant, though days 105 and 164 concentrations were lesser for REV-200 than REV-XH (IMP × Period; P = 0.02). No effects of Zn, IMP, or the interaction were observed for carcass-adjusted gain to feed, days 0–168 DM intake, hot carcass weight, or ribeye area (P ≥ 0.11). The nominal differences in performance between implant strategies suggest that extended-release implants may be an effective implant strategy to replace re-implant programs in heifers, whereas the improved performance of heifers fed IND vs. NRC during times of peak hormone payout suggests a role for Zn in periods of rapid growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angus-crossbred steers (n = 180; 292 ± 18 kg) from a single ranch were used to investigate the effects of a novel rumen-protected folic acid (RPFA) supplement on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. On d 0, steers were blocked by body weight to pens (5 steers/pen), and pens within a block were randomly assigned to dietary treatments (n = 6 pens/treatment): target intake of 0 (CON), 30 (RPFA-30), 60 (RPFA-60), 90 (RPFA-90), 120 (RPFA-120), or 150 (RPFA-150) mg RPFA·steer−1·d−1. Steers were weighed before feeding on d −1, 0, 55, 56, 86, 87, 181, and 182. Pen average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), and gain:feed (G:F) were calculated for growing (d 0 to 56), dietary transition (d 56 to 87), finishing (d 87 to 182), and overall (d 0 to 182). Liver and blood samples were collected from two steers/pen before trial initiation and at the end of growing and finishing. Steers were slaughtered on d 183, and carcass data were collected after a 48-h chill. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using ProcMixed of SAS 9.4 (fixed effects of treatment and block; experimental unit of pen). Liver abscess scores were analyzed using the Genmod Procedure of SAS 9.4. Contrast statements assessed the polynomial effects of RPFA. Supplemental RPFA linearly increased plasma folate at the end of growing and finishing (P < 0.01), and linearly decreased plasma glucose at the end of growing (P = 0.01). There was a cubic effect of RPFA on liver folate at the end of growing (P = 0.01), driven by lesser concentrations for RPFA-30, RPFA-60, and RPFA-150. Growing period ADG and G:F were greatest for CON and RPFA-120 (cubic P ≤ 0.03). Transition period DMI was linearly increased due to RPFA (P = 0.05). There was a tendency for a cubic effect of RPFA on the percentage of livers with no abscesses (P = 0.06), driven by a greater percentage of non-abscessed livers in RPFA-30 and RPFA-60. Despite supplementing 1 mg Co/kg DM, and regardless of treatment, plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were low (<200 pg/mL), which may have influenced the response to RPFA as vitamin B12 is essential for recycling of folate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess whether supplemental Zn source or concentration would affect ruminant Zn retention and nutrient digestibility. Thirty-six weaned crossbred Polypay wethers, were sorted by BW to 3 periods and stagger started on a common diet (22 mg Zn/kg DM) for a 52-d depletion period. Day 52 BW was used to assign Zn treatments (3 lambs/treatment/ period): no supplemental Zn (CON), or supplemental Zn (40 mg Zn/d) from Zn sulfate (ING; Zinc Nacional, Monterrey, SA, Mexico), Zn methionine (ORG; Zinpro 120; Zinpro, Eden Prairie, MN), or Zn hydroxychloride (HYD; IntelliBond Z; Micronutrients USA LLC, Indianapolis, IN). On day 53 (day 1 of Zn treatments), lambs were moved to metabolism crates for 10 d of adaptation and 5 d of total fecal and urine collection. Blood for plasma Zn analysis was collected on day 52 and day 68. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete design with fixed effects of treatment, period and the interaction, which was significant (P ≥ 0.19) for day 68 plasma Zn but was removed for all other variables. Contrast statements were used to separate treatment means: CON vs. ZINC (ING, ORG, HYD), ING vs. HYD, and ORG vs. HYD. Day 52 plasma Zn concentrations were similar when CON was compared with ZINC (P = 0.84), and when ING and ORG were compared with HYD (P ≥ 0.19). Dry matter and neutral detergent fiber digestibility were lesser in ORG compared with HYD (P = 0.05) and organic matter and acid detergent fiber digestibility tended (P ≤ 0.08) to be lesser in ORG compared with HYD. Intake and fecal excretion of Zn was lesser, while apparent absorption of Zn was greater, in CON compared with ZINC (P ≤ 0.001). Zinc retained as a percent of Zn intake was greater in CON compared with ZINC (P = 0.001). Zinc retained (mg/d) was similar in CON compared with ZINC (P = 0.58) and when ING or ORG were compared with HYD (P ≥ 0.83). There was a treatment × period interaction for day 68 plasma Zn where treatments did not differ for periods 1 and 3 but ORG lambs had increased plasma Zn in period 2 compared with other treatments (P = 0.02). Lambs receiving no supplemental Zn had increased apparent absorption, suggesting Zn absorption may be upregulated in these lambs. Similarities in Zn retention across treatments suggests Zn requirements of these lambs were met regardless of supplementation concentration or source. Nutrient digestibility was improved in HYD lambs compared with ORG, and further work is needed to clarify the influence of supplemental Zn source on nutrient digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study objective was to determine whether N retention was improved with supplemental Zn above NRC concentrations with or without ractopamine hydrochloride inclusion. Angus crossbred steers (n = 32, 485 ± 26 kg BW) with Genemax gain scores of 4 or 5 were utilized in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (8 steers/treatment). Steers were blocked by BW to a finishing diet with 1 of 2 mineral supplementation strategies (ZNTRT), no supplemental Zn (analyzed 32 mg Zn/kg DM; CON) or supranutritional Zn (CON + 60 ppm ZnSO4 + 60 ppm Zn-amino acid complex; analyzed 145 mg Zn/kg DM; SUPZN), fed 56 days in pens equipped with GrowSafe bunks and assigned to β-agonist (BA) supplementation strategies of 0 (NON) or 300 mg steer−1 d−1 ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) fed the last 30 d before harvest. Initial 56-d ADG was not affected by ZNTRT (P = 0.66), but DMI was greater in CON vs. SUPZN (P < 0.01). On day 56 (day 1 of BA supplementation), steers (4 groups; 8 steers/group; 2 steers/ treatment) were moved to metabolism crates and adapted for 10 d, followed by 5 d of total fecal and urine collection. Total retention of Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, and N were calculated. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with group as a fixed effect and the 3-way interaction of ZNTRT × BA × group as random. No interactions between ZNTRT and BA were noted for any data (P ≥ 0.19). Collection DMI did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.23); however, Zn intake was lesser in CON vs. SUPZN (P < 0.01). Fecal and urinary Zn excretion and Zn and Mn retention were lesser in CON vs. SUPZN (P ≤ 0.03); however, Zn retention was not different between NON and RAC (P = 0.43). Retention of Cu and Fe was unaffected by strategies (P ≥ 0.49). Urine output and urine N excretion were greater in NON vs. RAC (P ≤ 0.05). Nitrogen retention (as percent of N intake) was lesser (P = 0.05) in CON (40.0%) vs. SUPZN (44.3%) and lesser (P = 0.02) in NON (39.5%) vs. RAC (44.8%). Zinc and N retention were found to be positively correlated (r = 0.46, P < 0.01). Average daily gain and G:F across the 86-d trial were lesser in NON vs. RAC (P < 0.03). Overall, SUPZN appears to improve N retention, suggesting that increasing dietary Zn may be important for cattle growth beyond that induced by ractopamine hydrochloride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the effects of trace mineral (TM) supplementation and hormone implant strategy on growth and carcass characteristics of cattle, 72 Angus-cross steers (388 ± 17 kg) were blocked by body weight (six steers per pen) to a 2 x 3 factorial. Factors included growth-stimulating implant (GS): day 0 with Component TE-IS, reimplanted day 56 with Component TE-200 (IMP) or no implant (NoIMP), and TM supplementation (TM): no supplemental TM (CON), TM supplemented at national (NASEM, 2016). Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 8 th ed. Washington, DC: The National Academics Press) recommendations of 10 Cu, 30 Zn, 20 Mn, 0.10 Se, 0.15 Co, and 0.50 I (mg/kg; REC), or TM supplemented at feedlot consultant recommendations of 20 Cu, 100 Zn, 50 Mn, 0.30 Se, 0.20 Co, and 0.50 I (mg/kg; IND). Steers received a finishing diet for 124 d in GrowSafe bunks and were harvested on day 125. Data were analyzed in SAS as a 2 x 3 factorial with steer as the experimental unit (n = 12 per combination). Day -7 liver trace mineral concentrations were used as a covariate in analysis. There were no GS x TM effects for liver Zn, Mn, Se, or Co (P ≥ 0.11) on day 70 or 125. Implanted steers had lesser liver Cu and Mn on day 70 (P ≤ 0.05) and day 125 compared with NoIMP. There was a GS x TM interaction for liver Cu on day 125 (P = 0.05) where IMP/ REC, IMP/IND, and NoIMP/REC had greater liver Cu than NoIMP/CON, which had greater liver Cu than IMP/CON. There was a TM effect for liver Cu on day 70 (P < 0.01) with IND having greater liver Cu than REC and CON. There was a TM effect (P ≤ 0.01) for liver Mn and Se on day 70 where IND had greater Mn and Se than CON, with REC being intermediate. There was a TM effect (P < 0.01) on liver Mn on day 125 where IND had greater liver Mn than CON and greater (P < 0.01) liver Se than CON and REC on day 125, whereas day 125 liver Se was greater in REC vs. CON. Implanted steers had greater (P < 0.01) dry matter intake (DMI), final body weight (BW), overall average daily gain (ADG), G:F, and hot carcass weight (HCW) than NoIMP. Overall DMI was affected by TM (P < 0.01) with REC and IND being greater than CON. There was a TM effect for carcass-adjusted final BW, ADG, and DMI (P ≥ 0.03) and a tendency for TM to affect adjusted G:F (P = 0.07). There was a TM effect (P = 0.03) for HCW where IND was greater than CON and REC. There was a GS x TM (P = 0.02) for rib- eye area (REA); within IMP, CON were greater than IND, whereas REC were intermediate while NoIMP had smaller REA, regardless of TM supplementation. Additional research is needed to better determine trace mineral requirements of finishing beef steers for optimal performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess effects of a novel rumen-protected folic acid (RPFA) supplement, 180 Angus-cross steers (292 ± 18 kg) were blocked by body weight to pens and randomly assigned to dietary treatments (n = 6 pens/treatment): target intake of 0 (CON), 30 (RPFA-30), 60 (RPFA-60), 90 (RPFA-90), 120 (RPFA-120), or 150 (RPFA-150) mg RPFA·steer-1·d-1. Steers were weighed on d -1, 0, 55, 56 (end of growing), 86, 87, 181, and 182. Liver and blood were collected (two steers/pen) before trial initiation and at the end of growing and finishing. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using ProcMixed of SAS (fixed effects of treatment and block; experimental unit of pen). Liver abscess scores were analyzed using ProcGenmod of SAS. Contrast statements evaluated polynomial effects of RPFA and compared CON vs. RPFA-30. At end of growing, RPFA linearly increased plasma folic acid (P < 0.01) and linearly decreased plasma glucose (P = 0.01). Liver folic acid concentrations at end of growing were greatest for CON, RPFA-90, and RPFA-120 (cubic P = 0.01), and growing period (d 0 to 56) average daily gain and gain:feed were greatest for CON and RPFA-120 (cubic P ≤ 0.03). At end of finishing, RPFA linearly increased plasma folic acid concentrations (P < 0.01), and liver folic acid concentrations were lesser for CON vs. RPFA-30 (P = 0.04). Severe liver abscess percentage tended to be greater for CON vs. RPFA-30 (P = 0.09), while dressing percent was lesser for CON vs. RPFA-30 (P = 0.04). Overall (d 0 to 182) carcass-adjusted gain:feed tended to be greater for CON vs. RPFA-30 (P = 0.09). Although RPFA increased plasma folic acid concentrations throughout the study, feedlot performance was not improved, possibly due to low vitamin B12 status (plasma < 200 pg/mL) of steers, regardless of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 169-d study utilizing 208 Angus-cross heifers (291 ± 23 kg; 4 sources) in a 2×2 factorial examined the effects of implant strategy and Zn supplementation on growth and mineral status of heifers. Factors included 2 implant (Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) strategies: extended-release Revalor-XH on d 0 (REV-XH; 20 mg estradiol+200 mg trenbolone acetate) or Revalor-200 on d 0 and 91 (REV-200; 20 mg estradiol+200 mg trenbolone acetate) and 2 supplemental Zn (mg/kg dry matter [DM]; ZnSO4) strategies: national (30; NRC) or industry (100; IND) recommendations. Heifers were blocked by weight within source (n = 5 or 6 heifers/pen; 9 pens/treatment), received a corn silage-based diet (d 0-56), then transitioned to a corn-based diet fed via concrete bunks. Data were analyzed in Proc Mixed of SAS; fixed effects of implant (IMP), Zn, interaction, and source with the repeated effect of time for average daily gain (ADG) and liver mineral. Initial weight served as a covariate for performance and carcass data. Revalor-200 had greater ADG from d 0-28 and 91-120, while REV-XH peaked during d 56-91 (IMP × time; P = 0.02), corresponding to likely periods of greatest hormone payout from each implant. Liver Mn concentrations decreased on d 14 regardless of implant while d 105 and 164 concentrations were lesser for REV-200 (IMP × time; P = 0.02). Hot carcass weight, DM intake, carcass-adjusted ADG and feed efficiency were not different between IMP strategies (P = 0.18). Steers fed IND tended to be heavier on d 91 (P = 0.06) and were heavier on d 120 (P = 0.05) than NRC; however, final BW did not differ due to Zn (P = 0.37). The similar performance between implant strategies and superior performance during peak hormone payout by heifers supplemented IND vs. NRC suggests increased Zn may support rapid growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate bioavailability of Cu from Cu glycinate (CuGly; GemStoneCu; Phibro Animal Health Corporation) vs. Cu sulfate (CuSO4) in diets supplemented with 0.3% S and 2 mg Mo/kg DM 60 Angus-cross steers (288 ±26 kg initial BW) were randomly assigned to treatments within weight blocks and housed in pens (n = 6 steers/pen) with GrowSafe bunks. Treatments included: no supplemental Cu (CON; analyzed 6 mg Cu/kg DM); 5 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM from CuSO4 (SUL5) or CuGly (GLY5); or 10 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM from CuSO4 (SUL10) or CuGly (GLY10). Liver and blood samples were collected from all steers at the start (used as covariates) and end of the trial to determine Cu status. Steers were weighed on d 0, 28, 56, and 90. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design using Proc Mixed of SAS with steer as experimental unit (n = 12/treatment) with treatment and block fixed. Contrast statements compared supplementation source (sulfate vs. glycinate) and concentration. Copper supplementation did not affect steer final BW, or overall ADG, DMI, and G:F (P ≥ 0.19). Initial liver Cu concentrations (374 mg/kg DM) were highly adequate, such that even with antagonist supplementation final plasma Cu concentrations were not affected by supplemental Cu concentration (P ≥ 0.34). Control steers had lesser final liver Cu concentrations vs. steers supplemented 5 or 10 mg Cu/kg DM (P ≤ 0.0004). Supplementing 10 vs. 5 mg Cu/kg DM increased liver Cu concentrations (P = 0.0001). Source did not affect final liver Cu concentrations (P = 0.40). Relative bioavailability was determined by regressing liver Cu concentrations on Cu intake; relative bioavailability of CuGly was 115.5% compared with CuSO4 (100%; P = 0.27). Based on the calculated relative bioavailability CuGly may be a good supplemental Cu source when dietary Cu antagonists are present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]