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Nowadays, the corporate governance quality (CGQ) of a company has become increasingly important as it is the benchmark for the investment decision-making process. However, there are not many studies of CGQ in the Vietnamese public sector. In this regard, this study adopted and adapted the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) corporate governance scorecard and the Vietnamese Listed Company Awards scorecard to evaluate the CGQ of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Vietnam. Data from 220 equitized SOEs were collected from a self-administered survey and double-checked with information from in-depth interviews with the company’s managers and their documents. Collected data were analyzed to score the CGQ of surveyed companies. Results showed that the CGQ of survey companies met the basic requirements that comply with the legal framework. The analysis also showed the differences between two groups of state-owned enterprises: listed versus unlisted joint-stock companies. Based on the findings, we suggested companies improve and adjust their governance policies following 77 scorecard criteria and apply international best practices in corporate governance to promote their brand value to become more appealing to investors.

This article investigates the predictors of purchase behavior of the generation Z (Gen Z) in the Vietnamese organic food sector. We proposed a research model by extending the theory of planned behavior (TPB) with the motivation–opportunity–ability (MOA) framework to address the gap between purchase intention and behavior in the organic food market. Data from a self-administered online survey with 426 respondents living in the three biggest cities of Vietnam were analyzed in SmartPLS software to test proposed hypotheses. Our findings show that trust is the most crucial factor affecting the purchase behavior of Gen Z in the Vietnamese organic food sector. Notably, perceived barriers (PB) were found to positively influence purchase behavior. The present study suggests the organic food producers and suppliers to change their marketing strategies and policies in response to the demanding Vietnamese Gen Z.

Salinity is a severe stress that causes serious losses in rice production worldwide. This study, for the first time, investigated the effects of fulvic acid (FA) with various concentrations of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mL/L on the ability of three rice varieties, Koshihikari, Nipponbare, and Akitakomachi, to cope with a 10 dS/m salinity level. The results show that the T3 treatment (0.25 mL/L FA) is the most effective in stimulating the salinity tolerance of all three varieties by enhancing their growth performance. T3 also promotes phenolic accumulation in all three varieties. In particular, salicylic acid, a well-known salt-stress-resistant substance, is found to increase during salinity stress in Nipponbare and Akitakomachi treated with T3 by 88% and 60%, respectively, compared to crops receiving salinity treatment alone. Noticeably, the levels of momilactones A (MA) and B (MB) fall in salt-affected rice. However, their levels markedly rise in rice treated with T3 (by 50.49% and 32.20%, respectively, in Nipponbare, and by 67.76% and 47.27%, respectively, in Akitakomachi), compared to crops receiving salinity treatment alone. This implies that momilactone levels are proportional to rice tolerance against salinity. Our findings suggest that FA (0.25 mL/L) can effectively improve the salinity tolerance of rice seedlings even in the presence of a strong salt stress of 10 dS/m. Further studies on FA application in salt-affected rice fields should be conducted to confirm its practical implications.

Plant growth inhibitors (PGIs) in rice (Oryza sativa), or rice allelochemicals, are secondary metabolites that are either exudated by rice plants to cope with natural competitors or produced during the decomposition of rice by-products in the paddy fields. Of these, the major groups of rice PGIs include phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, steroids, and fatty acids, which also exhibit potential medicinal and pharmaceutical properties. Recently, the exploitation of rice PGIs has attracted considerable attention from scientists worldwide. The biosynthesis, exudation, and release of PGIs are dependent on environmental conditions, relevant gene expression, and biodiversity among rice varieties. Along with the mechanism clarification, numerous analytical methods have been improved to effectively support the identification and isolation of rice PGIs during the last few decades. This paper provides an overview of rice PGIs and techniques used for determining and extracting those compounds from rice. In particular, the features, advantages, and limitations of conventional and upgraded extraction methods are comprehensively reported and discussed. The conventional extraction methods have been gradually replaced by advanced techniques consisting of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and solid-phase extraction (SPE). Meanwhile, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC), mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and X-ray crystallography are major tools for rice PGI identification and confirmation. With smart agriculture becoming more prevalent, the statistics of rice PGIs and extraction methods will help to provide useful datasets for building an autonomous model for safer weed control. Conceivably, the efficient exploitation of rice PGIs will not only help to increase the yield and economic value of rice but may also pave the way for research directions on the development of smart and sustainable rice farming methods.

Study region: The Mekong basin, where climate change and anthropogenic interventions (e.g., dams, sand mining, and sluice gates) have intensified in the recent decades affecting the pristine flow regime and salinity intrusion. Study focus: This paper aims at quantifying the flow regime alterations in the entire Mekong from 1980 to 2015 and linking with the controlling drivers of alterations. In this regard, various indicators, analytical methods, and a semi two-dimensional hydrodynamic and advection-dispersion model were used. New hydrological insights for the region: The flow regime alterations in the high-dam development period (2009–2015) are more pronounced than in the low-dam development period (1993–2008), compared to the no-dam development period (1980–1992), based on most of the indicators analyzed. In the high-dam development period all existing dams with large reservoir capacity seemed to have cumulatively reduced the flood pulses and frequency and increased the low-flow discharge along the entire Mekong through reservoir operations, exceeding climate change effect. In the recent years the water levels in the low-flow season in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) have decreased, possibly because of increased riverbed incision caused by reduced sediment supply and increased sand mining. The reduced water levels together with the increased number of the sluice gates constructed seemed to have increased salinity intrusion in the VMD which may be partly reduced by early emergency water release from upstream dams.

This article investigates the concepts and issues of social enterprise, social entrepreneurship, their sustainability and strategic dimension. Regarding the current two contradictory forms of entrepreneurship (commercial and social entrepreneurship) in terms of their nature, motivation, purpose and orientation toward sustainable development, this research shows that both of them could to stay in an alliance to successfully bridge social and commercial capital for corporate sustainable development and social sustainable development. However, the article revealed that in contrast to the commercial entrepreneurship, currently, social entrepreneurship, due to higher level of sophistication, lacks and needs more strategic approach and understanding as well as its full reflection not only in theoretical debates but also in the business reality. This way, enterprises and society could benefit from it in terms of supporting overall sustainable development in rural areas of Vietnam. Finally, the article proposed some feasible solutions to enhance strategic impact of social entrepreneurship and promote its further expansion for the purpose of sustainable development.

OBJECTIVE: To report on the use of lot quality-assurance sampling (LQAS) surveys undertaken within an area-sampling framework to identify priority areas for intervention with trachoma control activities in Viet Nam. METHODS: The LQAS survey method for the rapid assessment of the prevalence of active trachoma was adapted for use in Viet Nam with the aim of classifying individual communes by the prevalence of active trachoma among children in primary school. Schoolbased sampling was used; school sites to be sampled were selected using an area-sampling approach. A total of 719 communes in 41 districts in 18 provinces were surveyed. FINDINGS: Survey staff found the LQAS survey method both simple and rapid to use after initial problems with area-sampling methods were identified and remedied. The method yielded a finer spatial resolution of prevalence than had been previously achieved in Viet Nam using semiquantitative rapid assessment surveys and multistage cluster-sampled surveys. CONCLUSION: When used with area-sampling techniques, the LQAS survey method has the potential to form the basis of survey instruments that can be used to efficiently target resources for interventions against active trachoma. With additional work, such methods could provide a generally applicable tool for effective programme planning and for the certification of the elimination of trachoma as a blinding disease.

AbstractAssessing the contamination of paper and board (P&B) food packaging materials poses significant challenges due to the sensitivity limits of analytical methods and the low precision of sampling processes. This study aims to enhance the understanding of P&B food packaging contamination by investigating the distribution of contaminants at different scales using a combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. A total of 36 substances were targeted, including phthalates, photoinitiators, and bisphenol A. Key findings reveal that intra-packaging variability can lead to concentration variations by a factor of 2–7. Recycled materials generally exhibit higher contamination levels, with concentrations of certain contaminants reaching up to 700 mg/kg. Microscopy, including confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and Raman micro-spectroscopy, enabled the identification and differentiation of contaminants, highlighting specific marker molecules and characteristic Raman bands. The study underscores the necessity of comprehensive sampling strategies, advocating for the grinding of entire packaging to obtain representative samples. The introduction of contamination "fingerprints," based on occurrences and correlations between concentrations, offers a promising approach for hazard identification and risk assessment. Overall, the findings contribute to the development of safer and more sustainable food packaging solutions, emphasizing the need for improved analytical techniques and standardized sampling methods in the context of increasing use of recycled materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination of recycled paper and board food packaging by mineral oil hydrocarbons caused several crises in the past years. Although the migration from paper and board to foodstuffs has been proved many times, the contamination mechanisms and causalities remain undetermined and face unresolved issues. This study takes part in the collaborative project FoodSafeBioPack, which aims at evaluating the migration of potentially carcinogenic polyaromatic molecules from recycled paper and board packaging to food. New chemical imaging methods are used to follow this contamination at the microscopic scale (fibers and fibrous network). The first images acquired of polyaromatic molecules distribution on fibers were used to develop a methodology that will help to follow their migration. The influence of using different solvents and molecules on the initial chemical potential is discussed. The description of the paper structure and initial conditions of transfer will support the development of a microscopic mass transfer model.

Coffee is not merely a refreshing beverage but also invigorates people, provides relaxation, contributes to human health, and fosters closer social connections. Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide and the most traded commercial commodity. Moreover, the rapid development of the Vietnamese coffee industry caused some concerns due to its insufficient performance and the fierce competition within the industry. It is significant to establish an efficient supply network; notwithstanding, supplier selection has always been a challenge for companies. Therefore, this paper employs a hybrid model to determine the supplier selection criteria, a vital factor for a manufacturer under practical operating conditions. Firstly, a combined model of Grey forecasting and the Grey Fourier series is applied to forecast future rainfall and temperature data for six consecutive years. Secondly, based on the criteria, strategies, and buyer requirements, the single-objective linear programming model helps identify the outperformed suppliers. The results found that prices and location change are determinants of supplier selection, and supplier shortage is an enormous barrier for the industry. In this study, these price forecasts allow supply chain management to make informed decisions about inventory levels, transportation routes, and resource allocation to ensure smooth operation and optimize coffee supply chain management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews a book on cross-cultural management, focusing on the contributions of female intercultural experts and scholars. It highlights interviews with prominent women in the field, discussing their experiences, challenges, and key research topics. The text emphasizes the importance of intercultural competence, professional networks, and the evolving nature of global business in today's multicultural workforce. It concludes with recommendations for educators to integrate theory and practice, incorporate intercultural studies, and address global challenges through intercultural competencies. [Extracted from the article]

Under pressure of the continuing need to modernize, Vietnam is rapidly reforming its education system. Cooperative Learning (CL) with a Western-based model is being enthusiastically applied. This paper suggests that an authentic form of CL has long existed in the foundations of Vietnamese education. The reasons why Western-based CL is encouraged can be attributed to false universalism (the belief that a practice that originated from elsewhere can be "cloned" with similar results) and neo-colonialism (the perpetuation of a colonial mindset under the pressure of financial loans). While an adjusted form of CL has been suggested by previous studies to make CL culturally appropriate, this paper argues that a true hybrid form of CL which takes into account the authentic CL will have more potential to make this method not only culturally but institutionally appropriate. The paper indicates a strong need to identify and incorporate indigenous practice in the process of educational reform. (Contains 3 tables.)

This article is concerned with the influence of western educational approaches in non-western countries and societies. This influence is frequently referred to as educational neocolonialism in the sense that western paradigms tend to shape and influence educational systems and thinking elsewhere through the process of globalisation. Given the perceived pressure to modernise and reform in order to attain high international standards, educational policy makers in non-western countries tend to look to the west. Thus they may "borrow" policies and practices that were originally developed and operated, and which appeared to be effective, in a very different cultural context to that of their own societies. In effecting such transfer, detailed consideration of particular aspects of the culture and heritage of the originating country is often neglected. To illustrate some of the problems that result from this, the article presents a case study of the application of Cooperative Learning, an educational method developed in the west, within an Asian context. Drawing upon Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner's typology of seven cultural dimensions, our examination of western method and eastern context reveals a complex web of cultural conflicts and mismatches. The paper concludes by suggesting that non-western cultures should seek to reconstruct imported pedagogic practices in accordance with their own world views and in line with their own norms and values. (Contains 2 figures.)

Cultural heritage preservation has become a much-debated topic in recent decades. This paper contributes to the call for educational approaches that take a society's cultural diversity into account. It also attempts to draw attention to non-Western societies, where educational theories and practices from elsewhere (the West) have been imported and applied without proper consideration for the host culture's heritage. To illustrate the intricacy of developing such a culturally appropriate pedagogy, a case study of using group learning strategies in a Confucian Heritage Cultural context is introduced, which closely examines both educational and cultural issues. The results of this examination reveal a complex web of cultural conflicts and mismatches that are likely to happen when a Western educational methodology is applied in another context without rigorous adaptation to improve compatibility with the host culture. (Contains 2 figures and 1 table.)

This paper is aimed at investigating the impact of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) on firm value in Vietnam. Data is collected from 345 publicly traded companies on the Vietnamese stock exchange, covering 1,380 firm-year observations from 2018-2021. Then, the research team applied the quantitative methodology by using panel data with the model of a general least square (GLS) to evaluate the effect of ERM on firm value. In this study, we investigate the existence of appropriate ERM practices in Vietnamese businesses and their potential to enhance business value. The key results provide compelling empirical support for the advantage of effective ERM adoption in improving firm value in Vietnam. In addition, our findings point out that most of the factors examined, namely ROA, Firm Size, Total Asset Turnover, and Dividends show a significant positive effect, whereas Geopolitical Instability, Financial Leverage, and Firm Age are found to negative impact on firm value and Sales Growth has an insignificant relationship with the change in the value of the firm. Based on the results, our suggested recommendations are that companies should pay more attention to adapting and performing enterprise risk management in order to maximize the value, especially during a period of ongoing geopolitical instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Strategic alliance is a popular strategic option for business entities to strengthen the competitive advantages of all partners in a partnership. The global logistics industry has witnessed the formulation of several successful strategic alliances. However, the Vietnamese logistics industry seems to grow slowly and lacks long-term inter-firm partnerships. In such a context, it is critical to have a more effective approach to selecting partners in strategic alliances to increase long-term relationships and firm performance. Method: Thus, this study proposes using the SBM-I-C DEA model to examine and suggest partners for Vietnamese logistics firms to form strategic alliances. Results: Our findings show that integrating technology in managing strategic alliances will foster companies in the alliance to formulate a better strategy with up-to-date information on policies. Conclusion: Using the SBM-I-C DEA model, companies can minimize operating costs and optimize delivery time. Thus, companies can better satisfy customers. From the research findings, some implications are proposed for Vietnamese logistics companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses sustainable development issues in the higher education sector from the value chain perspective. An adapted value chain is proposed for developing countries that would reflect the specific context of the higher education sector of Poland and Vietnam. Secondary data were collected from two universities in Poland and Vietnam to do a comparative analysis of how sustainability is integrated into the educational value chain. Our analysis shows that the two cases of Poland and Vietnam are quite different in most of the supporting and primary activities when integrating sustainability issues in the educational value chain, except for training. Then recommendations of value co-creation activities in the value chain for higher education institutions in both countries are raised towards achieving sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducted a preliminary study of reviewing and exploring bias strategies using a framework of a different discipline: change management. The hypothesis here is: If the major problem of implicit bias strategies is that they do not translate into actual changes in behaviors, then it could be helpful to learn from studies that have contributed to successful change interventions such as reward management, social neuroscience, health behavioral change, and cognitive behavioral therapy. The result of this integrated approach is: (1) current bias strategies can be improved and new ones can be developed with insight from adjunct study fields in change management; (2) it could be more sustainable to invest in a holistic and proactive bias strategy approach that targets the social environment, eliminating the very condition under which biases arise; and (3) while implicit biases are automatic, future studies should invest more on strategies that empower people as "change agents" who can act proactively to regulate the very environment that gives rise to their biased thoughts and behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews and discusses the neuroscience of a dynamic, contextual and polycultural self. Advances in neuroscience suggests that: (1) the brain can acquire contradictory cultural systems at the same time; (2) all three groups of bi/multi/ and mono-cultural individuals can activate corresponding cultural patterns of the self, based on the cultural cues given in a specific cultural context; (3) individuals may be born with some genetic predispositions and these interact with the cultural environment, such that the same genetic predisposition may have opposite expressions of the self in different cultural contexts. Based on these insights, future research could invest more in (1) understanding the neuroscience of polycultural and global citizens who may have a universal identity; (2) advancing new identity development models for monocultural individuals who have the potential of a dynamic, contextual and polycultural self, but don't benefit from living in a diverse cultural environment; and (3) because people can be both products and producers of culture, future research can focus on 'technologies of the self', in the sense that individuals, organisations and governments can promote human agency (i.e. people as producers/authors of culture), proactively raise awareness and support the cultivation of a dynamic, contextual and polycultural self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two main aims of this paper are to develop a numerical method to solve an inverse source problem for parabolic equations and apply it to solve a nonlinear coefficient inverse problem. The inverse source problem in this paper is the problem to reconstruct a source term from external observations. Our method to solve this inverse source problem consists of two stages. We first establish an equation of the derivative of the solution to the parabolic equation with respect to the time variable. Then, in the second stage, we solve this equation by the quasi-reversibility method. The inverse source problem considered in this paper is the linearization of a nonlinear coefficient inverse problem. Hence, iteratively solving the inverse source problem provides the numerical solution to that coefficient inverse problem. Numerical results for the inverse source problem under consideration and the corresponding nonlinear coefficient inverse problem are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Migration due to indirect contact with packaging caused several major sanitary crises, including the spread contamination of dry food by mineral oils and printing ink constituents from cardboard. The issues are still not fully resolved because the mechanisms have been insufficiently described and the relationship between design, contamination level, type of contaminant, and conditions of storage (time and temperature) are poorly understood. This study proposes a forensic analysis of these phenomena when food is separated from cardboard by a plastic layer. Practical relationships and advanced simulation scenarios were devised and validated against the long-term migration between 20 and 60°C of 15 substances. They were chosen to be representative of the main contaminants of cardboard: aliphatic and aromatic mineral oils, photo-initiators and plasticisers. Data were summarised as iso-contamination curves and iso-contamination times up to 2 years. Simple rules are illustrated to extrapolate the results to arbitrary conditions in order to identify critical substances and to estimate the plastic film’s thickness to keep the contamination within acceptable limits. Recommendations for the risk management of contamination routes without contact are finally drafted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting activity coefficients in polymers for arbitrary solute and polymers is of general interest for packaging, environmental, and membrane applications. We examined the extensions of the proposed off-lattice approach [Gillet et al. Ind. Eng. Chem.Res. 2009, 2010] for random and block copolymers. Based on a comparison with an explicit representation of random copolymers, the principles of a mean-field approximation using only the properties of homopolymers have been established. The approach was successfully validated against the Flory--Huggins coefficients collected by Fornasiero et al. [AIChE J. 2002] for 19 aromatic solutes in ethylene-vinyl acetate with acetylation rates varying from 33% to 100%. The role of substituents and isomerism is elucidated. Previously collected data and this study suggest that the real chemical affinity of substituted aromatic compounds for water could be strongly underestimated by previous oversimplified rules and that tailored methods, such as this one, would be preferable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A specific 'Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis' (FMECA) methodology has been developed to detect substances, materials, and steps that are critical for the safety of packaging systems used in food contact and related applications. Contamination levels in the finished product beyond acceptable thresholds are screened via a systematic analysis of crossed mass transfer between components and a serialization of mass-transfer instances during product lifetime. The whole framework, including physical modeling and expert systems, has been integrated within the open-source simulation software FMECAengine. The whole approach is illustrated on three case studies representative of applications along the food packaging supply chain: (1) identification of critical routes of the contamination by printing ink constituents, (2) concurrent engineering of multipurpose packaging, and (3) application to surveys or control plans. The implementation of this framework within industrial commitments such as compliance with EU regulations and ISO 22000 type food safety management systems is discussed. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 1183-1212, 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ample research has been conducted in the organic food market and researchers have investigated factors affecting the purchase behavior of consumers in many countries. However, the studies on organic food that integrate the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Norm Activation Model (NAM) in a transition country like Vietnam are limited. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate factors affecting the organic food purchase intention in the Vietnamese context. We combined the TPB and the NAM to propose an integrated research framework with attitude and personal norms as two mediators. Through a self-administered questionnaire survey, we collected 611 valid responses from the three biggest cities in Vietnam. Data were put into SPSS 22.0 and SmartPLS 3.0 for analysis. The structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was employed to test both direct and indirect relationships among factors of TPB and NAM in the research model. Our findings indicated that attitude plays the most critical role in explaining the organic food purchase intention of Vietnamese consumers, followed by social norms and personal norms. Notably, attitude also remarkably mediated the impact of environmental awareness and knowledge of organic food on purchase intention. Meanwhile, personal norms played the mediating role in the NAM that intervene the connection between social norms and purchase intention. Based on our analysis, we suggested policymakers, manufacturers, marketers, and sellers of organic food change their actions for the growth of the organic food market in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been receiving increasing attention in the international community since the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) emphasise effective corporate partnership. CSR is one of the most critical instruments linking corporate activities to the SDGs. Among various stakeholders, consumers can play an essential role in motivating companies to become socially responsible. However, there is little evidence from developing countries about the linkage between CSR and consumers. This paper, therefore, examines the relationship between consumers' perception of a company's CSR practices and their attitudes towards and intentions on purchasing its goods with empirical evidence from the Vietnamese food industry. The primary data was collected from 622 consumers using processed food in a self-administered survey in Northern Vietnam. Based on the structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis, this study shows that perception of CSR toward community has the most substantial influence on consumers' attitude, followed by the perception of CSR toward employees and perception of fair operating practices responsibility. Although Vietnamese consumers have knowledge of the CSR in the food processing industry, their response to either good or bad CSR practices is still insufficient. Hence, the Vietnamese government and civil society should actively intervene to strengthen CSR regulations and enhance consumers' CSR awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaching of chemicals by materials has been integrated into risk management procedures of many sectors where hygiene and safety are important, including food, medical, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological applications. The approaches focus on direct contact and do not usually address the risk of cross-mass transfer of chemicals from one item or object to another and finally to the contacting phase (e.g., culture medium, biological fluids). Overpackaging systems, as well as secondary or ternary containers, are potentially large reservoirs of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), which can affect the final risk of contamination. This study provides a comprehensive description of the cross-mass transfer phenomena for single-use bags along the chain of value and the methodology to evaluate them numerically on laminated and assembled systems. The methodology is validated on the risk of migration i) of ϵ-caprolactam originating from the polyamide 6 internal layer of the overpackaging and ii) of nine surrogate migrants with various volatilities and polarities. The effects of imperfect contacts between items and of an air gap between them are particularly discussed and interpreted as a cutoff distance depending on the considered substance. A probabilistic description is suggested to define conservative safety-margins required to manage cross-contamination and NIAS in routine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the Analysis Framework of Face Interaction (AFFI) which is developed based on a new face dimension termed Face Confirmation - Face Confrontation at two levels: Individual level within the group and Collective level between groups. This proposed framework of face analysis reveals a dearth of research on face confrontation as essential communication strategies. It also points out how the mainstream research on facework has been limited on the collective level of analysis. The authors argue that using AFFI will help researchers reduce cultural over-generalisation; enable them to involve more specific cultural, contextual and situational characteristics of each face case to analyse face negotiation from a more holistic perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducted a preliminary study of reviewing and exploring bias strategies using a framework of a different discipline: change management. The hypothesis here is: If the major problem of implicit bias strategies is that they do not translate into actual changes in behaviors, then it could be helpful to learn from studies that have contributed to successful change interventions such as reward management, social neuroscience, health behavioral change, and cognitive behavioral therapy. The result of this integrated approach is: (1) current bias strategies can be improved and new ones can be developed with insight from adjunct study fields in change management; (2) it could be more sustainable to invest in a holistic and proactive bias strategy approach that targets the social environment, eliminating the very condition under which biases arise; and (3) while implicit biases are automatic, future studies should invest more on strategies that empower people as “change agents” who can act proactively to regulate the very environment that gives rise to their biased thoughts and behaviors.

In cross-cultural communication and adjunct disciplines such as cross-cultural management and international business, there is a negativity bias of seeing cultural differences as a source of potential issues. The emergence of Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS) questions this problem-focused approach. This paper contributes to the ongoing discussion from neuroscience's perspectives in several ways. Firstly, it provides a neurological look at this bias. Secondly, it proposes that the problem-focused approach may (1) give us a biased outlook of cross-cultural encounters rather than a reality, (2) hinder creativity, (3) lead to the rebound effect, and (4) turn belief into reality. Finally, based on insight from neuroscience and adopting the POS lens with the connection between POS and creativity, it's recommended that future research takes three directions: (1) Using similarity as the starting point; (2) strategize body language, context and theories; and (3) develop a multicultural mind. In essence, the paper contributes to existing knowledge of the field by employing an interdisciplinary approach, aiming to gain a more holistic view, provoke thoughts, and trigger future empirical studies.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been increasing rapidly in Vietnam as well as world-wide. One of the major causes of the condition is low fiber intake. It is difficult to eat large amounts of vegetables every day to reach a sufficient amount of fiber but Textured Soybean Protein is rich in fiber. The study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Textured Soybean Protein consumption on T2DM patients. In this randomized controlled trial, 47 T2DM patients were divided into an intervention group (n=24) and a control group (n=23). The intervention group were asked to consume 40 g Textured Soybean Protein in 2 dishes for 4 wk. The control group continued their usual diet. Fasting blood samples were drawn before and after intervention to measure fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fructosamine, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (T-C), and triglycerides (TG). A 3-day food record was conducted at 1 wk before (baseline) and at the last week (final) of the intervention period. In the Textured Soybean Protein consumption group, there was a significant decrease in fructosamine (363±86 μmol/L to 347±82 μmol/L, p=0.03), T-C (5.2±0.9 mmol/L to 4.8±0.8 mmol/L, p=0.02) and TG (3.5±2.2 mmol/L to 2.8±2.0 mmol/L, p=0.02). Total energy intake in the two groups did not change significantly. There was a shift in the dietary pattern of the Textured Soybean Protein consumption group; lipid intake showed a significant decrease (p=0.001) and fiber intake increased by 6 g (p<0.001). The consumption of Textured Soybean Protein in the diet could have favorable effects in improving glycemic and lipid concentrations in T2DM patients.