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Résumé : Cet article tente de répondre à une préoccupation majeure qui concentre l’attention des théoriciens du mouvement « droit et littérature » : l’intérêt pour la littérature de comprendre la présence du droit dans les œuvres. En montrant qu’il est important d’acculturer les littéraires au domaine juridico-judiciaire, afin de mieux étudier autrement que d’habitude les textes romanesques qui soulèvent les questions juridiques, cette étude vise à apporter sa contribution au développement du courant interdisciplinaire encore embryonnaire en Afrique. Cet exercice, utile à l’analyse des œuvres, s’inscrit dans une dynamique d’ouverture au droit, surtout que de nombreux textes littéraires sont fortement imprégnés d’éléments juridiques. Mots-clés : Droit, littérature, acculturation, roman, justice.

Simple Summary: There is a high demand for eggs in developing countries. Poultry feed is expensive; thus, farmers cannot afford to buy commercial feed. Therefore, it is important to explore the qualities of potential new feed materials for egg production. Desmodium tortuosum is a common weed in sub-Saharan Africa. These feed materials can be used for supplementing laying hen diets. Three hundred hens were used for 13 weeks. Two control groups received diet W, based on white corn, or diet Y containing yellow corn. The other groups received a diet based on white corn supplemented with Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, or 10%. Diets supplemented with Desmodium improved laying performance and yolk color at a reduced feed cost per egg but had no effect on cholesterol content. The inclusion of Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour in a white corn-based diet for laying hens is effective in lowering feed cost, increasing egg production, and improving yolk color. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects on laying performance, egg quality traits, color, and composition of supplementing a white corn-based diet with Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour. Three hundred 32-week-old hens were distributed to 30 pens of 10 hens each and allocated to six dietary treatments (five replicates per treatment) for 13 weeks. Two control groups of 50 hens received one of either diet Y, based on yellow corn, or diet W, based on white corn. The other groups received a diet based on white corn supplemented with Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, or 10% (diet D). Diet D improved laying performance and yolk color at a reduced feed cost per egg but had no effect on cholesterol content. In conclusion, the inclusion of Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour, in a white corn-based diet, is effective in lowering feed cost, increasing egg production, and improving yolk color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les ambitions impérialistes de la langue française se sont retournées contre elle-même dans la mesure où dépassant l’assimilation, les africains et surtout les ivoiriens ont fait sienne cette langue en y apportant un foisonnement créatif résultant des pressions linguistiques locales. En effet, ces pressions de toutes parts ont entrainé au niveau de la langue française une très grande porosité aux langues du substrat et à certains particularismes qui contestent son intégrité et sa pureté, en Côte d’Ivoire, au point où la question de sa colonisation devient légitime. Mais pour une langue qui s’aventure si loin de son aire maternelle pour couvrir des aires géographiques et culturelles diversifiées, elle devrait s’attendre à toutes ces interférences que, même si certains appréhendent comme un handicap, beaucoup considèrent comme un grand avantage pour sa dynamique et son avenir car la langue française ce n’est pas seulement celle parlée en France, c’est aussi celle de la périphérie. La langue française donc, plutôt que de s’offusquer d’une colonisation, devrait considérer les apports périphériques comme un enrichissement, un bouillonnement qui devrait donner vitalité à la francophonie. Abstract The imperialist ambitions of the French language have turned against itself to the extent that beyond assimilation, Africans and especially Ivorians have embraced this language by bringing a creative abundance resulting from local linguistic pressures. Indeed, these pressures from all sides have led to a very porosity of the French language to the languages of the substrate and to certain particularisms that contest its integrity and purity, in Côte d'Ivoire, to the point where the question of its colonization becomes legitimate. But for a language that ventures so far from its native area to cover diverse geographical and cultural areas, it should expect all these interferences that, even if some apprehend as a handicap, many consider a great advantage for its dynamics and its future because the French language is not only the one spoken in France, it is also that of the periphery. The French language, therefore, rather than taking offense at colonization, should consider peripheral contributions as an enrichment, a bubbling that should give vitality to the Francophonie.

BACKGROUND:Skin-related neglected tropical diseases (skin NTDs) occur against a background of a very high prevalence of common skin diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we examined the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) and the impact of common skin diseases in children living in a leprosy and Buruli ulcer (BU) co-endemic district in a west African country of Côte d'Ivoire, in order to help inform disease control efforts for skin NTDs. METHODS AND PRINCIPLE FINDINGS:Fourteen focus group discussions (FGDs) with schoolchildren, 5 FGDs with parents of a child affected with skin disease(s), and 27 in-depth semi-structured interviews with key personnel were conducted. The Children's Dermatology Quality of Life Index (CDLQI) questionnaire was applied to 184 schoolchildren with skin diseases. We found that there was ignorance or neglect towards skin diseases in general, due to their high prevalence and also the perceived minimal impact on children's daily lives. While the median score for the CDLQI questionnaire was 5 (IQR 2-9) out of 30, a range of scores was observed. Symptoms such as pruritus and experiencing bullying by classmates contributed to reduction in their quality of life. Poor hygiene was considered as a major cause of skin diseases. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:Despite their high impact on affected populations, we observed a high level of ignorance and neglect toward common skin diseases. There is a critical need to increase awareness of skin diseases, or skin health promotion, which supports changing of the health-seeking behaviour for skin conditions. This will aid in early detection and treatment of the skin NTDs, in addition to providing benefits for those affected by other skin diseases. Educational opportunities should be utilized to their utmost. One would be associated with water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) strategies, but careful messages need to be developed and delivered.

Assessing the impact of climate change (CC) on agricultural production systems is mainly done using crop models associated with climate model outputs. This review is one of the few, with the main objective of providing a recent compendium of CC impact studies on irrigation needs and rice yields for a better understanding and use of climate and crop models. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of climate impact studies on agricultural production systems, with a particular focus on uncertainty and sensitivity analyses of crop models. Although the new generation global climate models (GCMs) are more robust than previous ones, there is still a need to consider the effect of climate uncertainty on estimates when using them. Current GCMs cannot directly simulate the agro-climatic variables of interest for future irrigation assessment, hence the use of intelligent climate tools. Therefore, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses must be applied to crop models, especially for their calibration under different conditions. The impacts of CC on irrigation needs and rice yields vary across regions, seasons, varieties and crop models. Finally, integrated assessments, the use of remote sensing data, climate smart tools, CO 2 enrichment experiments, consideration of changing crop management practices and multi-scale crop modeling, seem to be the approaches to be pursued for future climate impact assessments for agricultural systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Côte d'Ivoire, a high number of exposed people abandoned the Post-Exposure Prophylaxis. Our objective was to determine the factors influencing the adherence to the Post-Exposure Prophylaxis at the anti-rabies Center of Bouaké. Methods: we carried out an ambispective study, based on the review of patient records from January 2014 to December 2015 and on contacting all patients by phone. Results: A total of 1487 people at risk of rabies infection received Post-Exposure Prophylaxis, whom 54, 4% abandoned their treatment. The majority of the victims was under of 15 years old (56, 8%) and was male (59, 1%). Lesions were predominantly of category III (55, 3%) and 2, 3% was located on the head. In 87% of cases, the biting animal was not properly vaccinated and 66% of the victims consulted within 48 hours after exposure. Among the exposed subjects, 54% had discontinued treatment; the main reasons were cost (76%) and neglect (28%) and it was influenced by household's average income RR=0,741; IC95%= [0,353-0,838]. Conclusion: Vaccine prevention, the only effective way to prevent human rabies, faces to high drop-out rate of post-exposure prophylaxis. The main obstacles to the correct observance of this treatment are related on the one hand to the distance of care structures for the rural populations and on the other hand to financial inaccessibility. Keywords : Rabies, Post-exposure prophylaxis, Abandonment, associated factors

Background: Skin-related neglected tropical diseases (skin NTDs) occur against a background of a very high prevalence of common skin diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we examined the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) and the impact of common skin diseases in children living in a leprosy and Buruli ulcer (BU) co-endemic district in a west African country of Côte d'Ivoire, in order to help inform disease control efforts for skin NTDs. Methods and principle findings: Fourteen focus group discussions (FGDs) with schoolchildren, 5 FGDs with parents of a child affected with skin disease(s), and 27 in-depth semi-structured interviews with key personnel were conducted. The Children's Dermatology Quality of Life Index (CDLQI) questionnaire was applied to 184 schoolchildren with skin diseases. We found that there was ignorance or neglect towards skin diseases in general, due to their high prevalence and also the perceived minimal impact on children's daily lives. While the median score for the CDLQI questionnaire was 5 (IQR 2–9) out of 30, a range of scores was observed. Symptoms such as pruritus and experiencing bullying by classmates contributed to reduction in their quality of life. Poor hygiene was considered as a major cause of skin diseases. Conclusions/Significance: Despite their high impact on affected populations, we observed a high level of ignorance and neglect toward common skin diseases. There is a critical need to increase awareness of skin diseases, or skin health promotion, which supports changing of the health-seeking behaviour for skin conditions. This will aid in early detection and treatment of the skin NTDs, in addition to providing benefits for those affected by other skin diseases. Educational opportunities should be utilized to their utmost. One would be associated with WASH strategies, but careful messages need to be developed and delivered. Author summary: Areas endemic for skin-related neglected tropical diseases, or skin NTDs, also show high prevalence rates for other skin diseases. It is important to gauge the understanding of the people's knowledge, attitudes and practices towards these more common skin diseases as well as their impact. This study was conducted in communities of the western African country, Côte d'Ivoire where there is co-endemicity of skin NTDs, including leprosy and Buruli ulcer. Ignorance and neglect of skin diseases in general were observed, due to the high prevalence and also their perceived minimal impact on children's daily lives. However, some children were shown to have been affected significantly by their skin disease through our interviews and questionnaires. Our study results suggest a critical need for awareness raising activities, or skin health promotion, which supports changing health seeking behavior for skin conditions to aid in early detection and treatment of the skin NTDs. This may also be advantageous for those affected by other skin diseases. Messages need to be developed with care during delivery of education to avoid creating negative images of diseases, and further, stigma and discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gingival bleeding and dental heaving during scurvy are the most reported in the literature. However nonspecific isolated purely cutaneous manifestations due to hypovitaminosis C are not uncommon. Their incidence increases with age related to decrease in microcirculation of the skin leading to trophic disorders observed in the skin extremities in the elderly. Here we report the case of an elderly with poly vascular disorders aged of 73 years old in whom we observed purpuric hyperkeratotic lesions on the extremities. The various paraclinical examinations and blood checks for different diagnostic hypotheses have helped to spread a disease of cholesterol emboli, systemic vasculitis and retain low vitamin C after dosing the ascorbic acid serum incidentally. The disappearance of these skin lesions after two weeks of oral vitamin C supplementation confirmed the diagnosis scorbut. The occurrence of mucocutaneous lesions in elderly with high risk of atherosclerosis and living in unfavorable socio-economic conditions must alert the clinician to look for low vitamin C and titrate the serum ascorbic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early detection of several skin-related neglected tropical diseases (skin NTDs)–including leprosy, Buruli ulcer, yaws, and scabies- may be achieved through school surveys, but such an approach has seldom been tested systematically on a large scale in endemic countries. Additionally, a better understanding of the spectrum of skin diseases and the at-risk populations to be encountered during such surveys is necessary to facilitate the process. Methods: We performed a school skin survey for selected NTDs and the spectrum of skin diseases, among primary schoolchildren aged 5 to 15 in Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa. This 2-phase survey took place in 49 schools from 16 villages in the Adzopé health district from November 2015 to January 2016. The first phase involved a rapid visual examination of the skin by local community healthcare workers (village nurses) to identify any skin abnormality. In a second phase, a specialized medical team including dermatologists performed a total skin examination of all screened students with any skin lesion and provided treatment where necessary. Results: Of a total of 13,019 children, 3,504 screened positive for skin lesions and were listed for the next stage examination. The medical team examined 1,138 of these children. The overall prevalence of skin diseases was 25.6% (95% CI: 24.3–26.9%). The predominant diagnoses were fungal infections (n = 858, prevalence: 22.3%), followed by inflammatory skin diseases (n = 265, prevalence: 6.9%). Skin diseases were more common in boys and in children living along the main road with heavy traffic. One case of multi-bacillary type leprosy was detected early, along with 36 cases of scabies. Our survey was met with very good community acceptance. Conclusion: We carried out the first large-scale integrated, two-phase pediatric multi-skin NTD survey in rural Côte d’Ivoire, effectively reaching a large population. We found a high prevalence of skin diseases in children, but only limited number of skin NTDs. With the lessons learned, we plan to expand the project to a wider area to further explore its potential to better integrate skin NTD screening in the public health agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: The aim of this study was to quantify, by modeling, the impact of significant predictors on CD4cell response during antiretroviral therapy in a resource-limited setting. Methods: Modeling was used to determine which antiretroviral therapy response predictors (baseline CD4cell count, clinical state, age, and adherence) significantly influence immunological response in terms of CD4cell gain compared to a reference value at different periods of monitoring. Results: At 6 months, CD4 cell response was significantly influenced by baseline CD4 count alone. The probability of no increase in CD4 cells was 2.6 higher in patients with a baseline CD4 cell count of ⩾200/mm3. At 12 months, CD4 cell response was significantly influenced by both baseline CD4 cell count and adherence. The probability of no increase in CD4 cells was three times higher in patients with a baseline CD4 cell count of ⩾200/mm3 and 0.15 times lower with adherent patients. At 18 months, CD4 cell response was also significantly influenced by both baseline CD4 cell count and adherence. The probability of no increase in CD4 cells was 5.1 times higher in patients with a baseline CD4 cell count of ⩾200/mm3 and 0.28 times lower with adherent patients. At 24 months, optimal CD4 cell response was significantly influenced by adherence alone. Adherence increased the probability (by 5.8) of an optimal increase in CD4 cells. Age and baseline clinical state had no significant influence on immunological response. Conclusion: The relationship between adherence and CD4 cell response was the most significant compared to that of baseline CD4 cell count. Counseling before initiation of treatment and educational therapy during follow-up must always help to strengthen adherence and optimize the efficiency of antiretroviral therapy in a resource-limited setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects on laying performance, egg quality traits, color, and composition of supplementing a white corn-based diet with Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour. Three hundred 32-week-old hens were distributed to 30 pens of 10 hens each and allocated to six dietary treatments (five replicates per treatment) for 13 weeks. Two control groups of 50 hens received one of either diet Y, based on yellow corn, or diet W, based on white corn. The other groups received a diet based on white corn supplemented with Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, or 10% (diet D). Diet D improved laying performance and yolk color at a reduced feed cost per egg but had no effect on cholesterol content. In conclusion, the inclusion of Desmodium tortuosum leaf flour, in a white corn-based diet, is effective in lowering feed cost, increasing egg production, and improving yolk color.

Objective: The aim of this study was to quantify, by modeling, the impact of significant predictors on CD4 cell response during antiretroviral therapy in a resource-limited setting., Methods: Modeling was used to determine which antiretroviral therapy response predictors (baseline CD4 cell count, clinical state, age, and adherence) significantly influence immunological response in terms of CD4 cell gain compared to a reference value at different periods of monitoring., Results: At 6 months, CD4 cell response was significantly influenced by baseline CD4 count alone. The probability of no increase in CD4 cells was 2.6 higher in patients with a baseline CD4 cell count of ≥200/mm(3). At 12 months, CD4 cell response was significantly influenced by both baseline CD4 cell count and adherence. The probability of no increase in CD4 cells was three times higher in patients with a baseline CD4 cell count of ≥200/mm(3) and 0.15 times lower with adherent patients. At 18 months, CD4 cell response was also significantly influenced by both baseline CD4 cell count and adherence. The probability of no increase in CD4 cells was 5.1 times higher in patients with a baseline CD4 cell count of ≥200/mm(3) and 0.28 times lower with adherent patients. At 24 months, optimal CD4 cell response was significantly influenced by adherence alone. Adherence increased the probability (by 5.8) of an optimal increase in CD4 cells. Age and baseline clinical state had no significant influence on immunological response., Conclusion: The relationship between adherence and CD4 cell response was the most significant compared to that of baseline CD4 cell count. Counseling before initiation of treatment and educational therapy during follow-up must always help to strengthen adherence and optimize the efficiency of antiretroviral therapy in a resource-limited setting.