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Universities face inherent informational asymmetries. These make university budgeting prone to various challenges including moral hazard. The last forty years has seen some large research- intensive universities move from centralized incremental budgeting to decentralized Responsibility Center Budgeting (RCB). It is assumed that a faculty chooses a level of costly effort in generating revenue for the university. The level of faculty effort is not observable by the central administration. When there is no revenue uncertainty or when the faculty is not risk averse, pure RCB is best from the perspective of the administration. The intuition is that pure RCB fully aligns financial responsibility with academic authority, that is, it makes the faculty the residual claimant. Once the faculty is risk averse, partial RCB is optimal. Partial RCB provides a balance between providing the right incentives to the faculty and the university reducing the revenue risk faced by the faculty.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The result of increased integration for welfare were considered, based on the simple trade-offs on different grounds. An attempt has been made to provide some insight on the continuing globalization debate. It reveals that, integration may increase utility of the poor and decrease world output.

We study different methods of immigration control using a simple model of a congested world. Our main comparison involves quotas, the predominant instrument of immigration control, and a proposed system of immigration tolls and emigration subsidies. We show that the equilibrium of the proposed system is Pareto superior to the quota system. This is consistent with the tolls and subsidies creating a market for international migrants. When countries are price-takers the market becomes perfect and the exploitation of gains from trade complete. From a normative perspective, an open-borders policy is preferred to both control methods but will meet political opposition because it hurts the residents of the rich country.

An economy of two regions inhabited by similar individuals and where interregional migration is expensive is presented. First best-efficiency, with migration controls, and federal efficiency, sans migration controls, were correlated. It was demonstrated that first-best efficiency, unlike federal efficiency, needs optimization of the total product net of migration cost. Moreover, it was established that decentralized equilibrium allocations are federally efficient but not necessarily first-best efficient.

The effects of a federal political system on economic efficiency and welfare in a society characterized by a mobile population are addressed. A model is adopted and then examined using varied objective functions. The model is built on the Mansoorian and Myers model (1993), wherein residents have varying extent of loyalty to two regions. Among the objective function methods used, the representative resident's utility (RU) method has no equal. The RU approach is solely dependent on resident utility. The government optimization of the RU approach illustrates an effective Nash equilibrium in the model.

Corrective policies can be assigned without cost to the lowest level of government that does not produce public sector externalities at that level. This is true as public sector externalities are distinguished from private sector externalities. The former arises from the effect of the choices of regional governments on other regional governments, while the latter results from the effect of the choices of private agents on other private agents.

The effect of imperfect population mobility on capital tax competition and the efficiency of different tax regimes was examined. Results revealed that direct taxation regimes are constrained efficient, that capital and direct taxation regimes are inefficient when jurisdictions are asymmetric and that capital taxation regimes are generally inefficient. These indicate that local control and over capital taxation result in inefficiency. Results also showed that externalities arising from capital tax competition can be offset by a decentralized jurisdiction, when population mobility is involved.

A second source of inefficiency exists in capital tax competition models with asymmetric non-price-taking jurisdictions. This inefficiency is unlike that identified by D.E. Wildasin, which takes place in a price-taking environment. The newly determined inefficiency is set off when a jurisdiction raises its capital taxation. In this manner, it cuts the equilibrium capital price, eventually damaging the condition of other jurisdictions' residents, without giving consideration to these external impacts in its decision making. To attain an efficient allocation, this pecuniary externality should be corrected with a device that both corrects for the fiscal externality identified by Wildasin and addresses each jurisdiction with a distinct component that serves as the Pigovian correction for the pecuniary externality.

A model is derived to show the efficiency properties of an economy with competing regions and in which individuals have an attachment to their homes. The standard fiscal externality economy is extended by assuming that individuals get a non-pecuniary benefit from living their home. This reduces the incentive of regional authorities to transfer propulations. It is found that all Nash equilibria are efficient but the model, while consistent with the fiscal externality economy, does not show any inefficiency associated with decentralized regional taxation in the presence of migration.

By Nicholas E. Tawa. Contributions to the Study of Music and Dance, no. 22. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991. ISBN 0-313-27707-4. Pp. x, 237. $47.95. Several years ago, in a [...]

By Nicholas E. Tawa. New York: Schirmer books; London: Collier MacMIllan, 1990. ISBN 0-02-872541-7. Pp. xii, 296. $29.95. Several years ago, in a conversation with Nick Tawa, I asked him [...]

By Nicholas E. Tawa. Contributions to the Study of Music and Dance, no. 9. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987. ISBN 0-313-25692-6. Pp. xiii, 284. $35.00. Several years ago, in a [...]

The introduction of head and land taxes into a decentralized urban context results in fiscal inequivalence that results in a Pareto inefficient equilibrium different from that of laissez-faire. In a model characterized by identical individuals, costless migration between a center and a suburb and land ownership ranging from rent sharing to absentee landlordism, local governments use such taxes to prevent resource outflows from their jurisdictions and redistribute such revenues to their residents. Areas with high per head revenues become overpopulated, and interjurisdictional transfers are then required to equalize these subsidies. Free mobility compels local government cooperation, thereby making the resulting Nash equilibrium Pareto efficient and superior to that of laissez-faire.

We are concerned about the growing body of critical literature against the use of neoclassical economics (NCE) in geography. Examples in this literature share important characteristics, namely, a concern about the philosophy of science, a scepticism about the utility of mathematical modelling, and an aversion to homo economicus. Since these subjects are often misunderstood, we first provide brief reviews. We then use this background to examine in detail a representative example of the critical literature (Barnes 1987). We believe that our conclusions extend to a significant part of that literature.

See Harris ([12] chapter 13) for data on indirect infanticide in modern societies and Hausfater and Hrdy ([16]) on infanticide in animals and humans. Keywords: human self domestication; infanticide; pleistocene; reactive aggression; violence EN human self domestication infanticide pleistocene reactive aggression violence N.PAG N.PAG 5 05/08/21 20210505 NES 210505 Introduction The notion of domestication has played a role in attempts to understand human evolution going right back to Darwin ([8]) (see Hare, [10]). Hare ([10]) lays out his account in "Survival of the Friendliest" and Wrangham has done much of the recent work on HSD; see Wrangham ([31]) and references there. Evidence On Infanticide And Child Homicide In The Pleistocene Empirical evidence of infanticide has been documented in both human societies and in non-humans. [Extracted from the article]

The intermediate polar FO Aquarii (FO Aqr) experienced its first reported low-accretion states in 2016, 2017, and 2018, and, using newly available photographic plates, we identify prediscovery low states in 1965, 1966, and 1974. The primary focus of our analysis, however, is an extensive set of time-series photometry obtained between 2002 and 2018, with particularly intensive coverage of the 2016–2018 low states. After computing an updated spin ephemeris for the white dwarf (WD), we show that its spin period began to increase in 2014 after having spent 27 yr decreasing; no other intermediate polar has experienced a sign change of its period derivative, but FO Aqr has now done so twice. Our central finding is that the recent low states all occurred shortly after the WD began to spin down, even though no low states were reported in the preceding quarter-century, when it was spinning up. Additionally, the system's mode of accretion is extremely sensitive to the mass-transfer rate, with accretion being almost exclusively disk-fed when FO Aqr is brighter than V ∼ 14 and substantially stream-fed when it is not. Even in the low states, a grazing eclipse remains detectable, confirming the presence of a disklike structure (but not necessarily a Keplerian accretion disk). We relate these various observations to theoretical predictions that during the low state, the system's accretion disk dissipates into a non-Keplerian ring of diamagnetic blobs. Finally, a new XMM-Newton observation from a high state in 2017 reveals an anomalously soft X-ray spectrum and diminished X-ray luminosity compared to pre-2016 observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Higher Education is the property of Canadian Society for the Study of Higher Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We present optical photometry of superoutbursts that occurred in 2016 of two WZ Sge-type dwarf novae (DNe), ASASSN-16dt and ASASSN-16hg. Their light curves showed a dip in brightness between the first plateau stage with no ordinary superhumps (or early superhumps) and the second plateau stage with ordinary superhumps. We find that the dip is produced by the slow evolution of the 3 : 1 resonance tidal instability and that it would likely be observed in low mass-ratio objects. An estimated mass ratio (q ≡ M2/M1) from the period of developing (stage A) superhumps [0.06420(3) d] was 0.036(2) in ASASSN-16dt. Additionally, its superoutburst has many properties similar to those in other low-q WZ Sge-type DNe: long-lasting stage-A superhumps, small superhump amplitudes, long delay of ordinary-superhump appearances, and a slow decline rate in the plateau stage with superhumps. Its very small mass ratio and observational characteristics suggest that this system is one of the best candidates for a period bouncer--a binary accounting for the missing population of post-period minimum cataclysmic variables. Although it is not clearly verified due to the lack of detection of stage-A superhumps, ASASSN-16hg might be a possible candidate for period bouncers on the basis of the morphology of its light curves and the small superhump amplitudes. Many outburst properties of period bouncer candidates would originate from the small tidal effects of their secondary stars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]