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Summary: Germination of brown rice can be completed by full soaking and partial soaking methods. This study aimed to analyse the influence of germination methods on the bioactive accumulations in germinated brown rice (GBR). Germination was conducted in four treatments: (i) membrane reactor with full (RFS) and (ii) partial soaking method soaking (RAG), (iii) manual soaking for complete germination (MFS) and (iv) partial manual soaking in combination with atmospheric germination (MAG). The results showed that soaking BR in membrane reactor accelerated the shoots' growth and increased GABA (γ‐aminobutyric acid) content compared with the manual soaking method. The RAG treatment achieved higher GABA content (up to 125 mg/100 g), total phenolic and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity than other germination methods. The main finding of this research indicates that membrane reactor effectively enhances the growth of sprouts. The combination of partial soaking in membrane reactor and atmospheric germination (RAG) is a suited method to increase GABA accumulation in GBR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background. Rice germination is a natural approach to enhance the physical and functional properties of brown rice. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different germination methods on functional properties of germinated brown rice and evaluate the process feasibility. Experimental approach. Brown rice of IPB 3S variety was germinated with three different methods: (i) complete soaking without water replacement, (ii) complete soaking with water replacement every six hours, and (iii) complete soaking with continuous washing in the developed membrane-facilitated soaking reactor. Results and conclusions. The application of the membrane reactor for producing germinated brown rice maintained the pH of the soaking solution relatively constant (i.e. 6.8-7.0). This indicated the circumvention of natural fermentation during brown rice germination. Moreover, the mass fraction of γ-aminobutyric acid in germinated brown rice produced in the membrane reactor was about 4.5-fold higher (169.2 mg/100 mg) than in ungerminated brown rice (36.82 mg/100 mg), and also higher than that of the other two soaking methods. The γ-oryzanol mass fractions and the antioxidant capacity expressed as ascorbic acid equivalents of germinated brown rice obtained with the three soaking methods varied from 32 to 38 mg/100 mg and 18 to 28 mg/100 g, respectively. Within this study, germination could also slightly reduce the transition temperatures of germinated brown rice starch gelatinization (to=73-74 °C, tp=76-77 °C and tc=~80 °C, where to, tp and tc are onset, peak and conclusion (final) temperatures). In conclusion, the production of germinated brown rice in the membrane reactor could enhance its γ-aminobutyric acid mass fraction and reduce wastewater production and is therefore considered more feasible. Novelty and scientific contribution. This study demonstrates the feasibility of germinated brown rice production using a membrane-facilitated soaking reactor with enhancement of bioactive compound content, especially γ-aminobutyric acid, and minimised wastewater production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within this study, phytochemical, fatty acid and proximal composition of six Indonesian brown rice cultivars (Inpari 42, Inpari 43, Situ Bagendit, IPB3 S, Inpari 17, and Inpara 3) were reported. The range of moisture, ash, crude fat, crude protein, and total carbohydrates content of six varieties of brown rice were 11–12%, 1.3–1.4%, 2–3%, 7–11%, and 84–89%, respectively. Fatty acid composition of brown rices was dominated by unsaturated fatty acids. The phenolic contents and IC50 of all cultivars varied from 47 to 70 mg GAE/100 g and 28–47 mg/mL, respectively. Inpari 17 had the highest phenolic content as well as antioxidant activity, whereas IPB 3 S variety exhibited the lowest in both γ-oryzanol content of brown rices ranged from 37 to 55 mg/100 g. The highest content of γ-oryzanol was observed in Inpara 3. In conclusion, six varieties of Indonesian brow rice might be considered as the potent sources of bioactive compounds and antioxidant, especially in Inpari 17 variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Background: Rice germination is a natural approach to enhance the physical and functional properties of brown rice. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different germination methods on functional properties of germinated brown rice and evaluate the process feasibility., Experimental Approach: Brown rice of IPB 3S variety was germinated with three different methods: ( i ) complete soaking without water replacement, ( ii ) complete soaking with water replacement every six hours, and ( iii ) complete soaking with continuous washing in the developed membrane-facilitated soaking reactor., Results and Conclusions: The application of the membrane reactor for producing germinated brown rice maintained the pH of the soaking solution relatively constant ( i.e. 6.8-7.0). This indicated the circumvention of natural fermentation during brown rice germination. Moreover, the mass fraction of γ-aminobutyric acid in germinated brown rice produced in the membrane reactor was about 4.5-fold higher (169.2 mg/100 mg) than in ungerminated brown rice (36.82 mg/100 mg), and also higher than that of the other two soaking methods. The γ-oryzanol mass fractions and the antioxidant capacity expressed as ascorbic acid equivalents of germinated brown rice obtained with the three soaking methods varied from 32 to 38 mg/100 mg and 18 to 28 mg/100 g, respectively. Within this study, germination could also slightly reduce the transition temperatures of germinated brown rice starch gelatinization ( t o =73-74 °C, t p =76-77 °C and t c =~80 °C, where t o , t p and t c are onset, peak and conclusion (final) temperatures). In conclusion, the production of germinated brown rice in the membrane reactor could enhance its γ-aminobutyric acid mass fraction and reduce wastewater production and is therefore considered more feasible., Novelty and Scientific Contribution: This study demonstrates the feasibility of germinated brown rice production using a membrane-facilitated soaking reactor with enhancement of bioactive compound content, especially γ-aminobutyric acid, and minimised wastewater production., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare there was no conflict of interest.