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This study aims to analyze the learning resources of Islamic boarding schools written by kyai and santri (teacher and student of Islamic boarding school in Indonesia). This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature study design. The literature sources come from (limited by) seven books written by Kai and Santri at the Lirboyo Islamic Boarding School Kediri Indonesia that discuss the caliphate in the democratic era. The findings of this study indicate that Islamic boarding school learning resources contain materials or teachings related to the chalipate and nasionalism, including: (a) the concept of the caliphate as in the early days of Islam is no longer an ideal model of government today. Therefore, the concept of a democratic state is one of the ideal models in a pluralistic society; (b) The concept of choosing a leader based on the concept of the caliphate is no longer suitable for today. The election of leaders through a democratic model that hands over the election of state leaders (government) to the people is one of the ideal models; and (c) Obedience to the leader (government) elected by the people is an obligation for every citizen. Therefore, leaders who are not in accordance with Islamic law do not have to be fought or rebelled against but rather faced democratically, legally, constitutionally in accordance with applicable laws and regulations for the sake of the integrity of the nation and to avoid fraternal conflict and division.

ملخص البحث مهارات التفكير العليا هي مهارات يحتاجها الطلاب في القرن الحادي والعشرين ، لا سيما في مصادر التعلم مثل الكتب المدرسية. هناك عدة مستويات من مهارات التفكير العليا تبدأ من التحليل والتقييم والإبداع. كان الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد تصنيف مهارات التفكير العليا في الكتب المدرسية في شكل أوصاف ونسب مئوية. طريقة البحث المستخدمة هي دراسة بحثية نوعية للأدب. كان مصدر البيانات الأولية في هذه الدراسة كتابًا عربيًا للصف العاشر من المدرسة العليا ، وكانت مصادر البيانات الثانوية عدة وثائق ومجلات ومراجع متعلقة بالبحث. أظهرت النتائج أن مستوى HOTS في الكتاب يحتوي على محتوى تحليلي (C4) في صورة مراجعة الأفكار ، وتصحيحها ودراستها وتفصيلها واختيار ما يصل إلى 50٪ من مستوى التقييم (C5) في شكل تلخيص واستنتاج ووزن 10٪ ومستوى إنشاء في النموذج من جعل الجمل بقدر 40٪.

The covid-19 pandemic that unexpectedly brought the education world almost stopped due to the ban on face-to-face learning. This research aims to find a suitable policy determination model to optimize e-learning in Islamic universities. This research uses a qualitative approach that combines interviewing, documentation, and focused group discussion in data collection and validation. This research has focused on UIN Raden Mas Said Surakarta, Indonesia, with key respondents being university leaders. Faculty leaders, postgraduates, institutions, units, e-learning managers, and admin staff are informants. The data validation use triangulation and data analysis with interactive models. The study provided findings that the process of policy determination applied is top-down by involving all elements of the leadership democratically. The policies-decision is applied using a structural-pragmatic-situational (SPS) approach. The contribution of this study is an SPS approach can overcome emergencies quickly and appropriately in policy-making.

Listening is a skill that has not received much attention in Arabic learning and teaching. This can be seen that only a small number of media is made for teaching listening. Whereas media such as sound recordings are very important for students to get used to listen to Arabic utterances.The purpose of this study is to determine the ideal android application design for Arabic learning focused on listening in the IAIN Surakarta language development center. And then the research method is research and development follow Sadiman model:1. Needs analysis, 2. Setting goals, 3. Developing material, 4. Developing evaluation tools, 5. Products, 6. Validating material and design experts, 7. Final results. The result of this study are the discovery of an ideal design based on Android learning applications with design expert validation of 93.75 and the results of material expert validation of 87.5%. The results of the validation explained that the application of learning skills in Arabic listening was appropriate to be used as a learning media. The application consists of the main components, namely the strategy page, material page and training page. The strategy page contains strategies to answer listening questions about TOSA (Test Of Standart Arabic). The material page contains four audio material related to the type of questions in the TOSA. while the practice page contains the question exercises in accordance with the types already discussed on the material page.

Permasalahan yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah 1. Komoditas tanaman bahan makanan unggulan apa saja yang ada di masing-masing kecamatan di Kabupaten Boyolali, 2 Bagaimana strategi perencanaan pengembangan subsektor tanaman bahan makanan dilihat dari kelengkapan infrastruktur di Kabupaten Boyolali, 3 Bagaimana laju pertumbuhan sektor tanaman bahan makanan yang dimiliki tiap kecamatan di Kabupaten Boyolali. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder. Metode analisis data menggunakan analisis Location Quotient (LQ), Shift Share (SS), Klassen Typologi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dengan menggunakan analisis Location Quotient (LQ) diketahui pengembangan komoditas padi terdapat di Kecamatan Ngemplak, Kecamatan Banyudono, Kecamatan Sawit. Komoditas tanaman jagung terdapat di Kecamatan Selo, Kecamatan Ampel, Kecamatan Cepogo dan Kecamatan Musuk. Komoditas ubi kayu di Kecamatan Klego, kecamatan Simo. Komoditas ubi jalar di Kecamatan Selo, Kecamatan Simo dan Kecamatan Mojosongo. Komoditas kacang tanah ada di Kecamatan Boyolali dan Kecamatan Nogosari. Komoditas kedelai di Kecamatan Juwangi, Kecamatan Sambi, Kecamatn Kemusu dan Kecamatan Wonosegoro.

Background: The kidneys are the main target of lead toxicity as lead is accumulated in and excreted through the kidneys. The main lead toxicity occurs through oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, causing cellular damage in the kidneys. Moringa leaves contain high levels of flavonoids, with antioxidant effects that are useful in treating diseases accompanied by oxidative stress due to toxicity. Our goal was to analyze the attenuation effects of Moringa leaves extract on lead-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Methods: This research was conducted based on an experimental design and post-tests. Forty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: control group (K), which was given lead acetate at 750 mg/kg/day for 7 days, and three other groups of P1, P2 and P3, which were given lead acetate at the same dose for 7 days followed by administering with the ethanolic extract of Moringa leaves at 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 mg/kg/day doses orally for 14 days, respectively. Results: There were improvements in oxidative stress in the kidneys of the study rats, marked by an increase in the serum levels of GSH, GPx, CAT, and SOD, and a decrease in the kidney MDA levels. Kidney disorders can be improved by administering ethanol extract from Moringa leaves, which is characterized by a significant decrease in blood BUN and creatinine levels. Conclusion: All doses of the ethanolic extract of Moringa leaves reduced the oxidative stress and improved the kidney function impaired due to acute exposure to lead in male Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]