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In Mali, citrus fruits play an important part in both human nutrition and the country's economy. They represent an important source of income for citrus growers. Citrus production in Mali is highly diversified, but the current trend is towards the Tangelo Orlando or Citrus×tangelo variety. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of two phytohormones (2,4,5-T acid and AG3) and a mineral salt (KNO3) on the production of Tangelo Orlando. The experiment was carried out in Koulikoro district, especially on the experimental plot of the IPR/IFRA of Katibougou. The plant material used was white-pulp Tangelo Orlando. Two phytophytohormones (2,4,5-T acid, and AG3), a mineral salt (KNO3) and distilled water (control) were used to treat the young plants. The experimental design was a Fischer block with three replications. Observations were made on the parameters of development. The results showed significant differences (p

Optimising the scale and deployment of community health workers (CHWs) is important for maximizing geographical accessibility of integrated primary health care (PHC) services. Yet little is known about approaches for doing so. We used geospatial analysis to model optimised scale-up and deployment of CHWs in Mali, to inform strategic and operational planning by the Ministry of Health and Social Development. Accessibility catchments were modelled based on travel time, accounting for barriers to movement. We compared geographic coverage of the estimated population, under-five deaths, and plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria cases across different hypothetical optimised CHW networks and identified surpluses and deficits of CHWs compared to the existing CHW network. A network of 15 843 CHW, if optimally deployed, would ensure that 77.3% of the population beyond 5 km of the CSCom (community health centre) and CSRef (referral health facility) network would be within a 30-minute walk of a CHW. The same network would cover an estimated 59.5% of U5 deaths and 58.5% of Pf malaria cases. As an intermediary step, an optimised network of 4 500 CHW, primarily filling deficits of CHW in the regions of Kayes, Koulikoro, Sikasso, and Ségou would ensure geographic coverage for 31.3% of the estimated population. There were no important differences in geographic coverage percentage when prioritizing CHW scale-up and deployment based on the estimated population, U5 deaths, or Pf malaria cases. Our geospatial analysis provides useful information to policymakers and planners in Mali for optimising the scale-up and deployment of CHW and, in turn, for maximizing the value-for-money of resources of investment in CHWs in the context of the country's health sector reform. Countries with similar interests in optimising the scale and deployment of their CHW workforce may look to Mali as an exemplar model from which to learn.

Optimising the scale and deployment of community health workers (CHWs) is important for maximizing geographical accessibility of integrated primary health care (PHC) services. Yet little is known about approaches for doing so. We used geospatial analysis to model optimised scale-up and deployment of CHWs in Mali, to inform strategic and operational planning by the Ministry of Health and Social Development. Accessibility catchments were modelled based on travel time, accounting for barriers to movement. We compared geographic coverage of the estimated population, under-five deaths, and plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria cases across different hypothetical optimised CHW networks and identified surpluses and deficits of CHWs compared to the existing CHW network. A network of 15 843 CHW, if optimally deployed, would ensure that 77.3% of the population beyond 5 km of the CSCom (community health centre) and CSRef (referral health facility) network would be within a 30-minute walk of a CHW. The same network would cover an estimated 59.5% of U5 deaths and 58.5% of Pf malaria cases. As an intermediary step, an optimised network of 4 500 CHW, primarily filling deficits of CHW in the regions of Kayes, Koulikoro, Sikasso, and Ségou would ensure geographic coverage for 31.3% of the estimated population. There were no important differences in geographic coverage percentage when prioritizing CHW scale-up and deployment based on the estimated population, U5 deaths, or Pf malaria cases. Our geospatial analysis provides useful information to policymakers and planners in Mali for optimising the scale-up and deployment of CHW and, in turn, for maximizing the value-for-money of resources of investment in CHWs in the context of the country’s health sector reform. Countries with similar interests in optimising the scale and deployment of their CHW workforce may look to Mali as an exemplar model from which to learn.

Abstract: This study examines the challenges faced by first-year English students at Université des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines de Bamako (ULSHB) in using the English prepositions "in," "on," and "at." Given the global significance of English, proficiency in its use is critical, yet French-speaking Malian students encounter difficulties due to differences between English and French prepositional systems. The study involved 60 students who completed a 15-minute test consisting of sentences requiring the insertion of the appropriate prepositions through a questionnaire. The results reveal a mix of positive and negative transfer from French, affecting students' accuracy. Notably, the highest accuracy was observed in sentences where English prepositional use aligns with French patterns, such as in expressions of time. In contrast, lower accuracy rates were found in contexts where prepositional use diverges significantly between the two languages. The quantitative method was adopted in this study. The findings show that we need specific teaching methods to help students better understand and use English prepositions. The study recommends focusing on how English and French prepositions differ and giving students practice in real-life situations to improve their skills. Keywords: preposition, EFL student, lingua franca, transfer, ULSHB

Abstract: The present study investigates the implementation of the Competency-Based Approach (CBA) in Malian high schools. The main objective is to examine how teachers implement CBA in their classroom. The study also aims to demonstrate if teachers receive training about the method of teaching in use. In order to reach the research objectives, a questionnaire was designed. Thus, a quantitative research method is used for this purpose. In all, 137 teachers completed the questionnaire. The findings revealed that the majority 72% of teachers attended training sessions in CBA with 55% of them attending the sessions more than two times; 16% attending more than three times. The results also revealed that the majority asserted that they apply CBA in their classroom with 55% asserted they always apply it; 34% sometimes apply it. However, many of them replied that they encountered difficulties. For example, 94% encountered difficulties when applying CBA due to lack of materials, large classes, lack of textbooks, lack of sufficient training for some teachers, and time constraints. Keywords: Competency-Based Approach, implementation, high school, Mali