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The total amount of digital travel sales worldwide increases significantly every year, yet previous studies on outbound tourism expenditures have scarcely discussed the role of foreign exchange control (Fxc) as a barrier to e-internationalization. In the era of e-commerce, residents of more than 40 economies are not allowed to buy or pay for foreign products by the Internet. This article, with data from 95 economies in the period 2012–2017, concludes that Internet penetration development increases international tourism expenditure. On the other hand, the control of foreign exchange decreases the relationship between internet penetration and tourism expenditure. Therefore, Fxc is clearly a barrier to electronic internationalization and tourism expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research evaluates the management efficiency of the European Structural Funds according to whether their productive orientation is based on employment or on economic and social development. The data refers to 2000–2020 for the 28 EU countries. The paper includes an analysis of the influence of the country's governance and economic freedom on the production function associated with the funds received. The results show that there is a technological gap between groups of countries defined by their goodness of governance. On the other hand, there is a positive relationship of economic freedom and the efficiency scores of the countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring public efficiency can help governments to benchmark progress, identify gaps, and learn from best practices around the world. Our study designs Public Expenditure Efficiency Indexes, both for general government and for its functions, by using single synthetic indicators, as well as a Free Disposal Hull and a Data Envelopment Analysis model. The study also tests the association between public sector performance and public expenditure efficiency and other key socioeconomic indicators. Empirical analysis was applied in 2012 for a single cross-section of 35 economies. Results show significant evidence of an association between public efficiency and state of development, democracy, and corruption, as well as with population density, especially in Environmental Protection. The direction of the association between public sector size and public performance differs per function. It is positive for Health and Social Protection. Related Articles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]