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Increased oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome conditions leads to increased malondialdehyde and decreased superoxide dismutase. Patin fish oil (Pangasius hypophthalmus) and turmeric extract (Curcuma longa Linn.) contain bioactive compounds that play a role in improving malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels. The research obtained to measure the effectiveness of patin fish oil, turmeric extract, and their combination against MDA and SOD levels. The research applied an experimental design of randomized pre-post test control groups. Research location at PSPG Animal Laboratory, UGM Yogyakarta in August to October 2023. Wistar male white rats (thirty rats) were randomly divided into five groups, namely K- (Normals), K+ (HFFD), P1(HFFD+catfish oil dose of 0,08 ml/200grBB), P2(HFFD+turmeric extract dose of 5,04 mg/kgBB), and P3(HFFD+catfish oil dose of 0,08 ml/200grBB+turmeric extract dose of 5,04 mg/kgBB). Intervention for 28 days. Information analysis utilizing combined t-test and one-way ANOVA test taken after by post-hoc test. Outcome, catfish oil, turmeric extract, and their combination of them all had an significant effects on MDA levels (p=0,000) and SODs (p=0,000). The mean reduce in MDA levels and increment in SOD were more prominent in P3, which amounted to 5,29±0,28 nmol/ml and 22,62±7,03 units/ml. In conclusion, catfish oil and turmeric extract successfully decrease MDA and increment SOD. The combination of both have the potential to improve metabolic syndrome.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have an impact on an imbalance in the number of microbiota (dysbiosis) which can cause disruption of glucose metabolism by inhibiting short chain fatty acid (SCFA). SCFA is produced by intestinal microbial fermentation of indigestible dietary fibre and it has beneficial role in T2DM. Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) and β-glucans can improve the gut the composition of microbiota with prebiotic capabilities. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of XOS and β-glucan on the Lactobacillus, Roseburia, and SCFA in diabetic rats. A total of 28 Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups including control (C), diabetic (D), diabetic+XOS (DX), and diabetic+β-glucan (DBG). D, DX, and DBG groups were provided with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 14 days before receiving an injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (45 mg/kg BW) and nicotinamide (110 mg/kg BW). DX received XOS (450 mg/200 g BW), and DBG received β-glucan (450 mg/200 g BW) for 28 days. The blood glucose levels at DX and DBG showed a significant difference compared with the D gro diabetic rats. XOS did not change the number, while β-glucan increased the number of Lactobacillus and Roseburia. The XOS and β-glucan supplementation significantly increased SCFA levels compared to diabetic rats. These results suggest that XOS can improve blood glucose although it does not change the number of Lactobacillus and Roseburia. Meanwhile, β-glucan increases blood glucose, Lactobacillus, Roseburia, and total SCFA in diabetic rats. [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2024; 7(1.000): 167-177]

The increase in ApoB levels, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and castelli risk index I-II (CRI) is prediction of cardiovascular disease in metabolic syndrome. Lipid peroxidation could initiate the process of atherosclerosis and involved in the etiology of cardiovascular disease. Dietary fish oil and extract of Curcuma has been shown to beneficially reducing effect of atherosclerosis and lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Catfish Oil and Curcuma longa Linn extract on ApoB levels and lipid ratios as protective nutraceutical for metabolic syndrome. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups namely HC (healthy control), HFFD (High-Fat High-Fructose Diet), and intervention group P1 (High-Fat High-Fructose Diet + Catfish Oil 0.08 ml/gr/day), P2 (High-Fat High-Fructose Diet + Curcuma longa linn extract 5.04 mg/gr/day), and P3 with High-Fat High-Fructose Diet + combination of both. HFFD was used to induced metabolic syndrome. ApoB levels were measured by the Immunoturbidimetric and lipid levels with ELISA method. Lipid ratios was calculated by AIP (log TG/HDL), and the CRI I-II (TC/HDL,LDL/HDL). The study was showed significantly reduced (p= [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2024; 7(2.000): 408-419]

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children are characterized by increased proinflammatory agents. Previous studies found that administration of selenium can reduce inflammation; however, those studies were conducted on ASD mice model, and no study was conducted on the ASD patients. It is suspected that selenium could improve the development of ASD children by decreasing inflammation.Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of selenium on inflammatory status in ASD children.Method: This study was a randomized control trial. A total of 66 ASD children were selected and were randomly allocated to the first selenium intervention group (n=22), second selenium intervention group (n=22), and group control (n=22). Selenium as functional food and supplement was given to the intervention group for three months. The inflammatory state was measured by IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α serum. The ASD severity was measured by the autism treatment evaluation checklist (ATEC). Moreover, the intention-to-treat analysis was used in this study. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare before and after the intervention and Kruskal-Wallis test to compare the changes after the intervention.Results: Based on findings of the present research, some insignificant changes in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were observed in the selenium intervention and control groups. The selenium intervention groups experienced a significant decrease in ATEC scores compared to the control group (P

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients have alteration in hemostasis components. Thus, including excess expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), causing fibrinolysis disorders; the majority of these patients are hypercoagulable state prone to thrombosis. Some evidence suggests that garlic and garlic supplements have antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties. Besides, garlic stimulates fibrinolytic activity and normalizes plasma lipid imbalances. Black garlic is processed garlic that is produced through natural aging at a controlled temperature (70 °C) and high humidity (90%) for several days, without other additives. This study aimed to prove the effect of single clove black garlic (SCBG) (Allium sativum Linn) on PAI-1 levels and lipid profiles of NAFLD rats induced by a high-fat fructose diet (HFFD) containing 1.25% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid.The rats were then divided into healthy control group (K1+); NAFLD control group without treatment (K2+); 0.9 mg simvastatin treatment group (K1-); 45 mg metformin treatment group (K2-); SCBG 450 mg per 200g BW (X1); 900 mg per 200 g BW (X2); and 1350 mg per 200 g BW (X3). All treatments were administered for 4 weeks via oral gavage. As a result, significant differences in PAI-1 levels and lipid profiles between groups after the administration (p = 0.001) were noted and also by simvastatin and metformin, respectively. There was a correlation between PAI-1 and lipid profile of SCBG treatment. In conclusion, the administration of SCBG (1350 mg per 200 g BB per day) for 4 weeks had a significant effect on PAI-1 levels, and the lipid profiles in Sprague Dawley rats modeled NAFLD (p = 0.001). SCBG has provided benefits that can be useful in the management of NAFLD but it’s not equivalent to medicine.

Protein-energy malnutrition still becomes a problem in the world and Indonesia. The enteral formula is needed in the process of fulfilling overall nutrition in the form of a liquid diet in malnourished patients to digest and absorb nutrients without any difficulties. Amino acid lysine, methionine, cysteine, threonine, and tryptophan are often deficits in children's food; even, malnourished children (stunting, wasting, or protein-energy malnutrition) have decreased amino acids. Tempeh gembus, fermented local food, is used as the main ingredient for the enteral formula, and the hydrolysate process is carried out and made into flour, resulting in more amino acids due to the process of protein breakdown. The making of enteral formula from local food fermentation aims to enable the community to optimize local food into more nutritious food so that it can be produced at the household scale. Other supplementary ingredients are isolated soy protein, pumpkin flour, maltodextrin, sugar, and soybean oil. The enteral formula is isocaloric and isoprotein; it is divided into two with different compositions of the hydrolysate of Tempeh gembus flour. This study aims to determine the content of protein, amino acids, and limiting amino acids in the enteral formula. The amino acid analysis was performed using the HPLC method. Amino acid glutamate has the highest content in enteral formulas A and B (2,080 mg.100g-1and 1,950 mg.100g-1). The total amino acid content of enteral formula A is higher than that of enteral formula B with a difference of 210 mg.100g-1. Enteral formula A has a higher average amino acid content (1,400 mg.100g-1) than enteral formula B (1,378 mg.100g-1), and there is no significant difference (p = 0.812) between them. The enteral formula A has a higher amino acid content, but the highest protein content is in enteral formula B. The limiting amino acids in enteral formulas A and B are the methionine amino acids. Enteral formulas A and B can fulfill the needs of amino acids and be an alternative formula for Children with PEM.

Children with protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) need a food product that can be easily absorbed by the body because they have impaired nutrient utilization and lipid profile disorder. The provision of fermented products such as tempeh is an alternative approach. Seeds of tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) are a good source of various nutrients needed by children with PEM. This study aimed to prove the effectiveness of the administration of tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds on the lipid profile in PEM rats. PEM in rats was induced by a zero-protein diet containing granulated sugar (20 g), vegetable oil (1 g), and cornstarch (24 g). The animals were categorized into a normal control group (K+), a PEM group without treatment (K−); a group fed tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds 1.5 g.kg-1 BW (P1); and a group fed tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds 3 g.kg-1 BW (P2). The intervention was administered for 30 days. There was a significant increase in HDL levels (p = 0.001) and significant decreases in cholesterol (p = 0.001), triglyceride (p = 0.001), LDL levels (p = 0.001), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (p = 0.000) in treatment groups. In conclusion, the administration of tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds increases HDL levels and decreases cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL level, and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) in rats with PEM.

Obesity causes chronic inflammatory reaction is characterized by elevated levels of high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hscrp). Hscrp and hdl could be used as an early marker of cardiovascular disease risk. Tempeh gembus contain fiber, unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants, which can reduce the inflammatory reaction. This study determines the effect of processed Tempeh gembus on hsCRP and HDL in obese women. This study included in experimental studies with randomized post-test only control group design involving 40 obese women aged 20 – 50 years. Subjects were randomized into two groups: a control group was given a standard diet low in calories 30 calories/kg body weight, and the treatment group was given a standard diet low in calories 30 calories/kg body weight and Tempeh gembus for 28 days. hsCRP and HDL levels were measured before and after the intervention, food intake was measured by using a 3 x 24-hour recall and physical activity (IPAQ form). HsCRP levels were measured using the ELISA method, whereas HDL levels were measured using the CHOD-PAP method. Wilcoxon test (hsCRP levels) and paired t-test (HDL levels) used to test differeces before and after intervention each group. Mann Whitney test (hsCRP levels) and independent sample test (HDL levels) used to test differeces before and after intervention between groups. There are differences in hsCRP levels before and after the intervention in the control group (p = 0.00) and the treatment group (p = 0.00). There are differences in HDL levels before and after the intervention in the control group (p = 0.00) and the treatment group (p = 0.00). There are differences in the decrease hsCRP levels between the two groups (p = 0.00). There are differences in the increase in HDL levels between the two groups (p = 0.03). Tempeh gembus 150 grams/day can decrease hsCRP levels and increase HDL levels in women with obesity.

Background: Obesity is one of the risk factors for insulin resistance. Insulin resistance plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Wrist circumference has the potential for predicting obesity and insulin resistance. Objectives:. To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of wrist circumference against obesity and insulin resistance in late adolescents. Methods: The design of this study is a crossectional study with a sample of 85 students at Diponegoro University Semarang. Data collected consisted of anthropometric measurements (body weight, height, wrist circumference, neck circumference, waist circumference and pelvic girth) and blood vein sampling (fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin). Statistical analyses used in this study were Pearson or R Spearman correlation test. Results: Wrist circumference was positively correlated with all biochemical parameters and anthropometric measurements except the waist hip ratio. Wrist circumference correlates positively and significantly with fasting insulin and HOMA-IR in male adolescents. The results of the ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC value of wrist circumference in male adolescents had better performance in predicting obesity (88% (95% CI, 76% - 100%)) than insulin resistance (81% (95% CI, 51% -100%)). Conclusion: Wrist circumference is one of the anthropometric measurements that can be used for predicting obesity and insulin resistance in late adolescents.

Background: Zinc is the main constituent element of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) which acts to protect cells from inflammation and the toxic effects of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). High ROS production induces fat peroxidation, and forms malondialdehyde (MDA) which causes oxidative stress. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the difference of zinc and malondialdehyde levels among Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis and sensitive Tuberculosis. Methods: Crossectional study with 55 subjects consisted of 32 MDR-TB subjects and 23 subjects TB sensitive. Selection of subjects using consecutive sampling. Zinc and MDA serum was obtained from venous blood. Zinc and MDA concentration were assessed by quantitative colometric and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) respectively. Data were analized statistic by independent t-test and Mann Whitney test. Results: Zinc level of MDR-TB and TB sensitive were 74.85 (64 - 97) μg/dl and 73.03 (63 - 97) μg/dl respectively, while MDA of MDR-TB and sensitive TB were 2.262±1.055 nmol/mL and 2.66±0.992 nmol/mL. There was no significantly different in zinc level between MDR-TB and sensitive TB (p=1.000). Furthermore, there was not significantly different of MDA level between MDR-TB and sensitive Tuberculosis (p=0,147). Conclusion: There are no differences in zinc and MDA levels in patient between MDR-TB and sensitive TB.

Elevated monocyte count is correlated to the decrease of renal function and disease progressivity on end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Probiotic that utilize lactobacillus species is known to play a role in maintaining imunity system balance by inducing the monocyte apoptosis. The combination between probiotic and calcium carbonate could increase probiotic colonization in the gatrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of probiotic and calcium carbonate combination toward reduction of monocyte count on ESRD patient at Rumah Sehat Terpadu Dompet Dhuafa Bogor Hospital. This study was true experimental research with randomized pre-post test control group design. Twenty four ESRD patient were randomly enrolled into treatment group (n=12) and control (n=12). The treatment group received probiotic and calcium carbonate, whereas control group received standardized calcium carbonate for 21 days. There was a significant decrease of monocyte (p=0.03) after administration of probiotic and calcium carbonate.

Abstract CHITOSAN ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS USING A COMBINATION OF ENDO-GLUCANASE AND CELLOBIOHYDROLASE. Chitosan is very promising in various fields including medicine, pharmacology, and the food industry. However, the application of this polysaccharide is limited by its high molecular weight resulting in its low solubility in aqueous media. In this respect, the chitosan with shorter chain length, display a reduced viscosity and are soluble in aqueous media at pH values close to neutrality. The aim of this study is the hydrolysis of chitosan to obtain a low molecular weight chitosan using enzymes endo-glucanase and cellobiohydrolase. The hydrolysis of chitosan was carried out under a temperature of 40° C and pH 5. Chitosan degradation was monitored by the analysis of reducing sugars and viscosity, whereas the chemical characterization of chitosan is done by using test FTIR (infrared spectroscopy). The results showed that enzyme treatment resulted in a substantial loss in viscosity of the chitosan solution shows depolymerization. Depolymerization using endo-glucanase took place very quickly during the initial 15 minutes. The rate of viscosity decrease on chitosan degradation using cellobiohydrolase is lower than using endo-glucanase. When the reaction time was 4 h, the lowest viscosity is showed by cellobiohydrolase, and the highest solubility is showed by combination of endo-glucanase and cellobiohydrolase. Keywords: endo-glucanase; cellobiohydrolase; chitosan; hydrolysis Abstrak Kitosan dapat dimanfaatkan di berbagai bidang seperti kedokteran, farmasi dan industri makanan. Aplikasi kitosan sering dibatasi oleh berat molekul kitosan yang tinggi sehingga viskositasnya tinggi dan kelarutannya rendah. Kitosan dengan rantai polimer pendek, akan mempunyai viskositas rendah, dan mudah larut pada larutan/air dengan pH mendekati netral. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghidrolisis kitosan secara enzimatis menggunakan enzim endo-glucanase dan cellobiohydrolase. Hidrolisis kitosan dilakukan pada suhu 40 °C dan pH 5. Degradasi kitosan dipantau melalui analisa gula reduksi dan viskositas, sedangkan karakterisasi kimia kitosan dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji FTIR (infra red spectroscopy). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hidrolisis enzimatis kitosan dapat menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan berat molekul yang ditandai dengan adanya penurunan viscositas larutan kitosan. Pada 15 menit awal hidrolisis terjadi penurunan viskositas yang sangat besar. Laju penurunan viskositas enzim cellobiohydrolase lebih rendah dibanding dengan enzime endo-glucanase. Setelah waktu reaksi 4 jam, viskositas terendah diperoleh pada enzime cellobiohydrolase, sedangkan kelarutan tertinggi diperoleh pada kombinasi enzime endo-glucanase dan cellobiohydrolase. Kata kunci: endo-glucanase; cellobiohydrolase; kitosan; hidrolisis

Background Obesity has become an increasingly important medical problem in children. Obesity-induced hypertension in childhood should be considered as a chronic medical condition that is likely to require long-term management of dietary patterns, especially for energy-dense, nutrient-poor (EDNP) food consumption. Objective To examine the contribution ofEDNP foods to daily energy and macronutrient intakes and to examine the relationship between intake of EDN P foods and the prevalence of hypertension in children. Methods Four hundred and forty children were randomly selected to participate. Weight and height were measured with precision electronic scales and fixed microtoise, respectively. Blood pressure (BP) measurements were performed by standard procedure. A 24-hour dietary recall was obtained by a trained interviewer to determine the intake of EDNP foods, which were clas sified to 4 major groups: visible fat, sweeteners, desserts, or salty snacks. The difference in mean was evaluated using paired Ttest. Logistic models were fitted to assess for an association between hypertension and the various characteristics. Results The proportion of children who were overweight (including obese) was 23 .2%. The prevalence of elevated BP was 10.5%, similar in boys and girls, with most of them having isolated elevated sys to lie BP. There was a relationship between BP and body mass index (BMI) in all children. Approximately 27% of total daily energy intake was contributed by all EDNP foods. Of the EDNP food subgroups examined, dessert and sweeteners contributed nearly 20% of total daily energy intake. In the highest one-third of subjects who consumed EDNP food, these foods provided 49% of total daily carbohydrate intake and 34% of total daily fat intake. Conclusion Eating patterns ofEDNP foods provide 49% of total daily carbohydrate intake and 34% of total daily fat intake. This EDNP food is independently associated with hypertension in children.