Search

While low‐resolution climate models at present struggle to appropriately simulate convectively coupled large‐scale atmospheric disturbances such as equatorial Kelvin waves (EKWs), superparameterization helps better reproduce such phenomena. To evaluate such model differences based on physical mechanisms, a linearized theoretical framework of convectively coupled EKWs was developed in a form readily applicable to model evaluation by allowing background stability and diabatic heating to have arbitrary vertical profiles rather than assuming simplified ones. A system of linearized equations of convection‐coupled gravity waves was derived as a two‐dimensional model of the convectively coupled EKWs. In this work, the basic states are taken from observations, CTL‐MIROC and SP‐MIROC experiments introduced in Part 1. The tendency of convectively coupled gravity waves to grow faster under top‐heavy heating is confirmed for realistic stratification profiles, as found in previous studies under constant stratifications. A comparison of linear unstable solutions with basic states taken from SP‐MIROC and CTL‐MIROC shows that the top‐heavy heating profile in SP‐MIROC largely contributes to the enhancement of the EKW‐like unstable modes, while subtle differences of stratification profiles considerably affect EKW behaviors. The bottom‐heavy heating bias in the CTL‐MIROC likely originates from insufficient modeling of subgrid stratiform precipitation in tropical organized systems. It is desirable to incorporate such stratiform components in cumulus parameterizations to achieve better EKW reproducibility. Plain Language Summary: Present global climate models (GCMs) cannot resolve small‐scale cumulus convection. Hence, they cannot reproduce sufficient amplitudes of convectively coupled large‐scale atmospheric disturbances such as the equatorial Kelvin wave (EKW). In contrast, high‐resolution models that explicitly simulate cumulus convection can reproduce these disturbances better. In this study, a linearized theoretical framework of the convectively coupled EKW was developed to interpret and evaluate model behavior. Using this framework, EKWs simulated by different models were compared based on their physical mechanisms. The basic states were taken from observations and MIROC simulations introduced in Part 1. The tendency of EKWs to grow under a top‐heavy heating condition was confirmed under realistic stratification profiles as found in previous studies under constant stratifications. A comparison of linear unstable solutions with the basic states taken from the MIROC simulations showed that the heating altitude is the most important factor for enhancing the EKW‐like unstable modes, while stratification profiles can sometimes considerably affect EKW growth. Bottom‐heavy heating bias in the conventional MIROC likely originates from insufficient parameterization of organized precipitating systems in the tropics. It is desirable to incorporate such stratiform components in the cumulus parameterization to achieve better EKW reproducibility. Key Points: A linearized model of the EKW is derived in a form readily applicable to evaluation of numerical simulationsSuperparameterized MIROC enhanced EKW amplitudes through top‐heavy heating profilesTo improve EKW reproducibility, GCMs need better representation of tropical stratiform precipitation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential scope of superparameterization (SP) was extended to higher resolutions of the global climate model (GCM) component by devising a technique called blockwise coupling. In this method, a horizontal average of multiple GCM columns, instead of one, is coupled to a cloud‐resolving model (CRM) domain. This enables SP‐GCMs to reduce the computational cost drastically, enabling higher‐resolution GCMs to be superparameterized. A blockwise‐coupled SP‐GCM called SP‐MIROC was implemented by coupling the climate model MIROC6 to the CRM SCALE‐RM. The 4 × 4‐bundled SP‐MIROC successfully reproduced horizontal patterns and frequency distributions of precipitation and realistic amplitudes of equatorial Kelvin waves (EKWs), which were underestimated in the standard MIROC6. As discussed in Yamazaki and Miura (2024b, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS003837) of this study, the amplitude boost of EKWs was enabled by a top‐heavy heating in SP‐MIROC. Comparison of power spectra between the 4 × 4‐bundled SP‐MIROC and nonbundled SP‐MIROC indicated that the effective resolution of dynamic variables was not degraded by the blockwise technique. Rather, spectra in the 4 × 4‐bundled SP‐MIROC were more realistic than those in the nonbundled SP‐MIROC. Although the 4 × 4‐bundling limits convective coupling in the smallest GCM scale, it could offer the best match of resolutions between the GCM‐handled dynamics and SP‐derived physics because the effective resolution of the dynamics is lower than the nominal grid spacing. Plain Language Summary: Superparameterization is a technique to explicitly simulate subgrid clouds in low‐resolution global climate models (GCMs) by coupling small domains of a high‐resolution cloud‐resolving model (CRM). This study expands the superparameterization technique by proposing and verifying blockwise coupling, in which a CRM domain is coupled to an average of multiple GCM columns; in contrast, the existing superparameterized (SP) models employ one‐to‐one coupling between a CRM and a GCM column. We implemented a SP‐GCM by coupling the climate model MIROC6 and the SCALE‐RM CRM with 4 × 4‐to‐one blockwise coupling. Multiple benefits in existing SP‐GCMs are reproduced in the simulation results of the blockwise‐coupled SP‐MIROC. Furthermore, 4 × 4‐bundled SP‐MIROC outperformed the one‐to‐one SP‐MIROC in terms of reproducing realistic zonal spectra. Blockwise coupling will drastically reduce computational costs, making superparameterization in higher‐resolution GCMs affordable. Key Points: A superparameterized version of the climate model MIROC6 named superparameterized (SP)‐MIROC was developedComputational cost is reduced by coupling a cloud‐resolving model domain to a block of multiple global climate model columns, instead of oneBlockwise‐coupled SP‐MIROC reproduced most benefits of SP without losing the effective resolution of dynamic variables [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a novel diagnostic method to assess tropical atmosphere‐ocean coupling, using a two‐dimensional plane defined by the 90‐day high‐pass‐filtered sea surface temperature (SST) and column water vapor (CWV). The method was applied to reanalysis data and high‐resolution coupled atmosphere‐ocean simulation data. In the Indo–Pacific warm pool region, the phase relationship between SST and CWV remained consistent across both reanalysis and simulation data sets. However, differences in the temporal evolution of these variables were observed in the central Pacific region. The heat budget analysis results indicate that the differences between the two data sets in the central Pacific are related to variations in the effects of atmospheric disturbances on SST. This study demonstrates the potential of our novel diagnostic method for evaluating atmosphere–ocean coupling in climate models. Plain Language Summary: Weather disturbances in the tropics develop from the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere. We can use climate models to investigate the impact of this interaction, but we need other methods to evaluate the interaction itself. In this study, we develop a new way to understand how the atmosphere and the ocean interact in the tropics. We achieve this by focusing on changes over time in the sea surface temperature and the amount of water vapor in the air. We found that these changes happen at different rates in different regions of the ocean. We also found that a climate model failed to capture these changes in some regions. Our new method improves our understanding of the atmosphere and ocean interaction and teaches us how to improve climate models. Key Points: A novel analysis method was developed to illustrate regional differences in the atmosphere‐ocean coupling across tropical oceansThe application of this diagnostic method to the reanalysis and coupled model data revealed differences in the central Pacific regionThrough heat budget analysis, we proposed distinct processes by which atmospheric disturbances change the sea surface temperatures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hisayo Mayama,1 Yukinori Kuwajima,2 John D Da Silva,3 Shahrzad Khorashadi,2 R Frederick Lambert,2,4 Yoshiki Ishida,2 Shigemi Ishikawa-Nagai,2 Hiroyuki Miura,5 Kazuro Satoh1 1Division of Orthodontics, Department of Developmental Oral Health Science, School of Dentistry Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan; 2Department of Oral Medicine, Immunity and Infection, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; 3Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Science, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; 4Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; 5Division of Dental Education, Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, JapanCorrespondence: Shigemi Ishikawa-NagaiHarvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USATel +1-671-432-2928Fax +1-617-432-1897Email shigemi_nagai@hsdm.harvard.eduPurpose: Oligodontia significantly affects oral function and esthetics. Recognition of skeletal and dental patterns may aid in proper diagnosis and development of appropriate interventions. The aim of this study was to analyze skeletal and dental patterns for pre-adolescent patients with a diagnosis of oligodontia.Patients and methods: This study included 19 oligodontia patients (age: 9.5±1.3, Hellman’s developmental stage IIIA∼IIIB) along with a control group that comprised of 19 participants (age: 9.9±1.6) without any skeletal disharmony or congenitally missing teeth, with an Angle class I relationship and general crowding. Average cephalometric measurements among the oligodontia group were compared to the control group. The correlation between number of congenitally missing teeth (CMT) and each measurement was investigated. Skeletal measurements for both male and female patients in the oligodontia group and the control group were also compared.Results: No significant difference between the experimental and the control group was observed with respect to skeletal angular and linear measurements, except the gonial angle. Differences in dental pattern measurements were observed. The oligodontia group had significantly smaller Mo-Ms and Is-Mo than the control group (p

To evaluate ethiodised oil retention of transarterial embolisation using ethiodised oil (ethiodised oil marking) before computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous cryoablation (PCA) according to renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtype. Ethiodised oil marking was performed 1–3 days before PCA in 99 patients with 99 RCCs from 2016 to 2020. Ethiodised oil retention on CT images was evaluated retrospectively and CT attenuation values in the tumour were measured. Regions of interest (ROI) were placed on the tumours to calculate: average (ROI-average), maximal (ROI-max), minimum (ROI-min), and standard deviation (ROI-SD). Qualitative scores comprising a five-point scale (5, excellent; 1, poor) were evaluated for the retention scores (RS) of ethiodised oil in the tumour (ethiodised oil-RS) and the visualisation scores (VS) of the boundary between the tumour and renal parenchyma (boundary-VS). The histological subtypes comprised clear cell (ccRCC; n= 85), papillary (pRCC; n= 6), and chromophobe/oncocytoma renal cell carcinoma (chrRCC; n= 8). The mean ROI-average, ROI-max, and ROI-SD were significantly higher in ccRCCs than in chrRCCs and pRCCs (p< 0.05). The mean ethiodised oil-RS was significantly lower in pRCCs than in ccRCCs (p =0.039), and the mean boundary-VS was >4 in all subtypes. Even with poor intratumour ethiodised oil retention (n= 6), sufficient boundary-VS was obtained due to "inverted marking." All PCA procedures were completed without additional intravenous contrast material injection at the time of PCA. Regardless of the tumour subtypes, ethiodised oil marking aids in visualising the boundary between the tumour and parenchyma on non-contrast CT in PCA. • Ethiodized oil marking is useful in cryoablation for renal cell carcinomas. • The ethiodized oil retention patterns depend on subtypes of the tumor. • Ethiodized oil marking aids in good visibility regardless of tumor subtype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria form biofilms by attaching to materials. The formed biofilm has various influences on daily life and industry, positively or negatively. Therefore, the biofilm should be observed and controlled in an appropriate manner. There are numerous developed methods to evaluate biofilms. However, many of them have been not appropriate from the viewpoint of industrial application since they are difficult to be handled and the associated pieces of equipment are very expensive. Therefore, in this study, the authors focused on staining methods to evaluate biofilms. Crystal violet is well known to stain negatively charged parts of polymeric substances, such as polysaccharides and other polar polymers. Thus, the amount and contents were expected to evaluate reliably. In this study, the authors compared Raman shifts and colour measurements for biofilms formed on four metallic materials by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. It could be confirmed that staining by crystal violet could predict the amounts of biofilms, and the contents ratio (particularly the contents of polysaccharides) to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]