Search

The paper discusses a mysterious zoomorphic wolf-shaped copper alloy artefact that was discovered as a stray find in Międzyrzecz (Poland). The find is bar-like with a profiled engraved image of a lying animal, possibly a wolf. It is locally gilded on the visible side of "wolf" details. The gilding was made using an amalgam technique known since Antiquity, with the base metal composed of arsenical copper alloy with lead addition. A fixing element made of iron has only survived fragmentarily, which renders the reconstruction of the entire artefact's shape impossible. Its function has not been identified, but a broad spectrum of possible interpretations has been proposed. Stylistic traits allow to date the artefact to the Migration Period, or more specifically to the 6th century. The wolf image implies that the artefact can be related to the Germanic warriors' world. At present, it cannot be determined whether there was a 6th century settlement cluster in the vicinity of Międzyrzecz to which the find can be related, or we are dealing with an isolated testimony of population translocations. Zusammenfassung: Im Beitrag wird ein ungewöhnliches, aus einer Kupferlegierung gefertigtes Artefakt in zoomorpher Form diskutiert, das als Streufund in Międzyrzecz (Polen) geborgen wurde. Das Objekt ist stabförmig und weist die profilierte Form eines liegenden Tieres, vermutlich eines Wolfs, auf. Es weist punktuelle Vergoldungen einiger Details auf. Vergoldet wurde mittels der bereits seit der Antike bekannten Amalgamtechnik, wobei die Grundlegierung aus einer arsenhaltigen Kupferlegierung mit Bleizusatz besteht. Das Stück zeigt außerdem ein eisernes, allerdings nur noch fragmentarisch erhaltenes Befestigungselement, was eine vollständige Rekonstruktion des Objektes verhindert. Die Funktion des Objekts lässt sich daher nicht sicher klären, mehrere Deutungen werden jedoch angeboten. Anhand stilistischer Merkmale kann das Artefakt in die Völkerwanderungszeit und das 6. Jahrhundert n. Chr. datiert werden. Aufgrund der zoomorphen Ausarbeitung des Stücks nehmen die Autoren einen Zusammenhang zu kriegerischen germanischen Gruppen an. Ob der Fund darüber hinaus für das Umfeld von Międzyrzecz eine Besiedlung noch im 6. Jahrhunderts anzeigt, muss jedoch genauso fraglich bleiben wie eine Deutung als isoliertes Beispiel der Migration bestimmter Bevölkerungsgruppen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Slovenská Literatúra: Revue Pre Literárnu Vedu is the property of Institute of Slovak Literature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Decades before beer brewing transformed into a truly global industry toward the end of the nineteenth century, Central Europe – primarily the Habsburg monarchy and the German states – emerged as a sort of laboratory in which networks were forged, new inventions tested, new beer sorts copied, and in which people, knowledge, and materials traveled back and forth, resulting in an increasing convergence of the trade and a standardization of the product. Since the end of the eighteenth century, Central European beer brewing increasingly relied on technological innovation and scientific knowledge; brewers became an internationally mobile, educated class which formed a loose community with contacts to one another. Following the careers of four Central European brewers, František Ondřej Poupě, Gabriel Sedlmayr senior and his son, Gabriel Sedlmayr junior, and Anton Schwarz, this article demonstrates how the dense network of contacts, the advent of scientific brewing, and the knowledge transfer within the region helped set the stage for the boom of the industry from the 1870s on.

This chapter relates post-1918 Italy to the collapse of the Habsburg Empire and the ascent of the successor states, and analyses, from the Trieste's vantage point, fascist projects, practices and networks of 'empire' in the Adriatic Sea, in Mitteleuropa and in the Balkans between 1918 and 1938. It focuses on three connected aspects. Firstly, the northern Adriatic was the first setting of the ascent of squadrismo, a model of violent action against 'enemies within' then replicated elsewhere. Secondly, Italian nationalism and imperialism aimed to reconfigure the post-Habsburg economic space and to reconnect the Adriatic with Central and Balkan Europe. Thirdly, Italian nationalist (then Fascist) élites from Trieste played a critical role, by boosting processes of empire-building and defending Austria vis-à-vis the prospects of Anschluss. In sum, the Habsburg legacies kept on shaping the dynamics of Italianization and fascistization in northern Adriatic and on feeding the search for Italy's informal empire in Central and Southeastern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writers belonging to cultures once subordinated to the Austrian Empire display a dual attitude towards the Centre: both rejection and nostalgia. These circumstances are translated into a multitude of cultural, behavioural, psychological and psycholiterary features, as well as a wide range of literary procedures. Sorin Titel, Miloš Crnjanski—as well as Danilo Kiš, Herta Müller and others—are writers who lived the moment of the disintegration of the Empire, with everything that this meant for the European literature, in general, and for the literature of the Banat region, in particular. This study examines how such writers analyse the history of the nations they belong to and the local perception of the Centre (administration, religion, political leaders) while exploring how they approach themes such as exile, migration, and the trauma of being separated from the place of birth. Moreover, it highlights the aesthetic dimensions of the literature from Banat and the presence of the Danube as a natural link associated with the Central-European space, together with other relevant hydronyms and toponyms.

Im Herbst 2020 entdeckte eine Gruppe von Detektorgängern auf einer bewaldeten Düne in der Nähe des Dorfes Cierpice in Nordzentralpolen 150 Bronzefunde. Der Fund umfasst Backenstücke, Phalerae, Rassel- und Terretringe sowie Zügelmanschetten mit Drahtgliedern, die einst Teil eines Pferdezaumzeugs aus der Endbronzezeit waren. Die Zaumzeugteile wurden zusammen mit einem Tüllenbeil in Pflanzenfasern eingewickelt und dann sorgfältig in einen organischen Beutel gelegt, der verrottet war. In diesem Artikel werden die Ergebnisse der archäologischen, metallographischen und paläobotanischen Untersuchungen des Hortes vorgestellt und diskutiert, unterstützt durch andere archäologisch dokumentierte Daten. Diese werden mit den Mustern der Bewegung und des Verbrauchs von Metallwaren im heutigen Polen während der Lausitzer Periode und dem weiteren Kontext der nordeuropäischen Bronzezeit in Beziehung gesetzt. In autumn 2020, a group of metal detectorists located 150 bronze artefacts on a forested dune near the village of Cierpice in north-central Poland. The hoard includes cheekpieces, phalerae, rattle and terret rings, and rein cuffs with wire links that had once formed parts of a horse bridle dating back to the Final Bronze Age. The bridle equipment was wrapped together with a socketed axe in a plant fibres packing and then carefully placed in an organic bag that had decayed. This article presents and discusses the results of archaeological, metallographic and paleobotanical examinations of the hoard, aided by other data documented archaeologically, and relates them to patterns of metalwork movement and consumption in the region of modern Poland during the Lusatian era and the wider context of the North European Bronze Age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U-Pb isotope ages from magmatic zircon grains are provided for different volcanic rocks of the NW Saxonian Volcanic Basin within the Rochlitz and Wurzen volcanic systems. Measurements were obtained with LA-ICP-MS and revealed late Pennsylvanian to early Cisuralian ages (301-299 Ma). For the Rochlitz Volcanic System supereruption, we present for the first time a radiometric age consistent with biostratigraphic evidence. We report geochemical data for the Gnandstein Andesitoid, the Dölitzsch, Rüdigsdorf, Rochlitz and Wolftitz tuffs and the Rochlitz-α Ignimbrite. The results yield a modified picture of the Kohren, Rochlitz and Oschatz formations as well as new insights into the understanding of the complex volcano-tectonic processes of the NW Saxonian Volcanic Basin, an area of the Saxo-Thuringian Zone of the European Variscides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Three Seas Initiative was launched in 2015 by Croatia and Poland; today, it brings together 12 European states located in the Adriatic, Baltic, and Black Seas basins. To understand the rationale behind this seemingly precarious regional project, this paper employs the optics of critical geopolitics, which shifts the focus away from the exclusive concerns of great powers machinations, counters the dominant narrative by emphasising the multiplicity of voices in the geopolitical spectrum and stresses the emancipatory nature of the whole project balanced by its heterarchical characteristic. This angle allows us to capture the full complexity of this geopolitical design characterised by two phenomena: 'being in between' (monolithic powers, areas of domination, or at least domination, one religion and one language) and 'fragmentation and multinationality'. The analysis demonstrates that Intermarium is an attempt to break away from everything that prevents the region 'between Berlin and Moscow' from being a subject, not an object of political affairs, and shows how Central and Eastern Europe fits into the post-liberal international order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores the narratives of Claudio Magris and Amin Maalouf as a literature of identity, memory and testimony that seeks to foster social justice, dialogue and inclusivity in twenty-first-century Europe and the Mediterranean. In On Identity (Les Identités meurtrières, 1998) Maalouf investigates individual and collective identities, their elusive and treacherous dynamics, through a reflection that encompasses the Levant, the north-south Mediterranean divide and its endless permutations. Similarly, Magris's fictional characters occupy liminal worlds in which identities contaminate, overlap, and often dissolve, while exclusivist belonging reveals itself as a deceptive chimera. In Blindly (Alla cieca, 2006), Magris explores the legacy of twentieth-century destructive identitarian myths and presents an alternative history that derives from inhabiting alterity, in a process that makes his characters privileged interpreters of the past, often brothers and sisters of the subversive castaways of history. Maalouf's Balthasar's Odyssey (Le Périple de Baldassare, 2000) spans the Middle East and Europe and scrutinizes their respective fault lines and connective tissues that solicit transcultural and composite approaches to identity. Balthasar records his permanent alterity by unceasingly questioning and adapting his own perception of the self in an ever-changing world, at a time of impending catastrophe. From the vantage point of Mitteleuropa, Mediterranean Europe, and the Levant, considered not as independent geopolitical entities, but as interconnected, rhizomatic geopolitical networks, the works of Maalouf and Magris emphasize the need to give voice to "other" accounts of history, to question our identitarian assumptions and to nurture the European project, a fragile, but irreplaceable possibility for a shared future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay discusses Claudio Magris's concept of Mitteleuropa—which is central to his view of Europe—by situating it within the context of Triestine cultural history. It first presents the reflections on Europe formulated by the early generations of journalists in La Favilla, the newspaper founded in Trieste in 1836. This is followed by a discussion of the cultural and political writings of Scipio Slataper (1888–1915) and Giani Stuparich (1891–1961). Like Magris these journalists and writers assumed the role of public intellectuals and reflected on three pivotal periods in the history of Trieste by focusing on the question of cosmopolitanism (La Favilla), political and national identity (Slataper), and the feasibility of a European project after World War II (Stuparich). Against the prevailing totalizing nationalist vision, these writers explored the possibility of a non-national political identity based on a cultural notion of Europeanism. The different views of the nineteenth- and twentieth-century Triestine journalists and writers of the idea of Europe, of Trieste as a border city, and of European identity, are illuminated by Magris's own theoretical elaborations on borders, on Europe, and on Mitteleuropa, which further highlight their historical and conceptual intricacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Claudio Magris's revisitation of the idea of Mitteleuropa in the essay-novel Danubio is often read as a contribution to the imperial nostalgia inherent in the Habsburg myth, the process of transfiguration of Austrian history that Magris himself observed and theorized. This reading, however, suggests that in the context of the Cold War, Magris's emphasis on the non-national legacy of Mitteleuropa, conceived as a strategy of resistance against the totalitarian reaches of authoritarian regimes, resists the allure of a straightforward and easy nostalgia. The narrator of Magris's extended travelogue takes the reader on a textual journey through local narratives and literatures along the Danube, where a palimpsest of discarded and overwritten histories reveals neglected and almost forgotten paradigms. These rhetorical dockings on the banks of the Danube, located at the intersection of fiction and essayism, reflect upon the legacy of Mitteleuropa and attempt to chart a possible postnational future for Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Krakow International Studies / Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe is the property of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, AFM Publishing Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Romanian Review of Eurasian Studies / Revista Română de Studii Eurasiatice is the property of Romanian Review of Eurasian Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drawing on essays concerning Mitteleuropa, this article attempts to describe aspects of cultural identity in Milan Kundera‟s novel, The Unbearable Lightness of Being. The historical challenges that this particular geographical and cultural area encountered are reflected in relation to a struggle to maintain a certain cultural identity, encumbered by the Soviet influence in Czechoslovakia. A threatened identity relies on its cultural life, but the characters in Kundera‟s novel also resort to a certain identitary separation and seek for a refuge in love. The Czech writer‟s novels emphasize an unavoidable obsession with the totalitarian space, seen as a trap for an individual‟s identity and personal freedom. Combining the essayistic reflection and a philosophical speculation within a narrative frame, the writer succeeds in rendering something more valuable than a beautiful story: a story brimming with ideas.

Copyright of BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Prague-based novel Cafe Slavia (1985) by Ota Filip, a German-writing author who left Czechoslovakia for political reasons in the 1970s and settled in Munich, tells the checkered history of Central Europe from the beginning of the 20th century up to the 1968 Prague Spring, initiated by a framework event taking place on the Charles Bridge in Prague. This article reveals the complexity of the symbolism of the 'bridge' that is central to the novel. The focus of the analysis is the bridge as a narrative construction that directs the gaze from the present to the past, while keeping an eye on both the 'small' and the 'big' stories. As a topographical connection point between the right and left banks of the Vltava River, it acquires further meaning and stands for the transgression not only between space and time, but also between factuality and fictionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article critically reexamines how Germans understood Polish national identity during World War I, and how their perceptions affected German proposals for ruling Polish territory. Recent historiography has emphasized the impact of colonial ideologies and experiences on Germans' imperial ambitions in Poland. It has portrayed Germans as viewing Poland through a colonial lens, or favoring colonial methods to rule over Polish space. Using the wartime publications of prominent left liberal, Catholic, and conservative thinkers, this article demonstrates that many influential Germans, even those who supported colonialism in Africa, considered Poland to be a civilized nation for which colonial strategies of rule would be wholly inappropriate. These thinkers instead proposed multinational strategies of imperialism in Poland, which relied on collaboration with Polish nationalists. Specifically, they argued that Berlin should establish an autonomous Polish state, and bind it in permanent military and political union with the German Empire. The perception of Poland as a civilized nation ultimately structured Germany's occupation policy and objectives in Poland throughout the war, much more than stereotypes of Polish primitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sees the authoritarian version of populism in Poland as the major threat to the democratic process. Paradoxically, populism, that constitutes to some extent the DNA of democracy, has generated dangerous malformations of democracy present in many post-transition states of Central Europe. Poland, due to its size, population, economy and symbolic meaning (including its previous reputation of the poster-boy of successful transformation and Europeanization) is a critical case that exemplifies trends and patterns found in many countries of the region. The illiberal turn towards authoritarian populism endangers democracy, peace and security not only at the level of the nation-state but also in the wider context of the European Union as the community of norms and values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article briefly outlines the major aspects of Friedrich Naumann’s concept of Mitteleuropa and shows how his idea derived from the experience of the First World War. Although the plan is often viewed as an expression of annexionist war goals, Naumann actually argued for a rather informal German economic hegemony in Central Europe. The public reception of Mitteleuropa in Germany as well as in Allied countries is traced in detail by conducting a discourse analysis of newspaper coverage. Especially in Great Britain the Central European scheme was seen as a great menace and triggered discussions about alternative pan-European concepts. Although Mitteleuropa can be considered well-researched, this aspect has been surprisingly neglected by previous studies. The aim of the article is to link intellectual and cultural history by carving out the strong transnational interweavements that existed within the public debates on Europe during World War I: at a crucial moment in history Naumann’s idea promoted the articulation of European thinking in wider circles.

First World War is the turning point of building a new era, which will preside over the emergence of new forms of radicalism, of totalitarian regimes. But before that, the First World War closes in a brutal manner the slow decadence of some great empires, including the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Through his totalizing vocation, the novel is the most appropriate document capable of recording this process that leads to finis monarchiae. In the present paper I analyzed three different perspectives on war as a catalyst and expression, face of decadence with Jaroslav Hasek’s novel, Good Soldier Svejk, Liviu Rebreanu’s novel, Forest of the Hanged, and Joseph Roth’s novel, The Radetzky March. From the joyful apocalypse of Hasek’s novel to the “wounded identities” of Rebreanu’s heroes and the aristocratic ethos cultivated among the bourgeoisie on which the empire is based in Roth’s novel, we have a complex picture of the decline of belle époque society and the values on which it relies. The image of the Imperial officer as well as the simple soldier puts into play a code of honor and a kind of solidarity meant to overcome the sensibilities of national identity. I have been pursuing this conflict between unifying, imperial identity and national identities as a factor of the empire’s dissolution, especially where double engagement provokes a tragic tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its perishability, clothing made from wool, felt, leather, fur and other plant and animal fibres has only been found at a small number of archaeological sites where conditions are favourable. Various items of clothing made from leather and the hides of different animals have been found, including headwear, cloaks and coats, outer garments, leggings, belts and loincloths. Leather and hide play a particularly important part in shoemaking. With its thin, light and supple leather, sheepskin has temperature-regulating properties, making it particularly well suited to clothing production. Preserved pieces of clothing that display signs of furriers' skills and people's creative handcraftsmanship also show that prehistoric man was aware of and made use of the properties of sheepskin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work of Eugene Romer, founder of Polish geography, was framed by his involvement in the national cause. TheAtlas of Poland, a key tool in his political activism, was completed during the First World War under the uncertain circumstances prevailing on the Eastern Front. It focused more on the issue of unification than on boundaries. Skilled in physical geography, Romer made use of a cartographical technique rarely applied to ethnographical maps, that of isopleths. In this article, we address the reasons for this daring innovation and consider Romer’s training in the Austrian and German schools of cartography before examining the reception of the atlas by geographers from the different academic backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Drawing on essays concerning Mitteleuropa, this article attempts to describe aspects of cultural identity in Milan Kundera's novel, The Unbearable Lightness of Being. The historical challenges that this particular geographical and cultural area encountered are reflected in relation to a struggle to maintain a certain cultural identity, encumbered by the Soviet influence in Czechoslovakia. A threatened identity relies on its cultural life, but the characters in Kundera's novel also resort to a certain identitary separation and seek for a refuge in love. The Czech writer's novels emphasize an unavoidable obsession with the totalitarian space, seen as a trap for an individual's identity and personal freedom. Combining the essayistic reflection and a philosophical speculation within a narrative frame, the writer succeeds in rendering something more valuable than a beautiful story: a story brimming with ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scope of this article is to discuss some particular osseous tools of the Central European Magdalenian. Several sites from Switzerland in the west to the Czech Republic in the east furnished long, overall modified antler rods with doublebevelled bases and rounded cross sections made on transversal segments (en volume). A comparison with other antler tools which occasionally were made on transversal segments as well, in particular fore-shafts and projectile points, suggests that these round rods could be a distinct artefact type. Chronologically, they seem to prevail in the Upper Magdalenian and thus coincide with the appearance of the multi-barbed point in the osseous toolkit. One possible interpretation could therefore be that they worked as socket pieces for multi-barbed points in a harpoon-like thrusting weapon. Other possible functions are counterweights attached to hand-held lances or snow/ice probes. However, since round rods are typical for big sites with evidence of ritual behaviour and symbolic communication, these often quite delicate artefacts could also have played a primarily non-utilitarian role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Institute of Croatian History / Radovi Zavoda za Hrvatsku Povijest is the property of Zavod za Hrvatsku Povijest, Filozofski Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the Institute of Croatian History / Radovi Zavoda za Hrvatsku Povijest is the property of Zavod za Hrvatsku Povijest, Filozofski Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este artigo discute um folhetim jornalístico do escritor austríaco Joseph Roth que trata de uma miniatura do Templo de Salomão, encontrada por ele num café da Hirtenstrasse berlinense, no coração do que foi, na década de 1920, o bairro habitado pelos judeus do Leste da Europa na capital alemã. A nostalgia, sob cujo signo foi criada tal miniatura, torna-se uma metáfora da nostalgia pelo império Austro-Húngaro, chave para a compreensão da obra romanesca deste escritor. Ao mesmo tempo, esta nostalgia rothiana é contextualizada no âmbito das crenças místicas e messiânicas do judaísmo tradicional.

The Mitropa-Cup football games were inaugurated in 1927 and the participants were some states of the former Habsburg monarchy -- Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy and Yugoslavia. The article is an attempt to identify the most important activities undertaken in Central Europe, inspired mainly by Austria, in order to create a Mitteleuropa-concept using the most popular sports discipline in the region -- football. Football, considered to be nonpolitical, helped to develop an area in which diplomatic activities directed towards the realization of political interests and the building of the Central European community were possible. The paper also endeavors to indicate how the Mitropa-Cup served -- besides strictly political actions -- the purpose of coping with post-Habsburg reality in the sport and social area in the former states of the monarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the issue of perception and delimitation of Central Europe (CE). The first part discusses basic concepts and conceptions of CE, which are crucial in this respect. Attention is then paid to differences in the perception of CE by individual nations and their reasons. The following empirical part of the study compares theoretical knowledge with conclusions from the research. This research was carried out through a questionnaire survey collecting mental maps of selected individuals. The respondents were senior high school students and first year university students from eight CE countries. Their task was to mark the boundaries of CE based on their subjective perception on a map of Europe. A total of 490 mental maps were received, analysed and aggregated to GIS map outputs. The final part compares and interprets the results and reflects on how and why the results differ in individual countries and to which extent they match hypothetical assumptions of 'national' perceptions of CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the less researched issue of regional federation projects in East-Central Europe from the period 1848 to 1918. Based on exhaustive research, primarily using original sources—works of the intellectuals who designed these projects—the paper examines the reasons why these federation projects were written, their historical-political context, and why these plans had to fail at their time. Similarities and differences of ideas in these projects are also presented. The intention is not to give a simple presentation of a series of historical facts, but to present some early ideas focused on regional integration, which, in turn, could also provide inspiration in the present. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Zusammenfassung: Das Grab aus Kruszyn, 2009 in Kujawien entdeckt, rechnet zu einer kleinen Regionalgruppe der Schnurkeramik. Es zeichnet sich durch einen verhältnismäßig guten Erhaltungszustand und untypisch zahlreiche, aus Knochen und Geweih gefertigte Werkzeugbeigaben aus. Die aufgedeckten sterblichen Überreste wurden anthropologisch und isotopisch analysiert (14C, δ13C, δ15N, 87Sr/86Sr, δ18O), organische Reste archäozoologisch und trassologisch untersucht wie auch Sedimentproben aus dem Umfeld der Bestattung studiert. Der Befund datiert in die 2. Hälfte des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. und weist im Hinblick auf seine Grabkonstruktion Ähnlichkeiten mit mitteleuropäischen, frühen schnurkeramischen Hügelgräbern auf. Bestattet wurde hier ein älterer Mann nicht einheimischer Herkunft, der sich zu Lebzeiten wahrscheinlich mit der Verarbeitung von Leder beschäftigt hatte, wovon Spuren an ihm beigegebenen Werkzeugen aus Wildtierknochen zeugen. Im Grab konnten außerdem Rinderknochen und ein für spätneolithische Siedlungen jener Kultur typisches Gefäß entdeckt werden. Résumé: La tombe de Kruszyn, découverte en 2009 dans la région de Cujavie, fait partie d'un petit groupe régional de la culture à céramique cordée. Elle est relativement bien conservée et se distingue par un riche assemblage d'outils, fabriqués en os et en cornes. Des analyses anthropologiques et des investigations isotope (14C, δ13C, δ15N, 87Sr/86Sr, δ18O) ont été menées sur les débris humains, les vestiges en matières organiques ont été examinés en appliquant les méthodes archéozoologiques et l'analyse fonctionnelle. On a aussi analysé les échantillons des sédiments de l'entourage de la tombe. La tombe date de la première moitié du IIIe millénaire av. J.-C. Pour ce qui est de sa construction, elle ressemble le plus aux tumuli d'Europe centrale du début de la culture à céramique cordée. Cette sépulture appartenait à un homme âgé qui n'était pas originaire de la Cujavie et qui, probablement, travaillait le cuir: les traces laissées sur les outils en os retrouvés auprès de lui en constituent la preuve. Ils ont été fabriqués avec des matières d'origine animale sauvage. Dans la tombe, on a aussi découvert des os de vache ainsi qu'une marmite typique pour les sites de peuplement du Néolithique final. Abstract: Excavated in 2009, the barrow from Kruszyn (the Kujawy region) is related to a small regional group of the Corded Ware culture. Noteworthy is a fairly good state of its preservation and a remarkably numerous assemblage of tools made of bone and antler. Unearthed human remains were anthropologically studied and examined isotopically (14C, δ13C, δ15N, 87Sr/86Sr, δ18O), while artefacts made of organic material were subject to archaeozoological and use wear analyses. Samples of sediments surrounding the grave were also investigated. The grave dates back to the first half of the third millennium BC and in terms of its construction bears the closest resemblance to the Central European early Corded Ware barrows. It was a burial of a non-local elderly man, probably engaged in hide working in life, as evidenced by traces on the tools deposited with him in the grave and made from bones of wild animals. The grave yielded also cow bones and a pot typical for the late Neolithic settlement sites. Grób z Kruszyna, odkryty w 2009 r. na Kujawach, należy do niewielkiej regionalnej grupy kultury ceramiki sznurowej. Wyróżnia się on stosunkowo dobrym stanem zachowania oraz nietypowo licznym zbiorem narzędzi wykonanych z kości i poroża. Szczątki ludzkie poddano analizom antropologicznym i izotopowym (14C, δ13C, δ15N, 87Sr/86Sr, δ18O), dla zabytków z surowców organicznych wykonano badania archeozoologiczne i traseologiczne, przebadano również próbki osadów z otoczenia grobu. Grób pochodzi z 1. poł. 3 tys. przed Chr. i pod względem konstrukcyjnym wykazuje najbliższe podobieństwo do środkowoeuropejskich kurhanów wczesnosznurowych. Pochówek należał do starszego mężczyzny, pochodzącego spoza Kujaw, który najprawdopodobniej zajmował się obróbką skór, o czym świadczą ślady na znalezionych przy nim narzędziach. Wykonano je z surowców pochodzących od zwierząt dzikich. W grobie odkryto również kości krowy oraz garnek typowy dla późnoneolitycznych stanowisk osadowych. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Socijalna Ekologija is the property of Croatian Sociological Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper some selected results of a linear temperature and geopotential height trend analysis related to Europe and the period 1961-1990 are discussed concerning the 500 hPa level and the relative topography 300/850 hPa in Europe. These results are presented in terms of trend charts (35°-72°N, 30° or 15°W -50°E) and, as far as possible, compared with a corresponding surface data analysis (Schönwiese et al. 1994). Moreover, temperature trend profiles 850-30hPa are considered. The most outstanding features are a tropospheric warming, especially in the West and Central European winter, and a stratospheric cooling. Moreover, a pronounced increase (confidence > 99%) of the zonal component of wind velocity is found which is very similar to the related trend patterns of the surface air pressure. Finally, there are signs of increased instability of the tropospheric lapse rate except the Mediterranean sector.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to analyse the correlation between finds and ditches, the duration of ditch fills, and the manner of the demise of Late Neolithic rondels (Kreisgrabenanlagen) in the Czech Republic. Two comparable long-term projects are discussed here: Kolín (central Bohemia) and Vchynice (northwest Bohemia). Qualitative, quantitative, and spatial analyses of the different categories of finds (pottery fragments, lithics, daub, and faunal remains) from the ditch fills show that only finds from the bottom layers of the ditches were contemporary with the primary function of the rondels. However, the bottom layers often only contained a few artefacts. The richest parts of the ditches, the middle and upper layers, from both sites illustrated similar characteristics: after the rondels lost their primary function, the ditches were filled by both natural and cultural agents over a long period. As a consequence, some previous, and widely accepted, interpretations of the relationship between individual areas of rondels and their relationship with surrounding features, as well as the relationship of the finds from ditch fills to rondel function and chronology, need to be revisited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The standard of living of farmers at the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of the Modern Period is relatively well proved by the written sources and especially then the rich iconographic sources. On the other hand, for the period before the middle of the 15th century, we mainly have to rely on the testimony of the archaeological sources; these provide direct but frequently deformed evidence. The study submitted strives for a balance of the evidence on the culture of housing, dining and dressing. The finds of tableware (aquamanile, earthenware), tiles, weapons and equine tack are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study of two episodes with elevated ozone concentrations in Germany provides strong evidence, that a great portion of the pollution level is caused by the extensive accumulation of ozone in the particular air mass and by supra-regional transport of ozone and its precursors. This depends on meteorological conditions for photochemical ozone production during transport and whether regions of high NOx- and VOC-emission rates are met by the air mass trajectories. They were calculated backward for various reception points and compared with the distribution of the ozone concentrations using all available measured values in Germany. Especially in the northern and northeastern part of the country, located at the edge of the high industrialized Central European region, high levels of ozone seem to be accompanied by trajectories from the sector southwest to southeast, when advection of air masses with subtropical and continental characteristic takes place.

The scope of the study is an analysis of Schachnovelle (The Royal Game) by Stefan Zweig, focusing on the opposition between two topics: (1) cultural x\borders and conflicts and (2) intellectual cosmopolitism. The analysis is based on a semiotic approach, compared with the knowledge provided by literary criticism. As a result of this, the paper tries to cast a new light on Zweig’s place in literature. In particular, his progressive view on peace avoids the risks related to every kind of “professional reformism” and thus is still interesting nowadays.

Using the cluster-analysis an attempt is made to define extreme hot and cold summers for the Central European region in the period from 1901 to 1980. 18 stations gave the basis of the investigation. As one result one may state a statistical correlation between the frequency of extreme summers and the annual mean temperature of the northern hemisphere.

Während globale Temperaturreihen, die zur Verifizierung des von numerischen Modellen prognostizierten anthropogenen Treibhauseffekts benötigt werden, nur 100 bis 120 Jahre zurückreichen, liegen aus Mitteleuropa einige Temperaturmeßreihen vor, die vor 1800 beginnen. Es wird untersucht, inwieweit ein anthropogener Temperaturanstieg in diesen Reihen erkennbar ist. Seit der 2. Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts zeigt sich wie bei den globalen Temperaturreihen meist ein Anstieg um etwa 0,5 K, der recht gut zu dem Temperaturtrend paßt, der aufgrund der bisherigen Zunahme der Konzentration strahlungsaktiver Spurengase erwartet wird. Am Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts finden sich jedoch vielfach ebenso hohe Jahresmitteltemperaturen wie heute. Es muß daher natürliche Ursachen geben, die in Zeiträumen von Jahrzehnten und Jahrhunderten zumindest ebenso große klimatische Variationen verursachen wie die bisherigen anthropogenen Einflüsse. Der prognostizierte Erwärmungstrend läßt sich daher noch nicht nachweisen.

I am going to speak about federative projects and plans, political initiatives and memoranda, reactions they caused in the Romanian intellectual and political environment, the way they were (or rather were not) included in the historical discourse, and will not tackle the “Central European set of mind” which is so difficult to identify. It has to be mentioned that, for the Romanian culture, the acquisition of the Central European conscience, the conscience of the middle and its potential conceptualization are doomed to annihilation by the obsessive claim of “insularity”. The imperial legacy is only mentioned in negative contexts, various political and cultural personalities are incriminated for their cosmopolitanism, and for the “pro-Hapsburg”, “pro-German” activity which is equal to being “antinational”. Central Europe becomes a spectre, a bogey man shown every now and then to Romanians in order to reinforce the feeling of being “under siege”, the fear that the country could be dismembered by the “enemies from abroad and enemies within”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lingüística y Literatura is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Comunicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyzes the problem of history seen as a playground between two different worlds: Eastern and Western Europe. The article draws attention to the relation between the two European regions from the cultural and historical point of view. The two areas may be also seen as two naughty children who consider history a playground. They are the children of history who easily forget that any game implies a certain number of rules and try to disobey them. But any game also implies dialogue between the parts involved. The dialogue between them represents an exchange of words, concepts, attitudes, languages. At the end of the game this particular part of Europe will have its own history made of all the other national histories, its own culture made of all the other national cultures. The Central Europe is the area that was based on multiculturalism that came from the trans-cultural vision of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Claudio Magris is a writer of the frontier and of liminal places. This article explores the various dimensions that the border acquires in his work at a cultural, linguistic, philosophical and existential level. It focuses in particular on the image of the border as a barrier and a bridge, and on the poetics of ‘the other side’. Through an analysis of Magris’s major works of fiction and literary criticism, it individuates the relevance of geographical time, placed in dialogue and often in contrast to historical time, and investigates Magris’s geo-cultural, geo-literary, geo-historical and geo-linguistic approaches to his idea of culture. The last section of the article is devoted to the novel Un altro mare (1991; A Different Sea, 1993) and to the discussion of how the cultural heritage of the Hapsburg Empire reaches deeply, as a liminal cultural space, into the contemporary world. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Water and Empire uses canal construction and river regulation on the Danube to study the development of German imperial ambitions in South East Europe. Pre-war Bavarian plans to link the Danube with the Main were refashioned after the conquest of Serbia, becoming a plan to link the Black Sea and the Rhine and making the whole course accessible to large river shipping. The substantial costs associated with this plan and the regional advantages it would engender for Bavaria created resistance in the Reich and in Austria-Hungary, demonstrating some of the limits of the Mitteleuropa project. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the German concept of Mitteleuropa, with reference to the culture, politics, and history of the region of Central Europe, in connection to the German perspective implied by the concept. Topics discussed include the development of the concept of Mitteleuropa in the 19th century, in connection with the spacial area of the Hapsburg Empire; the development of the region and ties between nations, and European attitudes toward the region as a political entity and as a political space.