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The 17th Century Casa a Ponente of Palazzo Rocca Costaguta's wall provided an opportunity for an evaluation based on a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach of conservation treatments aiming at removing biological colonization from built heritage surfaces. The investigated surfaces were historic plasters partially covered by a patchy green patina due to biofilm recolonization soon after a previous biocidal treatment. Areas of the biocolonized wall were treated by conservation professionals according to both conventional and "green" (i.e., exploiting natural active principles) biocidal products, including Preventol RI 50 (active substance benzalkonium chloride), Essenzio (active substance essential oregano oil), and hydrogen peroxide. Upon treatment, LCA analysis was conducted to evaluate the environmental impact of the different solutions, including a no-treatment option. LCA analysis was based on on-site investigations of the untreated wall surface with and without biofilm and following the biocidal treatment. The conservation treatment's impact on the mineral substrate was based on digital microscopy, colorimetry, and water contact angle measurements via an innovative portable method. The results highlighted the impacts of the different biocidal treatments, which, in some cases, have not completely removed the biofilm and, in some cases, have altered the surface properties of the plaster. This pointed out the opportunity to re-think conservation strategy, including LCA analysis as a complementary tool to assess the environmental impact of the different conservation treatments and procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to examine the treatment of individuals considered unimpeachable within the Colombian penal system, focusing on determining whether their management aligns with the principle of minimal intervention or constitutes a necessary measure. A normative study was carried out on the treatment of mentally ill people who are immersed in the Colombian penal system, analyzed from a doctrinal, legal and jurisprudential component. In Colombia, the regulations that mandate special treatments for people with mental illnesses have currently not been complied with, which leads to the worsening of the problem and failure to comply with the purposes of security measures. In Colombia, the importance of a differential approach between people who are attributable and those who are not is not recognized. For this reason, the demand for justice is recurrent, expressed in custodial sentences for people who cannot be held responsible, assuming that special measures are inefficient. Thus, this study allows us to understand the need for differential measures, in accordance with the principles of minimum intervention, ultima ratio, and also in accordance with the purposes of security measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background People with dental phobia often present with more active dental caries and fewer teeth. Minimally Intervention oral Healthcare offers a possible solution to address the high care needs of this group. The aim was to determine this patient group’s eligibility and willingness to participate and the effect of MIOC, compared to treatment as usual (TAU), on their oral health outcomes for planning a future randomised controlled trial (RCT). Minimum intervention oral healthcare (MIOC) comprises of four interlinked domains. In the first domain, we identified and diagnosed the disease status and participants’ anxiety status (≥ 19 MDAS). In the second domain, an individualised prevention-based personalised care plan was designed. During this process, patients with dental phobia were exposed to the dental environment in a stepped manner (‘graded exposure’) and had their urgent care provided with conscious sedation. In the 3rd domain, we took a minimally invasive operative approach to restore teeth while preserving tooth substance and limiting the use of fear-provoking stimuli (e.g., rotary instruments) when possible. At the review and the recall appointment(s) (4th domain), the patients’ oral health care behaviours, disease risk/susceptibility and fear levels were re-assessed. Methods This two-arm randomised feasibility trial (N = 44) allocated participants to the experimental arm (MIOC) or the control arm (treatment as usual [TAU]). The primary outcomes were the eligibility and willingness to participate and feasibility to conduct a trial of MIOC for people with dental phobia. The secondary outcomes were oral health status, oral health related quality of life and care completion. A written and verbal consent for participation and dental care provision were obtained. Results Forty-four people diagnosed with dental phobia were allocated randomly to the two study arms. At the six-month recall after completed care, the outcome of each study arm was assessed. It was feasible to conduct a clinical trial (eligibility rate [56%], completion rate [81%], declined to participate [12%]). The intervention group showed improvements in all health care outcomes, and oral health related quality of life. Conclusion A clinical trial of MIOC vs TAU in people with dental phobia is feasible. Preliminary findings suggest that patients in the MIOC arm are more likely to successfully complete their course of treatment. The study was ‘retrospectively registered’ on 02/05/2018 (ISRCT15294714) with the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial (ISRCT).

While restorative approaches encompass a small proportion of youth justice practices in Ireland, the new Youth Justice Strategy (2021–2027) aims to include more victims in restorative justice, expand family conferencing and train youth justice professionals in restorative practices. This article discusses the legal, policy and practice contexts of these developments, considering how Ireland has defined, used and researched restorative youth justice to date. It situates the ongoing efforts to meet victims' and children's needs, and to change criminal justice cultures, in the international criminological and legal literature on minimum intervention and child participation, analysing the possibilities and challenges facing restorative youth justice in Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People with dental phobia often present with more active dental caries and fewer teeth. Minimally Intervention oral Healthcare offers a possible solution to address the high care needs of this group. The aim was to determine this patient group's eligibility and willingness to participate and the effect of MIOC, compared to treatment as usual (TAU), on their oral health outcomes for planning a future randomised controlled trial (RCT). Minimum intervention oral healthcare (MIOC) comprises of four interlinked domains. In the first domain, we identified and diagnosed the disease status and participants' anxiety status (≥ 19 MDAS). In the second domain, an individualised prevention-based personalised care plan was designed. During this process, patients with dental phobia were exposed to the dental environment in a stepped manner ('graded exposure') and had their urgent care provided with conscious sedation. In the 3rd domain, we took a minimally invasive operative approach to restore teeth while preserving tooth substance and limiting the use of fear-provoking stimuli (e.g., rotary instruments) when possible. At the review and the recall appointment(s) (4th domain), the patients' oral health care behaviours, disease risk/susceptibility and fear levels were re-assessed. Methods: This two-arm randomised feasibility trial (N = 44) allocated participants to the experimental arm (MIOC) or the control arm (treatment as usual [TAU]). The primary outcomes were the eligibility and willingness to participate and feasibility to conduct a trial of MIOC for people with dental phobia. The secondary outcomes were oral health status, oral health related quality of life and care completion. A written and verbal consent for participation and dental care provision were obtained. Results: Forty-four people diagnosed with dental phobia were allocated randomly to the two study arms. At the six-month recall after completed care, the outcome of each study arm was assessed. It was feasible to conduct a clinical trial (eligibility rate [56%], completion rate [81%], declined to participate [12%]). The intervention group showed improvements in all health care outcomes, and oral health related quality of life. Conclusion: A clinical trial of MIOC vs TAU in people with dental phobia is feasible. Preliminary findings suggest that patients in the MIOC arm are more likely to successfully complete their course of treatment. The study was 'retrospectively registered' on 02/05/2018 (ISRCT15294714) with the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial (ISRCT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monumental complex consisting of the cathedral, tower and main square of Modena (Northern Italy) has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997. The visible tilting of the Ghirlandina tower has always generated concerns for its preservation, even more after the recent seismic events. This paper highlights the role of structural monitoring for the conservation of the site, with particular reference to the data acquired during the recent Emilia earthquakes. Unexpectedly, the inclination of this leaning tower decreased after the major seismic event. Some considerations are presented regarding the difficulty of modelling this kind of effects on buildings with complex historical stratifications and the application of the observational method, derived from geotechnical engineering, is proposed. The importance of structural monitoring is once again recalled, in order to preserve world heritage and comply with the principle of minimum intervention.

Copyright of Ius et Praxis (07172877) is the property of Universidad de Talca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The monumental complex consisting of the cathedral, tower and main square of Modena (Northern Italy) has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997. The visible tilting of the Ghirlandina tower has always generated concerns for its preservation, even more after the recent seismic events. This paper highlights the role of structural monitoring for the conservation of the site, with particular reference to the data acquired during the recent Emilia earthquakes. Unexpectedly, the inclination of this leaning tower decreased after the major seismic event. Some considerations are presented regarding the difficulty of modelling this kind of effects on buildings with complex historical stratifications and the application of the observational method, derived from geotechnical engineering, is proposed. The importance of structural monitoring is once again recalled, in order to preserve world heritage and comply with the principle of minimum intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Habanera de Ciencias Médicas is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Medicas de La Habana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Heritage buildings serve an important role in transferring cultural identity. Where heritage buildings are physically degraded, damaged, or destroyed; can no longer function well; or require new design components, careful conservation is a key, ensuring that the original dignity of a structure is maintained. Therefore, the factors affecting the conservation require in-depth study. And, it is critical to identify the minimum intervention for preservation needed, as well as the levels of interventions. Only by clarifying the total number of intervention levels can we find the minimum level of intervention for an architectural heritage, which is the relationship between them. This research contributes a review of architectural heritage conservation issues, summarizes terms related to conservation practice. For those engaged in heritage conservation work, this paper offers all the interventions for architectural heritage and a model to find the minimum intervention for a project. The data from a literature review of existing studies, as well as examples of minimum intervention, have been investigated to provide insight into minimum intervention strategies. This paper provides a model for an architectural heritage conservation strategy, finding the minimum intervention level for a heritage building, and guidance regarding the decision-making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text aims at analyzing how the emergency characteristic in relation to the elaboration of laws influences the crisis of minimum intervention, in which Brazilian criminal law is. In order to do so, the emergence of its source and its rationale will be explored, in sequence it will be explained how the media manipulates the viewer and contributes to the construction of a frightened population, known as the "Risk Society", and in the materialization of the criminal as "social enemy", and how this contributes to a policy focused on social outcry and emergency laws. Finally, the text establishes the relationship between the emergency and the crisis of minimal intervention, highlighting the consequences of an emergency policy that leads to maximum criminal intervention, based on expansionism, symbolism and criminal legislative hyperinflation, pointing to some concrete examples of emergency laws, in order to verify how all these characteristics of the emergency make criminal law rigid and violating, aimed at punitivism and leaving aside the fundamental and guaranteeing principles.

The conservation of Pertev Pasha Mosque should not be considered as a mere practice of static or architectural restoration but as an integrated project to implement all those principles adopted by the “Conservation of Historic Towns Chart” (ICOMOS, 1986-87). Promotion of the urban fabric therefore, represents the necessary correlation of conservation such as the research into appropriate functions expressing social needs and an active involvement of the factors necessary for its protection. This active involvement must be necessarily confronted with the peculiarity of the mosque, fostering its knowledge, the compatible proposal of use and a plan of intervention. On the basis of the requirements above mentioned, the study is, in principle, developed through the acquisition and re-elaboration of the data referring to a macro area, i.e. Turkey considered as a nation. Passing through the analysis of the province and the city of Izmit, a micro-area that will be the focus of the analysis, has been identified. The project provides integrations suitable to increase the background value, further emphasizing the whole Pertev Pasha complex, respecting the needs of territorial enhancement as well as those of the local community and those related to the cultural heritage and recovery. The proposed actions will be divided into the following areas: • urban • functional • punctual The aim of the study is to suggest a model to conservative restoration that, although limited to a small part of the city, may in some way act as an incubator allowing Izmit, which today is a high-density city divided into two parts by the highway and separated from Its splendid coast, to return in the future, some of the balance and splendor that made it famous when it was called Nicomedia

Abstract Background The Australian and New Zealand chapter of the Alliance for a Cavity Free Future was launched in 2013 and one of its primary aims was to conduct a survey of the local learning and teaching of cariology in dentistry and oral health therapy programs. Methods A questionnaire was developed using the framework of the European Organisation for Caries Research (ORCA)/Association of Dental Education in Europe (ADEE) cariology survey conducted in Europe in 2009. The questionnaire was comprised of multiple choice and open-ended questions exploring many aspects of the cariology teaching. The survey was distributed to the cariology curriculum coordinator of each of the 21 programs across Australia and New Zealand via Survey Monkey in January 2015. Simple analysis of results was carried out with frequencies and average numbers of hours collated and open-ended responses collected and compiled into tables. Results Seventeen responses from a total of 21 programs had been received including 7 Dentistry and 10 Oral Health programs. Key findings from the survey were – one quarter of respondents indicated that cariology was identified as a specific discipline with their course and 41% had a cariology curriculum in written format. With regard to lesion detection and caries diagnosis, all of the program coordinators who responded indicated that visual/tactile methods and radiographic interpretation were recommended with ICDAS also being used by over half them. Despite all respondents teaching early caries lesion management centred on prevention and remineralisation, many taught operative intervention at an earlier stage of lesion depth than current evidence supports. Findings showed over 40% of respondents still teach operative intervention for lesions confined to enamel. Conclusion Despite modern theoretical concepts of cariology being taught in Australia and New Zealand, they do not appear to be fully translated into clinical teaching at the present time.

Determining the compressive strength of existing brickwork The compressive strength of brickwork depends on the compressive strength of the bricks, the compressive strength of the hardened mortar and on the bond strength between mortar and units. In the case of existing masonry, the available amount of samples is limited, due to the concept of minimum intervention at cultural heritage or economic reasons. A particular difficulty lies in the subsequent determination of the mortar compressive strength and the bond properties. Therefore, the masonry compressive strength is determined by core samples that contain both stone and joint parts. The presented Berger method has been utilized since the 1990s and is based on the comparison of the splitting tensile strength of a joint core and the bricks. This report is the revised German version of a publication at the international conference 17th IB2MaC, 2020 and a contribution to the current discussion about recommended methods for the subsequent determination of the masonry compressive strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) aimed to establish a clinically relevant hierarchy of the different adhesive and/or restorative approaches to restore cavitated root caries lesions through the synthesis of available evidence., Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted in Medline/Web of Science/Embase/ Cochrane Library/Scopus/grey literature. RCTs investigating ≥2 restorative strategies (restorative /adhesive materials) for root caries lesions in adult patients were included. Risk of bias within studies was assessed (Cochrane_RoB-2) and the primary outcome was survival rate of restorations at different follow-up times (6-/12-/24-months). Network meta-analyses were conducted using a random effects model stratified by follow-up times. I 2 -statistics assessed the ratio of true to total variance in the observed effects. All available combinations of adhesives (1-SE: one-step self-etch; 2-3ER: two-/three-step etch-and-rinse) and restorative materials (conventional composite (CC) as well as conventional and resin-modified glass ionomer cements (GIC, RMGIC)) were included. Risk of bias across studies and confidence in NMA (CINeMA) were assessed., Results: 547 studies were identified and nine were eligible for the NMA. In total, 1263 root caries lesions have been restored in 473 patients in the included clinical trials. Patients involved were either healthy (n = 6 trials), living in nursing homes (n = 1 trial) or received head-and-neck radiotherapy (n = 2 trials). There was statistically weak evidence to favour either of material/material combination regarding the survival rate. A tendency for higher survival rate (24-months) was observed for 2-3ER/CC (OR 24mths 2.65; 95% CI=1.45/4.84) as well as RMGIC (OR 24mths 2.05; 95% CI=1.17/3.61) compared to GIC. These findings were though not statistically significant and confidence of the NMA was low., Conclusion: An evidence-based choice of restorative strategy for managing cavitated root caries lesions is currently impossible. There is a clear need for more standardised, well-designed RCTs evaluating the retention rate of root caries restoration approaches., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The aim of this review as part of the preparation for a workshop organized by the European Federation of Conservative Dentistry (EFCD) in conjunction with the European Organisation for Caries Research (ORCA) was to systematically analyze available evidence of non-, micro- as well as invasive interventions for root caries lesions (RCLs). For each treatment strategy, a separate systematic review was either performed (micro-invasive and choice of restorative material) or updated (non-invasive and excavation technique) each of them following PRISMA guidelines, and if possible meta-analyses were performed. Besides the general advice to improve tooth brushing with fluoride toothpaste main findings for non-invasive interventions in RCLs, the use of dentifrices containing 5,000 ppm F- as well as professionally applied chlorhexidine varnish or silver diamine fluoride seemed to be more efficacious to arrest root caries compared to conventional fluoride toothpaste or placebo respectively. However, this conclusion is based only on a few randomized clinical trials. For micro-invasive treatments, only 2 studies focusing on sealants were available without clear conclusions. A recent review on the comparison of atraumatic restorative treatment compared with conventional treatment concluded that there is insufficient data to clearly rule out if any difference with regard to restoration longevity between both techniques exists. When restoring coventionally, composites performed better than resin-modified and glass ionomer cements. However, all materials showed rather high annual failure rates in the majority of the studies and evidence is based on a low number of prospective studies with a rather high risk of bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population is ageing and people are keeping their own teeth for much longer due in part to the efforts of the dental profession in restoring teeth and reducing the number of teeth being extracted. Along with this there is now an increasing expectation by patients that they will retain their own teeth as they age and that dental practitioners will have the knowledge and skills to help them retain their own teeth. Contemporary restorative materials and techniques have increased the range of options available to assist with maintaining the dentition, and many of these procedures enable minimally invasive and cost effective management of the teeth as an alternative to complex and expensive procedures. This paper discusses the restoration of compromised and failing teeth in the ageing patient, and looks at the various issues facing the ageing dentate patient and the dilemma of when to restore or when to extract. Ultimately it is hoped that maintaining healthy teeth for life may not only improve oral function and quality of life, but may in fact reduce the impact of the physical and psychological aspects of ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Numerical simulation showed a suitable method to study the hanging process of droplets by suspenders. • Design of suspenders was successful in reducing droplet contact and improving droplet sphericity. • How suspender shape, size and contact angle influence droplet suspension state. • A plate suspender has a larger contact angle fitness range than a knob suspender. Single droplet drying (SDD) by glass filament apparatus is a powerful tool for tracking droplet drying kinetics. However, the level and influence of intrusion of glass suspender into droplet have not been fully elucidated. In this work, the hanging processes of droplets by suspenders are numerically simulated by the volume of fluid (VOF) method, aimed at improved design of suspenders that can offer reduced suspender-droplet contact and increased droplet sphericity. Furthermore, the hanging simulation has been extended to small-sized droplets similar to those in spray drying operation which are too small to be addressed by the existing SDD technique. A comparison diagram of droplet suspension states at two scales has been constructed, which provides different suspension states of droplets as determined by the size of the suspender and the contact angle. The quantitative results can guide the design of minimal-intervention suspenders for droplets with specific properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is about conservation and new use of four ANAS Company houses (along the last 19-early 20 centuries roads) located on Lake Como. The conservation project is on the roadmen’s houses for workers of “ANAS", the Italian Company for building and maintenance of Italian roads. These houses are architectural buildings that characterize the Italian intercountry streets. They have been built along Italy every 50 km, with the same typology and dark red colour. Currently they are abandoned. In these last years, ANAS Company has fired several workers and now the houses aren’t in use. The project aims to conserve and maintain the existing materials and structures and reuse the buildings with a systemic project about accommodating functions (food and drinks). Not just to a systemic use and to conservative interventions, during planning we make particular attention to the link among the four roadmen’s houses chosen as study cases. We want to create a slow tourism path by increasing existing cycle and pedestrian mobility.

The knowledge of the location, history and current state of conservation of historic built landscape is the best way to warrant its protection. We can only pass on to the next generations what we know and recognize as worthy and representative of our memory, improving the quality of life. Conservation of the architectural heritage is an opportunity to increase the economic resources also: “the historic buildings are a resource because they can satisfy new uses, compatible with their exiting features, that brings income and social advantages” (Della Torre, 2010). The organizations for designers’ training have a main role to suggest the right approach to reuse historical buildings. We don’t have to adhere to the common practice of simple renovations, refurbishments that deeply distort the entity and the environment in which it has been for hundreds of years. The case study of Saint George in Mondonico, is an example of that phase of the conservation process that deals with a profound knowledge of all the features of the buildings with the aim to discover and display the value. We can understand and decide the minimal conservative restoration interventions thanks to material and state of conservation of the building’s surveys and the detailed analysis through historical research needed to identify the construction phases and the interactions with the surrounding territory. Only this way we can clearly understand and use the remaining potentialities of the building and its surrounding. The valorisation of its potentiality is fundamental for the awareness of the value of the historic heritage for the local community that produced the objects in the past, and that has the duty to protect the remains, although if not always in a conscious way.

Several scholars have recently pointed out difficulties when intervening on old and historical buildings due to the inadequacy and incompatibility of actual codes’ requirements in relation to the particular constructive, architectural and material characteristics of built heritage. As a result, this study aims identifying criteria to support a holistic methodology that assures maximum preservation of built heritage through minimum, but sustained interventions. In particular, it aims identifying heritage categories and values, as well as measures and levels of intervention through a systematic analysis of the codes and standards involving protection, conservation, rehabilitation and control of interventions on built heritage of three Southern European countries with similar cultural approaches: Italy, Spain and Portugal. The wide reflection and comparison of these documents allows discussing and pointing out different (and common) approaches and criteria; in particular, it underlines the need for inventorying and cataloguing methodologies and procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human motor system is capable of remarkably precise control of movements-- consider the skill of professional baseball pitchers or surgeons. This precise control relies upon stable representations of movements in the brain. Here, we investigated the stability of cortical activity at multiple spatial and temporal scales by recording local field potentials (LFPs) and action potentials (multiunit spikes, MSPs) while two monkeys controlled a cursor either with their hand or directly from the brain using a brain-machine interface. LFPs and some MSPs were remarkably stable over time periods ranging from 3 d to over 3 years; overall, LFPs were significantly more stable than spikes. We then assessed whether the stability of all neural activity, or just a subset of activity, was necessary to achieve stable behavior. We showed that projections of neural activity into the subspace relevant to the task (the "task-relevant space") were significantly more stable than were projections into the task-irrelevant (or "task-null") space. This provides cortical evidence in support of the minimum intervention principle, which proposes that optimal feedback control (OFC) allows the brain to tightly control only activity in the task-relevant space while allowing activity in the taskirrelevant space to vary substantially from trial to trial. W e found that the brain appears capable of maintaining stable movement representations for extremely long periods of time, particularly so for neural activity in the task-relevant space, which agrees with OFC predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the properties, advances and shortcomings of glass-ionomer cement as a restorative material. The adhesion of glass-ionomer to tooth structure is less technique sensitive than composite resins and its quality increases with time. Therefore glass-ionomer might turn out to the more reliable restorative material in minimal invasive dentistry based on adhesive techniques.Este artigo descreve as propriedades, avanços tecnológicos e limitações dos cimentos de ionômero de vidro como material restaurador. A adesão dos cimentos ionoméricos à estrutura dental é menos sensível às variações técnicas do que o mecanismo de adesão das resinas compostas e a qualidade do cimento se aprimora com o uso clínico. Portanto o cimento de ionômero de vidro torna-se o material restaurador mais confiável em procedimentos restauradores minimamente invasivos baseados em técnicas adesivas.

The article discusses the practice of minimally invasive dentistry in managing dental diseases and the significance of the changes in dental ideologies, technologies and materials to competencies in the profession.

The success of tooth restorations rendered according to principles of the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) approach is dependant on various clinical factors. The most common failures, due to these factors, are partial material loss; complete material loss; caries related to restoration margin and material wear > 0.5mm. The main reason for clinical ART failures are related to operator skills and performance. The prevention and management of ART failures includes emphasis on correct clinical indication and the repair of failed restorations. A new caries classification may provide guidance for clinical indication. The classification combines site and size of a lesion, which is reflected in a dual coding system. In addition, ART training and diligence during ART application are important for clinical success.O sucesso de restaurações dentais resultante dos princípios do Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático (ART) é dependente de vários fatores clínicos. A falhas mais comuns decorrentes desses fatores estão relacionadas com o desgaste do material (>0,5 mm); perda parcial do material; perda completa do material e cárie associada à margem da restauração. A principal razão para as falhas clínicas do ART está relacionada com a habilidade e performance do operador. A prevenção e controle das falhas do ART incluem ênfase na correta indicação e no reparo de restaurações falhas. Uma nova classificação de cáries pode servir de guia para a indicação clínica. A classificação combina localização e extensão da lesão, a qual é expressa em um sistema de código duplo. Adicionalmente, o treinamento e domínio durante a aplicação do ART são fatores importantes para o sucesso clínico.

Introduction There is a strong evidence base that the stigma, discrimination and criminalization affecting adolescent key populations (KPs) aged 10-17 is intensified due to domestic and international legal constructs that rely on law-enforcement-based interventions dependent upon arrest, pre-trial detention, incarceration and compulsory 'rehabilitation' in institutional placement. While there exists evidence and rights-based technical guidelines for interventions among older cohorts, these guidelines have not yet been embraced by international public health actors for fear that international law applies different standards to adolescents aged 10-17 who engage in behaviours such as selling sex or injecting drugs. Discussion As a matter of international human rights, health, juvenile justice and child protection law, interventions among adolescent KPs aged 10-17 must not involve arrest, prosecution or detention of any kind. It is imperative that interventions not rely on law enforcement, but instead low-threshold, voluntary services, shelter and support, utilizing peer-based outreach as much as possible. These services must be mobile and accessible, and permit alternatives to parental consent for the provision of life-saving support, including HIV testing, treatment and care, needle and syringe programmes, opioid substitution therapy, safe abortions, antiretroviral therapy and gender-affirming care and hormone treatment for transgender adolescents. To ensure enrolment in services, international guidance indicates that informed consent and confidentiality must be ensured, including by waiver of parental consent requirements. To remove the disincentive to health practitioners and researchers to engaging with adolescent KPs aged 10-17 government agencies and ethical review boards are advised to exempt or grant waivers for mandatory reporting. In the event that, in violation of international law and guidance, authorities seek to involuntarily place adolescent KPs in institutions, they are entitled to judicial process. Legal guidelines also provide that these adolescents have influence over their placement, access to legal counsel to challenge the conditions of their detention and regular visitation from peers, friends and family, and that all facilities be subject to frequent and periodic review by independent agencies, including community-based groups led by KPs. Conclusions Controlling international law specifies that protective interventions among KPs aged 10-17 must not only include low-threshold, voluntary services but also 'protect' adolescent KPs from the harms attendant to law-enforcement-based interventions. Going forward, health practitioners must honour the right to health by adjusting programmes according to principles of minimum intervention, due process and proportionality, and duly limit juvenile justice and child protection involvement as a measure of last resort, if any. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews recent developments in the area of ‘out of court’ disposals in youth justice in England and Wales, highlighting the emergence of recent trends towards decreased use of formal procedures to deal with the reported offences of young people. The idea considers possible explanations for these developments and assesses the contribution of a number of recent practice initiatives with a diversionary orientation. The article reflects on the varying rationales underpinning these developments, and wider influences in the form of economically driven pragmatism, before concluding that in order to sustain recent achievements, diversion must demonstrably strengthen its claims to legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Brief: Background This case report describes the orthodontic camouflage treatment of a 15 year old female with skeletal class III and dental class I malocclusion with severe crowding and a traumatic bite. Materials and Methods: All possible fundamental biomechanics of minimum intervention orthodontics were employed like driftodontics, sequential bonding and segmented arch approach, avoiding round tripping, use of short class III elastics, incorporating Begg's uprighting springs and altering inter arch tooth size ratio. Retraction mechanics was started right from the day one with simultaneous alignment of incisors in anterior segment. The use of uprighting springs for torque control eliminated the need for heavy rectangular wire in finishing stage. Discussion: The treatment plan and its preference, camouflaging class III malocclusion, advantages of sectional approach and a simplistic mechanics are matters that formed the subject of discussion. Summary and Conclusions: Minimum intervention provided substantial advantage to both patient and operator reducing the treatment time considerably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dental industry works in partnership with the dental profession to provide materials, instruments, equipment and resources that help support the profession's desire to provide quality oral care for the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of tooth wear, or non-carious tooth surface loss ( NCTSL), is increasing and oral rehabilitation of patients with non-carious tooth loss requires strategies that address all the factors relevant to the aetiology and pathogenesis of the condition. The multifactorial nature of tooth wear and the variability in its clinical presentation provides treatment challenges for the clinician and successful management must be more than just restoration. Management must include an appropriate mix of preventive and restorative strategies and an understanding that long-term restorative success is affected by the patient's oral environment, and how diet, lifestyle and medical status can modify this environment. Ultimately, the success of any restorative intervention is very dependent on the stability of the oral environment and the condition of the remaining tooth structure. Minimum intervention dentistry ( MID) philosophies are ideally suited to tooth wear cases and an overall MID strategy involving diagnosis, recognition and control of predisposing factors, stabilization of the oral environment, remineralization and restoration of the tooth structure, and ongoing maintenance can be implemented. When restorative treatment is required, contemporary materials and techniques are available that can provide cost-effective and conservative restorative alternatives for patients unable to undergo the complex indirect restorative techniques that are both costly and time consuming to implement. These minimally invasive approaches are not only an economically viable solution, but can provide aesthetic and functional rehabilitation and maintain tooth structure as a precursor to more complex restorative options when required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A historical account of an early innovation in restorative practice in the UK is presented. It was initially developed as a juvenile diversion program, based on principles of offense resolution and minimum intervention. The projects, known as Juvenile Liaison Bureaux (JLBx), included representatives of five key agencies working with the target population, young offenders reported for crimes in the area (Northamptonshire), and their task was to respond with recommendations for action to all referrals of young people dealt with by the local police. They were explicitly required to put forward proposals, based on the responses of young people and the wishes of offense victims, for constructive responses to reported incidents. As a result, they became actively engaged in seeking out new ways of ‘putting things right.’ Restorative justice was not a widely known philosophy at the time, so, in effect the JLBx were engaged in an applied experiment to develop creative ways of dealing with the issues arising from problematic behavior of young people, in appropriate ways that did not unduly stigmatize or punish those concerned. As a result, the projects quickly became skilled in negotiating solutions in the interests of, and according to the wishes of those affected, while also enabling young people to acknowledge their own responsibilities and to take action accordingly. These successes have not been built upon effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: A new approach called “minimum intervention” has been introduced for restoration of carious lesions to preserve tooth structure. This approach suggests that perhaps caries need not always be removed completely from deeper portions of the cavity. It is, therefore, important to characterize caries-affected dentin structures, because of the potential changes in bonding quality when using different dentinal substrates. Materials and method: Ninety teeth (30 teeth each group) were studied. The first group (CF) consisted of 30 caries-free teeth. The second group (CC) consisted of 30 teeth, for which caries-free dentin teeth was chemically demineralized. The third group (ND) consisted of 30 extracted human molars with coronal carious lesions. After all tooth samples were water-polished with grit #600 SiC paper, they were tested by surface contact angle measurements and the electron-probe microanalyzer to measure Ca/P mol ratio. Results: Contact angles were CF=60.07°; CC=30.8°; ND=26.11°, p<0.05. Ca/P mol ratios were as follows; CF=1.549 (±0.0435); CC=1.324 (±0.2305); ND=1.568 (±0.0523), p<0.05. Weibull analyses for Ca/P mol ratio indicated shape parameter (m) of CF was 13.3; it was 12.8 for ND and 11.8 for CC. Above the δ point (=1.65 in Ca/P ratio), for both groups m=3.4. Conclusion: Caries-affected dentin surfaces (naturally-developed and chemically created) were statistically more chemically active than caries-free dentin surface. Ca/P mol ratio of chemically created caries was less than other two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper discusses findings from a small-scale study of the impact on child protection practice following implementation of the Children (Scotland) Act 1995. The Act introduced three new measures to allow the state to intervene in families to protect a child where there is a risk of significant harm. These include the child protection order, the child assessment order and the exclusion order. The child protection order provides for the removal of a child to (or his or her retention in) a place of safety. In the first two years of the operation of the 1995 Act fewer applications were made for this order compared with similar provisions under the previous legislation. This reduction in applications appears to be related to unfamiliarity with new legislation; greater scrutiny resulting from the more formal application to the sheriff court; and the introduction of a new legal criterion for intervention, the presence or likelihood of ‘significant harm’. The introduction of the ‘no order’ principle into Scottish child care law is also likely to be a factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines some key findings from a study of 1,155 children referred in 1995 to the children's hearings system in Scotland. The majority of children formally processed in the system were found to come from less well off families, often facing multiple adversities. Children subject to compulsory measures of supervision were especially likely to have backgrounds characterized by factors associated with social disadvantage. The national picture suggests an overall increase in the number of children subject to compulsory measures of supervision over the last ten years. Independent evidence highlights a potential use of compulsion as a means to access scarce resources. When taken together, these three separate findings raise fundamental questions about the role of compulsory measures in the operation of the system. It is argued that using compulsion for resource acquisition would offend against the principle of minimum intervention, ultimately transgressing children's rights. Compulsion as a gatekeeping mechanism may allow, in effect, for the targeting of scare resources to those children perceived to be most in need; but this may be at the cost of increasing state intervention in the lives of some families and decreasing access to resources for others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Australian and New Zealand chapter of the Alliance for a Cavity Free Future was launched in 2013 and one of its primary aims was to conduct a survey of the local learning and teaching of cariology in dentistry and oral health therapy programs. Methods: A questionnaire was developed using the framework of the European Organisation for Caries Research (ORCA)/Association of Dental Education in Europe (ADEE) cariology survey conducted in Europe in 2009. The questionnaire was comprised of multiple choice and open-ended questions exploring many aspects of the cariology teaching. The survey was distributed to the cariology curriculum coordinator of each of the 21 programs across Australia and New Zealand via Survey Monkey in January 2015. Simple analysis of results was carried out with frequencies and average numbers of hours collated and open-ended responses collected and compiled into tables. Results: Seventeen responses from a total of 21 programs had been received including 7 Dentistry and 10 Oral Health programs. Key findings from the survey were – one quarter of respondents indicated that cariology was identified as a specific discipline with their course and 41% had a cariology curriculum in written format. With regard to lesion detection and caries diagnosis, all of the program coordinators who responded indicated that visual/tactile methods and radiographic interpretation were recommended with ICDAS also being used by over half them. Despite all respondents teaching early caries lesion management centred on prevention and remineralisation, many taught operative intervention at an earlier stage of lesion depth than current evidence supports. Findings showed over 40% of respondents still teach operative intervention for lesions confined to enamel. Conclusion: Despite modern theoretical concepts of cariology being taught in Australia and New Zealand, they do not appear to be fully translated into clinical teaching at the present time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]