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Foundation model has brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges to the military field due to its powerful capabilities in natural language understanding, logical reasoning, and text generation. This paper reviews related technologies of large language models, including architectural and modeling, adaption and fine-tuning, and prompting and learning, as well as the current status of the development of typical multimodal foundation models. It conducts a deep analysis of the characteristics of mainstream domestic and international military application platforms that utilize foundation models, and designs typical task scenarios and capability requirements for military applications of large models. Then, challenges of military foundation models are discussed. Finally, the key common technologies in military applications are summarized. Hopefully, our work can be beneficial for the design of significant military applications based on foundation model technologies and researches of actual combat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of clothing towards functionalization and intelligence has led to increasing attention on wearable smart garments. In modern military combat systems, the smart sensing fabric plays crucial role in soldiers' combat attire. It possesses characteristics of perception, feedback, response, as well as the softness and wearability of textiles. This enables it to detect changes in the external environment and make corresponding adjustments to meet specific needs. In the military field, smart sensing fabrics can more comfortably and safely monitor soldiers health status while playing an important role in battlefield information perception, combat command, and other aspects. It can monitor soldiers' physiological states, environmental changes, and battlefield situations in a real-time manner, providing commanders with timely and accurate information support to enhance soldiers survivability and combat effectiveness. The smart sensing fabric integrates various types of sensors with fabric substrates to perceive and monitor various physical or environmental parameters, converting them into readable electrical signals. Featureing excellent flexibility, stretchability, and wearability, it is able to conform to various human body curves and irregular shapes, meeting the demands of different application scenarios, especially suitable for scenarios requiring flexible measurement of strain or pressure. This article systematically reviews the research progress in recent years on textile-based strain sensors, pressure sensors, temperature sensors and humidity sensors, and the application of smart sensing textiles in military equipment. It also analyzes issues such as data security, washability, stability, and reliability of data transmission. Therefore, the smart sensing fabric demonstrates tremendous development potential and diverse applications in the military equipment field, such as monitoring soldiers' physiological states, battlefield environments, and movement postures. As textile technology advances and intelligent technologies continue to evolve, smart sensing fabrics will achieve more innovations in materials, functions, and structures. They will not only become lighter, softer, and more comfortable but also integrate more sensors and intelligent components for more precise and comprehensive perception and monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, as the first in a series of articles, we look at cognitive intelligence, in particular the potential for cognitive enhancement in the military and the relationship with AI. This article provides the theoretical foundation for the second part, in which practical results and further research are analysed. By 2024, exploring the potential applications of artificial intelligence (AI) will have become a key area of civil and military research. New machine learning techniques and new computational skills have allowed previously unimaginable abilities to be explored. The results achieved have made dreams that were previously thought unattainable achievable and further results are expected in the near future.

In the first part of the series of articles, we dealt with the theoretical foundations of cognitive intelligence, including primarily the possibilities of increasing military cognitive performance and the relationship between AI. Every military in the world uses some form of general cognitive intelligence assessment to place recruits in the right jobs. In the assessment, one form of examination is the examination of cognitive ability. The purpose of this article is to explore whether military cognitive intelligence assessments can actually work. Accordingly, in this second part, after the theoretical approach of the first part, we want to prove our hypothesis with practical examples, according to which cognitive intelligence can decisively influence the execution of tasks in armies, so it can be a decisive condition for successfully fighting a war.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely used for missions in dynamic environments. Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) can find effective strategies for multiple agents that need to cooperate to complete the task. In this article, the challenge of controlling the movement of a fleet of UAVs is addressed by Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MARL). The collaborative movement of the UAV fleet can be controlled centrally and also in a decentralized fashion, which is studied in this work. We consider a dynamic military environment with a fleet of UAVs, whose task is to destroy enemy targets while avoiding obstacles like mines. The UAVs inherently come with a limited battery capacity directing our research to focus on the minimum task completion time. We propose a continuous-time-based Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm for multi-aGent Learning In Dynamic Environments (GLIDE). In GLIDE, the UAVs coordinate among themselves and communicate with the central base to choose the best possible action. The action control in GLIDE can be controlled in a centralized and decentralized way, and two algorithms called Centralized-GLIDE (C-GLIDE), and Decentralized-GLIDE (D-GLIDE) are proposed on this basis. We developed a simulator called UAV SIM, in which the mines are placed at randomly generated 2D locations unknown to the UAVs at the beginning of each episode. The performance of both the proposed schemes is evaluated through extensive simulations. Both C-GLIDE and D-GLIDE converge and have comparable performance in target destruction rate for the same number of targets and mines. We observe that D-GLIDE is up to 68% faster in task completion time compared to C-GLIDE and could keep more UAVs alive at the end of the task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting with the concept, principle and classification of AI technology, this article focuses on the analysis of three main scenarios and eight key directions of AI military applications. It comprehensively uses the maturity evaluation method of technology patent analysis and the Gartner technology maturity curve to evaluate the maturity of eight key directions of AI military applications.

The automatic stealth task of military time-sensitive targets plays a crucial role in maintaining national military security and mastering battlefield dynamics in military applications. We propose a novel Military Time-sensitive Targets Stealth Network via Real-time Mask Generation (MTTSNet). According to our knowledge, this is the first technology to automatically remove military targets in real-time from videos. The critical steps of MTTSNet are as follows: First, we designed a real-time mask generation network based on the encoder-decoder framework, combined with the domain expansion structure, to effectively extract mask images. Specifically, the ASPP structure in the encoder could achieve advanced semantic feature fusion. The decoder stacked high-dimensional information with low-dimensional information to obtain an effective mask layer. Subsequently, the domain expansion module guided the adaptive expansion of mask images. Second, a context adversarial generation network based on gated convolution was constructed to achieve background restoration of mask positions in the original image. In addition, our method worked in an end-to-end manner. A particular semantic segmentation dataset for military time-sensitive targets has been constructed, called the Military Time-sensitive Target Masking Dataset (MTMD). The MTMD dataset experiment successfully demonstrated that this method could create a mask that completely occludes the target and that the target could be hidden in real time using this mask. We demonstrated the concealment performance of our proposed method by comparing it to a number of well-known and highly optimized baselines.

Copyright of Command Control & Simulation / Zhihui Kongzhi yu Fangzhen is the property of Command Control & Simulation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the assessment of the levels of radiated electromagnetic interference by commercial UAVs in the context of their popular use for various military tasks. The test was conducted in the frequency range from 30 MHz to 6 GHz, in an electromagnetically anechoic chamber, in accordance with the procedures provided for this type of checks. Apart from the control frequencies (which of course exceed the standards), it can be said that most of the tested UAVs using brushless motors do not exceed the emission levels specified by the military standard MIL-STD-461G. This opens the way to the use of COTS UAV as a carrier of electronic systems for the tasks of recognizing sources of radio signals in the investigated band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses minimizing the effect of external mechanical vibration on hydraulic valves in different military hydraulic drive systems. The current research work presents an analysis of the potential to reduce vibration on the valve casing by installing a valve flexibly on a vibrating surface, i.e., by introducing a material with known stiffness and damping characteristics between the valve casing and the vibrating surface – a steel spring package or special cushions made of elastomer material or of oil-resistant rubber. The article also demonstrates that elastomer cushions placed inside the valve casing – between the casing and the centering springs – can be used as a supplementary or alternative solution in the analyzed method for mitigating the transfer of vibrations. By using materials with appropriately selected elastic and dissipative properties, the effectiveness of vibro-isolation can be increased. The presented theoretical analyzes by linear and non-linear mathematical models have been verified experimentally.

Starlink is the only giant constellation in low Earth orbit currently being rapidly deployed. This paper analyzes the advantages and characteristics of low orbit satellite communication and summarizes Starlink construction and system architecture. The Satellite Toolkit (STK) is used to model and simulate 1 584 satellites of the first stage "Group 1". Then, according to the networking mode of Starlink satellite equipped with laser communication payload, Dijkstra algorithm is used to solve the shortest inter-satellite communication link distance between any two Starlink satellites. Thus, the theoretical shortest communication delay is calculated. The average communication delay from Hawaii Camp Smith to the Yokota Air Base is 42.700 749 2 ms. Based on the simulation results, the military application of Starlink in communication is predicted.

Copyright of Command Control & Simulation / Zhihui Kongzhi yu Fangzhen is the property of Command Control & Simulation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ground military target recognition plays a crucial role in unmanned equipment and grasping the battlefield dynamics for military applications, but is disturbed by low-resolution and noisy-representation. In this paper, a recognition method, involving a novel visual attention mechanism-based Gabor region proposal sub-network (Gabor RPN) and improved refinement generative adversarial sub-network (GAN), is proposed. Novel central–peripheral rivalry 3D color Gabor filters are proposed to simulate retinal structures and taken as feature extraction convolutional kernels in low-level layer to improve the recognition accuracy and framework training efficiency in Gabor RPN. Improved refinement GAN is used to solve the problem of blurry target classification, involving a generator to directly generate large high-resolution images from small blurry ones and a discriminator to distinguish not only real images vs. fake images but also the class of targets. A special recognition dataset for ground military target, named Ground Military Target Dataset (GMTD), is constructed. Experiments performed on the GMTD dataset effectively demonstrate that our method can achieve better energy-saving and recognition results when low-resolution and noisy-representation targets are involved, thus ensuring this algorithm a good engineering application prospect.

The article presents the Gaussian model of the electromagnetic radiation attenuation properties of two resin systems containing 75% or 80% of a carbonyl iron load as an absorber in the 4–18 GHz range. For the attenuation values obtained in the laboratory, mathematical fitting was performed in the range of 4–40 GHz to visualize the full curve characteristics. The simulated curves fitted up to a 0.998 R2 value of the experimental results. The in depth analysis of the simulated spectra allowed a thorough evaluation of the influence of the type of resin, absorber load, and layer thickness on reflection loss parameters such as the maximum attenuation, peak position, half-height width, and base slope of the peak. The simulated results were convergent with the literature findings, allowing a much deeper analysis. This confirmed that the suggested Gaussian model could provide additional information, useful in terms of comparative analyses of datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the effect of the complex scattering medium, the photons carrying target information will be attenuated when passing through scattering media, and target localization is difficult. The resolution of the target-position information from scattered images is crucial for achieving accurate target localization in environments such as dense fog in military applications. In this paper, a target localization network incorporating an attention mechanism was designed based on the robust feature resolution ability of neural networks and the characteristics of scattering formation. A training dataset with basic elements was constructed to achieve data decoupling, and then realize the position estimation of targets in different domains in complex scattering environments. Experimental validation showed that the target was accurately localized in speckle images with different domain data by the above method. The results will provide ideas for future research on the localization of typical targets in natural scattering environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ordnance Industry Automation is the property of Editorial Board for Ordnance Industry Automation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the continuous development of technology and society, smart devices have filled people’ s lives and become an indispensable part of people’s lives. At the same time, smart clothing has also been greatly developed. This article introduces several smart clothing materials, analyzes the current research status of smart clothing materials, and further discusses the applications of smart clothing materials in military, medical, intelligent decoration, and sports and leisure fields. Then the problems of smart clothing in safety, environmental protection, and industrial technology are analyzed, and the corresponding solutions to these problems are proposed, so as to provide reference and guidance for the future development of smart clothing in China. And the research shows that smart clothing will develop in the direction of fashion and diversification, function and comfort, safety and environmental protection, convenience and low cost in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Telecommunication Engineering is the property of Telecommunication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ordnance Industry Automation is the property of Editorial Board for Ordnance Industry Automation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

New cutting-edge technologies tend to have a huge impact on how businesses innovate to improve their competitive advantage. Since the advent of the Internet, blockchain technology has been recognized as one of the explosive innovations of the early 21st century. Blockchain technology is currently used in financial applications (e.g. payments, currency exchange, money transfers and wallets, trade finance, markets, microdeals, investments, brokerage, insurance) as well as non-financial applications (e.g. electronic identity management, authentication and authorization, electronic data storage and delivery systems, certification systems, smart contracts, application development, electronic voting in elections, patient medical record management, workload distribution for communication systems, computer systems that must comply requirements of legislation without human intervention, the Internet of Things, etc.). And yet, the use of blockchain is most justified when solving tasks mainly related to ensuring the integrity of stored information. That is why, in this article, we consider the prospects for the application of blockchain technology in military affairs, analyze its properties, consider the problems and provide solutions that open up with the beginning of the use of this technology. Blockchain technology is able to strengthen the defense sector of the state and introduce an additional level of protection to the already existing ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ordnance Industry Automation is the property of Editorial Board for Ordnance Industry Automation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bernard Wolfe's dystopian satire Limbo (1952) remains a critically under-discussed work, and despite its many controversies, offers important insight into the ethical dilemmas surrounding modern-day drone warfare and human-machine relations. [...]

The Brazilian Navy (BN) has its combatant force concentrated in an area with only one exit to the sea. Brazil has an extensive coast that needs to be patrolled and, in case of any kind of conflict, the BN must be able to defend the sovereignty and interests of the country. For this purpose, it is necessary a robust and decentralized naval force, which allows the fulfillment of its mission. This paper aims to classify the most suitable cities in Brazil to be established as naval bases, through the application of the ELECTRE-MOr hybrid method. Seventeen cities were analyzed, which have an opening to the sea and have a pre-existing minimum port structure. The alternatives were evaluated by specialists from the BN, with more than twenty years of active service, in the light of operational, economic and strategic criteria. As a result, five alternatives were classified as the most indicated to be headquarters for the decentralization of the naval power: Belém/PA, São Luis/MA, Fortaleza/CE, Recife/PE and Aratu/BA. This article presents relevance to academia and society, as it represents the application of a method in the state of the art to support the decision-making process in a significant problem for the sovereignty of Brazil, presenting a methodology that can be applied in problems of tactical, operational, strategic and political levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the effect of the complex scattering medium, the photons carrying target information will be attenuated when passing through scattering media, and target localization is difficult. The resolution of the target-position information from scattered images is crucial for achieving accurate target localization in environments such as dense fog in military applications. In this paper, a target localization network incorporating an attention mechanism was designed based on the robust feature resolution ability of neural networks and the characteristics of scattering formation. A training dataset with basic elements was constructed to achieve data decoupling, and then realize the position estimation of targets in different domains in complex scattering environments. Experimental validation showed that the target was accurately localized in speckle images with different domain data by the above method. The results will provide ideas for future research on the localization of typical targets in natural scattering environments.

The aim of the paper is to present selected examples of queueing theory applications to problems in the military and defence domain, to mark the 110th anniversary of queueing theory. The intention was to find and present more works from domestic authors published in a longer period in order to promote the theory in the domestic military and defence circles thus motivating future research related to waiting lines phenomena. In dealing with military queueing phenomena, researchers are usually faced with some specific requirements which involve a multidisciplinary approach. In the queueing theory community, it is recognized that solutions to queueing problems could be reached in three ways: by analytical, numerical and simulation methods. Not all queueing problems are solvable by analytics or by numerical mathematics and, for such problems in particular, simulation methodology is a resolving tool. / Целью данной статьи является представление выборки примеров применения теории массового обслуживания в военной области, в свете 110-го юбилея создания теории массового обслуживания. В работе приведено большое количество работ отечественных авторов, опубликованных в продолжительном периоде времени, с целью расширения представления об этой теории и продвижения ее применения в отечественных кругах военного дела. При исследовании проблем системы массового обслуживания в военной области необходимо преодолевать специфические требования, вызывающие необходимость междисциплинарного подхода. В профессиональных кругах массового обслуживания было выявлено, что решения задач о системах массового обслуживания можно найти с помощью следующих трех методов: аналитический, численный методы и метод имитационного моделирования. Однако следует учитывать, что не все теоретические модели массового обслуживания поддаются решению с помощью аналитического или численного методов, именно при решении таких задач необходимо применять метод имитационного моделирования. / U radu su prikazani odabrani primeri primene teorije masovnog opsluživanja u vojnoj oblasti, na 110. godišnjicu rođenja teorije masovnog opsluživanja. Namera je bila da se pronađe i prikaže više radova domaćih autora u dužem periodu kako bi se poboljšala promocija buduće primene ove teorije, pre svega u domaćim vojnostručnim krugovima. U bavljenju problemima sistema masovnog opsluživanja u vojnoj oblasti, istraživač se suočava sa specifičnim zahtevima koji uzrokuju potrebu za multidisciplinarnim pristupom. U stručnim krugovima teorije masovnog opsluživanja prepoznato je da se do rešenja u zadacima o sistemima masovnog opsluživanja može doći na tri načina: analitički, numerički i primenom simulacije. Ne mogu se svi teorijski modeli masovnog opsluživanja rešavati analitički ili primenom numeričkih metoda, pa se za takve probleme primenjuju metode simulacionog modelovanja.

Armies of powerful armed forces are already applying achievements of nanoscience and supporting researches in the field of nanotechnology. This paper surveys the recent research in the area of nanomaterials application in defence technologies, conducted in the Military Technical Institute in Belgrade, Serbia. This research covers the most important results obtained so far in the following areas: chemical biological, radiological and nuclear protection (CBRN protection), nanomodified polymer coatings and camouflage paints, composite structures for military aircraft, ballistic protection composites, and energetic materials. Researches gave promising results in all the named fields and encourage nanomaterials application in future.

Geographic Information System1 has made a great leap in the last two decades. On the one hand, it becomes widely used in various fields of the society. On the other hand, terrain plays significant role in the military activities of all kinds. It must be accounted for during planning and preparation of military operations. This article explores application of GIS in military terrain assessment. The proper Intelligence Preparation of the Battle space2 in the real situation would require taking into consideration many factors including terrain, weather, population, enemy, etc. However, the focus of this work is on plain terrain analysis with the aim to examine one. For this purpose, a Model in ArcGIS Desktop Model Builder has been made, which results in raster showing several classes of terrain. The method used in the analysis is a Weighted Suitability Analysis3. The results of WSA indicate that the terrain in the area of interest is favorable for movement of up to one mechanized division. Definition and classification to define terms and recognized interaction among them has been used.

Multipath interference is the main factor which has influence in super-low-altitude detection. Aiming at solving the problem of detection for super-low-altitude target, anti-multipath methods under concrete environment are studied here. First, antenna radiation pattern of seeker is introduced to modify traditional four-path method. Then, the hybrid method combining physical optics (PO) and method of equivalent currents (MEC) is used to calculate the scattering electric field of target. Compared to the method of moment (MoM), the PO + MEC hybrid methods are of high accuracy. Finally, the multipath interference scattering from interaction between the target and the environment under the condition is studied and analysed in detain. The simulation results are useful in military application.

Copyright of Systems Engineering & Electronics is the property of Journal of Systems Engineering & Electronics Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Multipath interference is the main factor which has influence in super-low-altitude detection. Aiming at solving the problem of detection for super-low-altitude target, anti-multipath methods under concrete environment are studied here. First, antenna radiation pattern of seeker is introduced to modify traditional four-path method. Then, the hybrid method combining physical optics (PO) and method of equivalent currents (MEC) is used to calculate the scattering electric field of target. Compared to the method of moment (MoM), the PO + MEC hybrid methods are of high accuracy. Finally, the multipath interference scattering from interaction between the target and the environment under the condition is studied and analysed in detain. The simulation results are useful in military application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Military Technical Courier / Vojnotehnicki Glasnik is the property of Military Technical Courier / Vojnotehnicki Glasnik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The military uses direction finders to locate enemy forces by detecting the positions of transmitters that emit radio frequencies. We consider the problem of deploying the minimum number of direction finders to effectively cover an area of interest in which transmitters are likely to be positioned. Emissions may not be detectable if obstacles block the direct line of sight between a direction finder and the transmitter. We formulate this problem as a partial set multicover problem in which at least a p-fraction of the likely transmitter positions must be covered, each by at least k direction finders. We present a set of greedy heuristics with random selection rules for the partial set multicover problem. We perform computational tests to evaluate and compare these heuristics, both on randomly generated instances and a realistic instance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless communication technique is crucial during inaccessible disasters, military operation and natural climate adapt. Military application required secure way of data transmission and protect data from third party. However in Mobile Adhoc Network (MANET) due to dynamic topology the nodes are prone to a variety of security attacks like modifying the data, sniffing the information, inhibited by limited energy, computational power and bandwidth. Black hole attacks are one of the possible attacks in MANET. We propose fuzzy logic strategy to detect black hole attack based on certificate authority, energy auditing, packet veracity check and trust node to improve the performance of AODV. Fuzzy schema is a mathematical logic that attempts to work out problems by assigning the prediction values to an imprecise range of data. Fuzzy logic detect misbehaving node by giving certificate to only trusted node. The proposed technique is more secure and reliable in military data communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the systems of telepharmacy services are presented considering several aspects. The first part considers the basic components of the telepharmacy systems. Examples of telepharmacy application in military services and, above all, in rural areas are presented. Then, the role of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in telepharmacy systems is analyzed. In the second part, the importance of the role of technicians for quality execution of the telepharmacy program is proved by one illustrative, mathematical example, using the analysis of several system parameters.

The possibility of improving the properties of the standard polymeric and a water-based coating for military camouflage protection by adding nanoparticles of inorganic fulerene-like tungsten disulphide (IF-WS2). Nanoparticles were added and dispersed in paint by ultrasonic irradiation. The paints were applied to standard steel plates, and dried, for examinations of chemical resistance to aggressive media and of the following physical-mechanical properties: hardness, flexibility, elasticity, abrasion resistance, resistance to steel balls impact and adherence. These properties were compared for paint without and with IF-WS2 nanoparticles. The effect of adding IF-WS2 on rheological properties of the paints has been examined using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), observing viscosity as a function of the shear rate. Camouflage properties were also examined - IR reflection and colorimetry. Significant improvements of mechanical resistance to abrasion and steel balls impact, as well as hardness, have been achieved.

Wireless Sensor Networks have profound applications in military systems. Intrusion at unmanned borders and at other sensitive places may be tracked using sensor networks. However, the domain of military applications could imply hostile environment and thus monitoring of the nodes of the deployed WSN could be practically impossible. It is thus required that the deployed WSN ensures low energy consumption to give a high network life such that the cost of deployment may be suitably amortized. In this paper we propose an energy efficient solution for detecting intrusions through unmanned borders and other sensitive places with prolonged network lifetime using two routing schemes: KPS and Loop Free (LF)-KPS. We have compared these two schemes with LEACH and TEEN, and have shown how data transfer through KPS and LF-KPS protocols would ensure an enhanced lifetime for the deployed network. At the end we have also shown the effect of looping on the lifetime of the deployed network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a methodology to quantify the structural changes in the internal structure of granular packing. To this end, we use the Voronoï tessellation and a specific shape factor which is a clear indicator of the presence of different domains in the granular packing. Distributions of the shape factor in a 2D granular system of metallic disks are experimentally investigated. The analysis of disk packings at a 'microscopic' level requires a precise measurement of grain positions. For this reason, we develop an accurate image processing technique based on the Standard Hough Transform. It is found that the properties of the probability distribution of the shape factor of the Voronoï cells are in accordance with the fact that the packings of monodisperse hard disks spontaneously assemble into the regions of local crystalline order.

In the paper the fuzzy extension of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on fuzzy numbers, and its application in solving a practical problem, are considered. The paper advocates the use of contradictory test to check the fuzzy user preferences during fuzzy AHP decision-making process. We also propose consistency check and deriving priorities from inconsistent fuzzy judgment matrices to be included in the process, in order to check if the fuzzy approach can be applied in the AHP for the problem considered. An aggregation of local priorities obtained at different levels into composite global priorities for the alternatives based on weighted-sum method is also discussed. The contradictory fuzzy judgment matrix is analyzed. Our theoretical consideration has been verified by an application of commercially available Super Decisions program (developed for solving multi-criteria optimization problems using AHP approach) on the problem previously treated in the literature. The obtained results are compared with those from the literature. The conclusions are given and the possibilities for further work in the field are pointed out.

Every generation of humanity has inventions, which greatly influences our lifestyle, behavior and thinking. It's also true for security technologies. There is not a single year without any military conflicts, acts of terrorism or natural disaster. Not so long ago the UAVs were classified as military technology, however in the last 10 years civilian and industrial UAV developers and customers started to appear. In August 2013 the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI) organized a conference in Washington with 80000 participants from 40 country. It was said that there will be approximately 10000 unmanned aerial vehicles in the US [6][7]. In the article with some examples we show the UAV's fields of application and the complex challenges of their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem:An adequate supply of F100-229 engines, which power the F-15Eagleand late-model F-16 fighter jets, is vital to meet the operational demands of the Air Force. This supply is necessarily limited by government and inventory cost considerations. New requirement calculations indicate a pending shortage of available engines. At current supply levels, aircraft availability can be improved by reducing turnaround times across the F100-229 repair network. However, identifying slowdowns and bottlenecks in the repair network is a complex problem. To investigate process improvement opportunities, program managers desire parsimonious metamodels of the significant factors in the repair network. Approach:This article describes a statistical engineering approach to create metamodels of simulations for each Air Force base in an engine repair network that can be queried, as needed, to make managerial decisions. Headquarters Air Force Materiel Command Studies and Analyses Division (HQ AFMC/A9A), hereafter referred to as AFMC, described and captured the problem with a discrete-event simulation of the repair network built using real-world data. AFMC then applied design of experiments to identify those factors in the engine repair network that are driving the balance of available engines while staying within computational budget requirements for the project and then built statistical metamodels of the simulation. Results:The simulation model was verified and validated using actual data. The customer desired quick feedback on the model, resulting in a search for efficient designs to explore the simulation. After examining different experimental designs, we found that definitive screening designs provided the best combination of run-size efficiency and protection from model misspecification. The simulation data were used to create metamodels of the repair network, which were programmed into a spreadsheet-based decision support tool. The tool gives logistics engine managers the ability to make quick-turn decisions. Results from one of six bases of interest are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Cyber warfare is an emerging form of warfare not explicitly addressed by existing international law. While most agree that legal restrictions should apply to cyber warfare, the international community has [...]

We report a diode-end-pumped midinfrared multiwavelength Er:Pr:GGG laser, generating the output powers of 324 and 354 mW in CW and pulsed modes, respectively. The slope efficiencies of CW and pulsed modes are 15.18% and 16.06%, respectively. Compared with Er:GGG, the laser properties of Er:Pr:GGG are much better and the self-termination bottleneck is broken successfully. The transverse beam profile and spectra of Er:Pr:GGG laser are measured and the relationship between lasing wavelengths and operating temperature in the triwavelength emission state are also studied. The Er:Pr:GGG crystal is a potential midinfrared laser gain medium in medical and military application. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper describes a management energy source supplied by a polymer-electrolyte-membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as a main power source and secondary power source with reversible storage energy devices: battery and supercapacitor system, for modern distributed generation energy system, and particularly for future fuel cell military applications. The energy system in hybrid system is balanced by optimization and regulation algorithm in dependence of the driving conditions - drive cycle. A supercapacitor system (module) is a high dynamic and high power density device and supercapacitor system. Function of supercapacitor system is supplying energy traction system in extremely short power demand requirements. A battery module, as a high energy density device, operates for supplying energy traction system for long time. The aim is the real-time control management of the power distribution between the fuel cell and its associated energy storage to optimize the global hydrogen consumption and energy consumption of each energy storage system in military vehicle - Unmanned Ground Vehicle during dynamic loads in the drive cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammunition, whether it be an arrow in the middle ages, a lead bullet in the 1800s, or a laser guided smart bomb today, has been the most prominent factor in determining the outcome of combat. Failing to supply the required amount of ammunition properly may lead to defeat. Our main objective in this study is to provide a decision support tool that can help plan ammunition distribution on the battlefield. We demonstrate through an extensive literature review that the existing models are not capable of handling the specifics of the problem in this study. To this end, we propose a novel three-layer commodity-flow location routing formulation that distributes multiple products, respects hard time windows, allows demand points to be supplied by more than one vehicle or depot, and locates facilities at two different layers. We derive several valid inequalities to speed up the solution time of our model, illustrate the performance of the model in several realistically sized scenarios, and report encouraging results. Finally, we introduce a dynamic model that designs the distribution system in consecutive time periods for the entire combat duration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 58: 188-209, 2011 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The six-driven-wheel Electric Propulsion Demonstrator (DPE 6 x 6) is a military hybrid vehicle. Due to reliability demands, high redundancy is required, and the architecture is quite complex. A simulation model of this vehicle is proposed in this paper. The simulation model must allow the analysis of various power flows of the system. Moreover, this model has to be used to develop an efficient energy-management strategy. For these reasons, a graphical description [energetic macroscopic representation (EMR)] is used to develop the model in a systemic approach. The simulation model is, thus, described and validated from experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]