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Copyright of Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics/Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: This study aimed to mimic the changes from Charcot neuropathic arthropathy in humans by examining the effects of exposing diet-induced obese (DIO) mice to neurotrauma through a regimented running protocol. Methods: Forty-eight male wild-type C57BL/6J mice were obtained at age 6 weeks and separated into 2 groups for diet assignment. After a 1-week acclimation period, half of the mice consumed a high-fat diet (60% fat by kcal) ad libitum to facilitate neuropathic diet-induced obesity whereas the other half were control mice and consumed an age-matched standard low-fat control diet (10% fat by kcal). At age 12 weeks, half of the animals from each group were subjected to a high-intensity inclined treadmill running protocol, which has been previously demonstrated to induce neurotrauma. Sensory testing and radiographic analyses were periodically performed. Histopathologic analyses were performed post killing. Results: DIO mice had significantly higher bodyweights, higher body fat percentages, and lower bone mineral density than wildtype control mice that were fed a normal diet throughout the experiment (P <.001 for each). DIO mice displayed significantly reduced sensory function in week 1 (P =.005) and this worsened over time, requiring 20.6% more force for paw withdrawal by week 10 (P <.001). DIO mice that ran demonstrated greater midfoot subluxation and tarsal instability over all time points compared with normal-diet mice that ran (P <.001). Histopathologic analyses revealed that DIO mice that ran demonstrated significant changes compared with controls that ran (P <.001 for each parameter). Conclusion: Changes akin to the earliest changes observed in or before joint destruction identified in diabetic Charcot neuropathic arthropathy in humans were observed. Clinical Relevance: There is currently no standard of treatment for patients with Charcot neuropathic arthropathy. This study establishes a protocol for an animal model that can be used to study and compare interventions to treat this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Obere Extremitat is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common type of entrapment neuropathy caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. Epilepsy is characterised by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal neuronal discharges in the brain.This study aimed to investigate whether there is a link between epilepsy and carpal tunnel and, if so, the underlying factors. Materials and methods: Two hundred patients with epilepsy were included in this study. The patients' history of epilepsy, seizure type, and seizure frequency were assessed. The Tinel, Phalen, and Flick physical examination tests were performed on patients with complaints that matched those of median nerve neuropathy. Patients with epilepsy and clinically diagnosed carpal tunnel syndrome completed the Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire, and nerve conduction studies were performed. The relationship between seizure type and frequency in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome was compared. Results: Compared to focal-aware motor-onset seizures, the risk of detecting carpal tunnel syndrome was 88.7 times higher in focal-onset bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Patients with a seizure frequency of one per month or more had a 0.704 times lower risk of CTS than those with a frequency of one per week or more (p = 0.026). Discussion: Patients with epilepsy, especially those experiencing frequent seizures or specific seizure types, may be more susceptible to repetitive wrist flexion-extension postures. Therefore, during clinical follow-up, it is important to inquire about the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with epilepsy.

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) are lesions that occur before the physis closes and are frequently associated with acute ankle trauma. These lesions are often difficult to diagnose due to swelling and inflammation that are present after the initial injury. A growing body of literature has assessed the effects of OLTs in the adult population. However, the literature examining these lesions in the juvenile population is sparse. The purpose of this review is to provide a thorough understanding of OLTs, with a specific focus on the juvenile population. We evaluate the recent literature regarding the outcomes of various surgical treatment; modalities in the pediatric patient. While the outcomes after surgical treatment of pediatric OLTs are generally favorable, the paucity of investigation in this demographic is alarming. Further research is needed to better inform practitioners and families regarding these outcomes, as treatment plans are highly dependent on the individual patient in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses a case of a nasal chondroma, a benign tumor of the cartilaginous tissue, that developed in a 59-year-old female patient two years after undergoing a nasal filler procedure. Nasal chondromas are rare, especially in the nose, and their exact cause is unclear, although microtrauma is believed to be a possible factor. The patient underwent surgical removal of the tumor, and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis. The article emphasizes the importance of informing patients about the potential risk of developing this tumor due to microtrauma during nasal filler procedures. [Extracted from the article]

The purpose of this article is to present the phenomenon of psychological microtrauma, a trauma that is cumulative in nature and results from prolonged exposure to many stressful situations in one area of suffering that are usually not so severe as those causing post-traumatic stress disorder and are included in criterion A in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The introduction to the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision of a new disorder named complex post-traumatic stress disorder, despite allowing a better understanding of people who experience chronically repeating traumas, does not explain the consequences of microtrauma which can be approached from psycho-dynamic, clinical and social perspectives. Taking into account the difficulties associated with identifying microtrauma, knowledge of this phenomenon could be useful for clinicians and their patients. The theory of microtrauma is a promising area of research and may finally bring the answer why there is a high prevalence of diagnosing post-traumatic disorder among people who experience not severe but chronic stressful events in one area in terms of content in their daily lives, e.g. discrimination. It shows how much is still ahead of us in understanding trauma and how rich and complex this phenomenon is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) are lesions that occur before the physis closes and are frequently associated with acute ankle trauma. These lesions are often difficult to diagnose due to swelling and inflammation that are present after the initial injury. A growing body of literature has assessed the effects of OLTs in the adult population. However, the literature examining these lesions in the juvenile population is sparse. The purpose of this review is to provide a thorough understanding of OLTs, with a specific focus on the juvenile population. We evaluate the recent literature regarding the outcomes of various surgical treatment; modalities in the pediatric patient. While the outcomes after surgical treatment of pediatric OLTs are generally favorable, the paucity of investigation in this demographic is alarming. Further research is needed to better inform practitioners and families regarding these outcomes, as treatment plans are highly dependent on the individual patient in question.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) during en masse anterior retraction., Materials and Methods: Twenty patients were randomly allocated into experimental and control group of 10 each. In the control group, en masse retraction was performed with sliding mechanics with a coil spring. In the experimental group after alignment and levelling, MOPs were performed mesially and distally to all six anterior teeth in the interdental cortical region on the labial aspect of both arches. MOPs were performed at the beginning of space closure (T 0 ) and 1 month after beginning of space closure (T 1 ). En masse retraction was performed with sliding mechanics with a coil spring. Measurements were recorded on digital models made from scanned plaster casts at the beginning of space closure (T 0 ) and monthly at each follow-up visit for the next 4 months (T 1 , T 2 , T 3 , T 4 ). The monthly rate of OTM, the overall rate of OTM, and the difference between OTM in the MOP period (T 0 -T 2 ) and post-MOP (T 2 -T 4 ) period in the experimental and control group were evaluated. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to evaluate patients' pain experience., Results: The overall rate of OTM was significantly greater in the experimental group for both arches in the MOP period (T 0 -T 2 ) and also in the post-MOP period (T 2 -T 4 ) as compared to the control group. Within the experimental group, the rate of OTM in the MOP period was significantly greater than in the post-MOP period, which in turn was greater than that of the control group. The patients reported only mild discomfort for 24 h after performing the MOPs, which then gradually decreased., Conclusions: The use of MOPs is effective in increasing the rate of en masse tooth retraction in both the maxillary and the mandibular arch. The rate of tooth movement was greater even in the post-MOP period as compared to the control group., (© 2022. Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

The young, overhead throwing athlete is prone to overuse injuries because of their variable skeletal maturity and often improper technique. An overuse injury to the digit(s) in the overhead throwing athlete, Little Leaguer's Finger, has never been discussed in the literature to our knowledge. We present a case of a 14-year-old man with atraumatic pain, swelling, and edema to his dominant pitching index finger after throwing greater than 90 pitches in one setting. Initial workup of the patient, including an MRI, ruled out an infectious process, and it was determined that there was a stress epiphysitis within the proximal phalanx of the digit. Symptoms within the digit resolved given time, rest, and cessation of throwing activities. The purpose of this report was to stress the importance of establishing the etiology of finger pain in the throwing athlete and to describe a previously unreported overuse injury, Little Leaguer's Finger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Traumatic brain injury is a devastating public health problem, the eighth leading cause of death across the world. To improve our understanding of how injury at the cellular scale affects neural circuit function, we developed a protocol to precisely injure individual neurons within an in vitro neural network. We used high speed calcium imaging to estimate alterations in neural activity and connectivity that occur followed targeted microtrauma. Our studies show that mechanically injured neurons inactivate following microtrauma and eventually re-integrate into the network. Single neuron re-integration is dependent on its activity prior to injury and initial connections in the network: more active and integrated neurons are more resistant to microtrauma and more likely to re-integrate into the network. Micromechanical injury leads to neuronal death 6 h post-injury in a subset of both injured and uninjured neurons. Interestingly, neural activity and network participation after injury were associated with survival in linear discriminate analysis (77.3% correct prediction, Wilks' Lambda = 0.838). Based on this observation, we modulated neuronal activity to rescue neurons after microtrauma. Inhibition of neuronal activity provided much greater survivability than did activation of neurons (ANOVA, p < 0.01 with post-hoc Tukey HSD, p < 0.01). Rescue of neurons by blocking activity in the post-acute period is partially mediated by mitochondrial energetics, as we observed silencing neurons after micromechanical injury led to a significant reduction in mitochondrial calcium accumulation. Overall, the present study provides deeper insight into the propagation of injury within networks, demonstrating that together the initial activity, network structure, and post-injury activity levels contribute to the progressive changes in a neural circuit after mechanical trauma.

Traumatic brain injury is a devastating public health problem, the eighth leading cause of death across the world. To improve our understanding of how injury at the cellular scale affects neural circuit function, we developed a protocol to precisely injure individual neurons within an in vitro neural network. We used high speed calcium imaging to estimate alterations in neural activity and connectivity that occur followed targeted microtrauma. Our studies show that mechanically injured neurons inactivate following microtrauma and eventually re-integrate into the network. Single neuron re-integration is dependent on its activity prior to injury and initial connections in the network: more active and integrated neurons are more resistant to microtrauma and more likely to re-integrate into the network. Micromechanical injury leads to neuronal death 6 h post-injury in a subset of both injured and uninjured neurons. Interestingly, neural activity and network participation after injury were associated with survival in linear discriminate analysis (77.3% correct prediction, Wilks' Lambda = 0.838). Based on this observation, we modulated neuronal activity to rescue neurons after microtrauma. Inhibition of neuronal activity provided much greater survivability than did activation of neurons (ANOVA, p < 0.01 with post-hoc Tukey HSD, p < 0.01). Rescue of neurons by blocking activity in the post-acute period is partially mediated by mitochondrial energetics, as we observed silencing neurons after micromechanical injury led to a significant reduction in mitochondrial calcium accumulation. Overall, the present study provides deeper insight into the propagation of injury within networks, demonstrating that together the initial activity, network structure, and post-injury activity levels contribute to the progressive changes in a neural circuit after mechanical trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common type of entrapment neuropathy caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. Epilepsy is characterised by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal neuronal discharges in the brain.This study aimed to investigate whether there is a link between epilepsy and carpal tunnel and, if so, the underlying factors., Materials and Methods: Two hundred patients with epilepsy were included in this study. The patients' history of epilepsy, seizure type, and seizure frequency were assessed. The Tinel, Phalen, and Flick physical examination tests were performed on patients with complaints that matched those of median nerve neuropathy. Patients with epilepsy and clinically diagnosed carpal tunnel syndrome completed the Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire, and nerve conduction studies were performed. The relationship between seizure type and frequency in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome was compared., Results: Compared to focal-aware motor-onset seizures, the risk of detecting carpal tunnel syndrome was 88.7 times higher in focal-onset bilateral tonic-clonic seizures. Patients with a seizure frequency of one per month or more had a 0.704 times lower risk of CTS than those with a frequency of one per week or more (p = 0.026)., Discussion: Patients with epilepsy, especially those experiencing frequent seizures or specific seizure types, may be more susceptible to repetitive wrist flexion-extension postures. Therefore, during clinical follow-up, it is important to inquire about the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome in patients with epilepsy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Copyright of Obere Extremitat is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Obere Extremitat is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Degeneration of the intervertebral disk (IVD) is a pathological process resulting from an interplay between genetic and environmental factors causing structural and functional damage of the IVD and neighboring structures. It is the first stage of degenerative cascade in the vertebral motion segment. Initiation and progression of IVD degenerative processes traditionally involves several factors: inadequate mechanical load, decreased diffusion of nutrients through the arch laminae, and genetic factors playing a significant role in the development of degenerative changes. Three categories of candidate genes whose coding variants are associated with different forms of degenerative changes in the IVD are identified, a conceptual model of genetic interactions in degenerative disease of the disk is developed. The study of the role of structural changes in back pain genesis, evaluation of risk factors allow to optimize the tactics of patient care and find new therapeutic solutions preventing disease progression.

Copyright of Der Urologe A is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Journal of Sports Medicine / Medycyna Sportowa is the property of Agencja Wydawnicza Medsportpress Sp. z o. o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia, an important aspect often overlooked is the anti-inflammatory effect of acupuncture, which is mainly attained through the self-limiting inflammatory response-inflammatory reflex and its regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis and autonomic nerve system (the vagus nerve and the sympathetic postganglionic fiber). The significance of anti-inflammatory effect of acupuncture in analgesia is manifested twofold: The first, inflammatory nociceptive pain is a major type of chronic pain. The second, neurogenic inflammation is the mechanism by which certain acupoints or acu-reflex points (ARPs) are formed at the body surface and have short-cut connections to the pathological focus. Selecting ARPs and applying appropriate sensory stimulation or local microtrauma (affected by different needling means or stimulation parameters), combined with low-frequency electrical stimulation or the vagus stimulation in the concha region, are helpful to strengthen the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of acupuncture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In animal models, there was observed alteration of various physiological processes caused by microtraumas. Here reported experiment was aimed on the research of link between injection and development of an oxidative imbalance. Laboratory guinea pig was chosen as a suitable model for examining of the oxidative stress. Markers indicating oxidative homeostasis were assayed in the frontal, temporal and occipital brain lobe, cerebellum, liver, kidney, spleen and heart one hour after an intramuscular injection. Common biochemical parameters were measured in plasma samples as well. The most extensive effect was observed in the heart where the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value was more than twice increased after the injection. The level of carbonylated proteins was significantly elevated in the kidney and ferric reducing antioxidant power value was increased in the brain compartments. The enzyme activities in the organs were not influenced except the activity of superoxide dismutase, which was moderately decreased in the brain. In the plasma samples, there was observed increase of the blood urea nitrogen. The results showed significant the influence of the intramuscular injection on a development of an oxidative insult. The injection can be considered as an adverse effect with quite extensive stress consequences.

Background: Adenomyosis (AM) uteri exhibit hyperperistalsis. The latter causes a chronic tissue trauma at the endometrial–myometrial junctional zone (EMJZ). Upon tissue trauma, microdehiscences in the myometrium facilitate the translocation of basal endometrial fragments into the myometrium. There, a metaplasia (mediated by transforming growth factor β1 [TGFβ1] and connective tissue growth factor [CTGF]) occurs and AM lesions develop. The abundance of myofibroblasts in a tissue hallmarks metaplasia and points to a tissue microtrauma. Materials and Methods: To study if myofibroblasts—as an evidence of tissue microtrauma—are more abundant at EMJZ in AM-uteri, a case–control experimental study was carried out at Charité University Hospital—Endometriosis Research Centre. In all, 18 uteri with AM and 14 uteri without AM were obtained during laparoscopy-assisted vaginal hysterectomy. The immunolabeling of myofibroblastic metaplasia (alpha smooth muscle actin [ASMA] and collagen I), differentiated smooth muscle marker (desmin) and metaplasia mediators (TGF-β receptors 1, 2, 3 and CTGF) was investigated. The ultrastructure of myofibroblasts at EMJZ of AM uterus was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, in addition to an in vitro study to characterize myofibroblasts in the endometrium of non-AM uterus. Results: Immunolabeling of ASMA and collagen I was significantly higher at EMJZ of AM uteri versus non-AM uteri. Furthermore, myofibroblasts were ultrastructurally characterized at EMJZ of AM. Endometrium of non-AM uterus exhibited 5% to 8% of its cells, expressing ASMA and collagen I. No difference was noted regarding metaplasia mediators immunolabeling between both the groups. Conclusion: The abundant and persistent myofibroblasts (expressing ASMA/collagen I) at EMJZ in AM uteri are ultra-/microscopic evidence of chronic tissue trauma. They are of nonmyometrial origin, as they lack desmin immunolabeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Journal of Sports Medicine / Medycyna Sportowa is the property of Agencja Wydawnicza Medsportpress Sp. z o. o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Plexiform neurofibroma is a rare benign tumor and a special subtype of neurofibromatosis 1. This report is a literature review with a case of patient with facial hemorrhage observed at the site of neurofibroma removal in the right lower face due to minor trauma. Through PubMed search, using terms ((facial hematoma) OR (facial bleeding)) AND (neurofibromatosis), 86 articles were identified, and five related articles (six patients) were finally selected. Of the six patients, two had previously undergone embolization. However, as a result, all patients received open surgery to remove hematomas. The hemostatic methods mentioned were vascular ligation (five patients), hypotensive anesthesia (two patients), and postoperative blood transfusion (four patients). In conclusion, spontaneous or minimally traumatic bleeding is possible in neurofibromatosis patients. In most cases, it can be resolved by vascular ligation under hypotensive anesthesia. Optionally, prior embolization and supplementary tissue adhesive may be used.

Pyogenic granuloma is a benign, localized mass of exuberant granulation tissue produced in response to various stimuli. It is inflammatory hyperplasia of oral cavity commonly seen on gingival and rarely on other parts of oral cavity such as lips, tongue, palate, and buccal mucosa. It is seen predominantly in second to third decade of life in young females. Clinically manifesting as a small red erythematous exophytic lesion must be biopsied to rule out other serious conditions. This article aims to present a case of extragingival pyogenic granuloma on buccal mucosa in a 40-year-old female patient which is comparatively a rare location.

Nowadays, sport injuries constitute a major part of social accidents. The aim of the presentstudy, was to investigate the frequency of maxillofacial injuries among athletes-members of differentsports federations in Iran from 1998-2001. For this reason files which was related to sport injuries of men and women athletes-members of sports federations were studied in Medical Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran Sports Organization. The information were received through 26 medical organizations,located in different states of the country. The results showed that maxillofacial injuries constitute the major part of the sports injuries. In male athletes, football was the most important cause for maxillofacial injuries. However, mountain climbing and skiing play the least role in this field. Among female athletes,karate was the cause of the highest rate of maxillofacial sport injuries. Diving, mountain climbing and skiing cause the least number of maxillofacial accidents. Nasal fracture was the most common sport injury among Iraninan male and female athletes.

Lipoatrophy semicircularis occurs relatively rarely and mainly in younger women. The typical clinic with symmetrical, half-limb, mostly asymptomatic depressions on the front of the thighs indicates the diagnosis. For a characteristic case such as the one presented, further diagnosis is unnecessary. A search should be made for a chronic microtrauma as a trigger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciencia & Trabajo is the property of Fundacion Cientifica y Tecnologica de la Asociacion Chilena de Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To report a case of microtrauma-induced recurrent hyphema and secondary glaucoma associated with voluntary chronic acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) use. A 43-year-old male developed advanced glaucoma in his right eye after a two-month follow-up period of recurrent microhyphema, which had been induced by strong eye-rubbing. In spite of topical and systemic antiglaucoma medication, as well as topical corticosteroid and cycloplegic drugs and bed rest under hospitalization, the hyphema and glaucoma were not controlled. His medical history revealed that he had been using ASA for 2 years in order to prevent heart attacks. We asked the patient to stop ASA intake and the hyphema cleared considerably on the third day after discontinuation of the drug. One week after stopping ASA, trabeculectomy with mitomycin C was performed without any complications. Glaucoma and recurrent hyphema were controlled after surgery without any medical treatment. Chronic ASA intake may cause recurrent hyphema and secondary glaucoma even after a microtrauma. Medical histories of patients must always be taken, especially in cases of prolonged recurrent hyphema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To provide certified athletic trainers, physicians, and other health care professionals with recommendations on best practices for the prevention of overuse sports injuries in pediatric athletes (aged 6-18 years). Background: Participation in sports by the pediatric population has grown tremendously over the years. Although the health benefits of participation in competitive and recreational athletic events are numerous, one adverse consequence is sport-related injury. Overuse or repetitive trauma injuries represent approximately 50% of all pediatric sport-related injuries. It is speculated that more than half of these injuries may be preventable with simple approaches. Recommendations: Recommendations are provided based on current evidence regarding pediatric injury surveillance, identification of risk factors for injury, preparticipation physical examinations, proper supervision and education (coaching and medical), sport alterations, training and conditioning programs, and delayed specialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) has diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder that includes the experience of a major threat to life or physical integrity, and does not include a series of non-life-threatening traumatic events as a causative factor. • A review of the literature shows that multiple non-life-threatening emotional traumas occur more frequently and are often more psychologically harmful than a single catastrophic event. • DSM-IV-TR adoption of expanded criteria for the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder should be considered. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that develops from events that are interpreted as traumatic. It may be secondary to witnessing trauma to someone close, an event that threatens one's life or childhood sexual trauma. Resultant feelings can be fear, helplessness or horror. Thresholds at which traumatic events cause PTSD, the individual's coping ability and support systems help determine occurrence and severity of symptoms. According to DSM-IV-TR (DSM) definition, PTSD can occur after childhood sexual abuse or a single trauma threatening life or safety. However, it is becoming clearer that symptoms of PTSD can arise from multiple less severe traumas (‘microtraumas’), which can be a consequence of a history of longstanding emotional neglect, humiliation or inaccurate attribution of blame. The DSM should consider modifying the criteria to include multiple microtraumas that can lead to PTSD symptoms and may even be more destructive to psychological health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article describes alterations to equid lower second premolars and diastemata from a series of known life history equids and a number of archaeological horse specimens from the British Iron Age. Two new methods for recording bit wear are proposed involving the analysis of the extent and morphology of enamel/dentine exposure on the anterior edge of LP2s and analysis of the extent of new bone formation and bone loss to the diastema of the mandible. It is suggested that when a bit is used on a horse it acts more frequently on the anterior margin of the LP2 than has previously been thought and that repeated contact between the bit and the LP2s and diastemata results in recognisable damage to these areas of the mouth. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Stressful, repetitive use of the upper limb in work, sports, or musical performance can lead to acute, pain and loss of function. The evidence for tissue mircrotrauma as the underpinnings of this pain is convincing and explains why rest, anti-inflammatory medications, change in movement biomechanics and good ergonomics are usually effective treatment modalities. Unfortunately, some repetitive strain injuries become chronic with degenerative changes found in tendons and muscles, scarring restricting soft tissue and joint mobility and compression of peripheral nerves causing strain and limiting excursion. In other cases, involuntary co-contractions of flexors and extensors lead to painless, uncontrollable, end range twisting movements that interfere with the performance of target tasks. This movement dysfunction is referred to as occupational hand cramps, focal hand dystonia (FHd), golfers yip, keyboarders cramps, or musician''s cramps. Research studies report evidence of degradation of the somatosensory, sensorimotor and motor representation of the hand in animals and patients with dystonic hand movements. This aberrant learning requires learning based training to reorganize the brain. In this presentation, the principles of neuroplasticity will be related to the origin, diagnosis, assessment and treatment of FHd grounded on an evidence-based review of the research to support aberrant learning as one etiology for the origin of this disorder and the foundation for a learning based approach to remediate the condition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Importance: Congenital malalignment of the great toenail (CMGT) is an idiopathic deviation of the nail apparatus. CMGT predisposes patients to recurrent stress forces, microtrauma, and secondary complications. The purpose of this study was to review the current published photographs to determine the relationship between variants of CMGT and the disappearing nail bed (DNB)., Observations: A search in PubMed and Google using the terms congenital malalignment of the great toenail, disappearing nail bed, and lateral nail deviation was performed. Of the 53 photographs found in a total of 35 articles, 23 were disqualified due to low picture resolution or poor angle. The remaining 30 photographs were evaluated. Pure nail malalignment with associated dystrophy and DNB was found in 22 of 30 photographs. Four of 30 cases demonstrated pure deviation of the distal phalanx, with nail dystrophy but minimal DNB. The remaining 4 cases demonstrated a combination of toe deviation and nail unit deviation with varying degrees of DNB., Conclusions and Relevance: DNB was associated with all forms of pure CMGT. Moreover, a variant of malalignment of the distal phalanx was noted in 8 photographs. This has potential implications for further studies and treatment to correct secondary complications., Competing Interests: Benjamin Buttars, Gates Scott, and Danielle Glinka have no relevant financial conflicts of interest to disclose. Robert Brodell is a principal investigator for a clinical trial (Novartis) and for the Corevitas psoriasis biologic registry. He serves on editorial boards of American Medical Student Research Journal (faculty advisor); Practice Update Dermatology (Editor-in-Chief); Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (Associate Editor); Practical Dermatology; Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Society; SKIN: The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine; and Archives of Dermatological Research and is a staff physician at the GV “Sonny” Montgomery Veterans Administration Hospital in Jackson, MS, USA. C Ralph Daniel serves on an advisory board for Ortho Pharmaceutical and has an ownership interest in Medimetricks. None of these disclosures are relevant to the subject matter of this article., (Copyright © 2021 by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

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Copyright of Anatomia Clinica is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Posterior shoulder instability (PSI) is a relatively uncommon condition that occurs in about 10% of patients with shoulder instability. PSI is usually associated with dislocations due to acute trauma and multidirectional instability, but it can also occur with or without recognizable recurrent microtrauma. The infrequency of atraumatic or microtraumatic PSI and the lack of a full understanding of the pathoanatomy and the knowledge of management can lead to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis., Purpose: To evaluate the morphologic factors of the glenoid that are associated with atraumatic or microtraumatic PSI., Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3., Methods: Enrolled in this study were patients who underwent arthroscopic posterior labral repair between January 2013 and March 2017 and were diagnosed with posterior glenohumeral instability by means of preoperative computed tomography arthrography (CTA) (n = 39; PSI group). These patients did not have any significant dislocation or subluxation episodes. The morphologic factors of the glenoid as revealed using CTA were compared with the CTA images from a sex-matched control group (n = 117) of patients without PSI who had been diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis in an outpatient clinic. The glenoid version and shape were evaluated between the 2 groups using the CTA findings, and the degree of centricity of the humeral head to the glenoid was assessed in the PSI group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with PSI., Results: The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated no statistically significant difference between the PSI and control groups regarding glenoid version or a flat-shaped glenoid. However, statistically significant between-group differences were found regarding convex glenoid shape, with an odds ratio of 5.39 (95% CI, 1.31-23.35; P = .0207). The proportion of eccentricity was significantly higher in the PSI group (21/39; 54%) versus the control group (47/117; 40%) ( P = .031)., Conclusion: The presence of convex glenoid shape was significantly associated with atraumatic or microtraumatic PSI. Humeral head eccentricity accounted for a high percentage of convex glenoid shape. However, there was no significant correlation between PSI and glenoid retroversion., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that there are no conflicts of interest in the authorship and publication of this contribution. AOSSM checks author disclosures against the Open Payments Database (OPD). AOSSM has not conducted an independent investigation on the OPD and disclaims any liability or responsibility relating thereto., (© The Author(s) 2021.)

Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin. It mainly affects the anogenital area. More knowledge of the disease is needed to avoid delay in diagnosis as early treatment may cure the disease in some and reduce or prevent scarring. Initial treatment for girls and boys comprises the daily application of a potent cortisone ointment for 3 months. After remission the treatment should be continued long-term intermittently. If there is no complete remission in boys complete circumcision is recommended. LS usually cannot be healed but only well suppressed, and also after circumcision recurrences may occur years later. Therefore, patients have to be well informed and should be followed up long-term.

Lipoatrophia semicircularis is characterised by band-like horizontal skin depressions involving the anterior and lateral sides of the lower limbs. Whether this occurrence is rare or is just not well known or simply underreported because it does not cause patient distress is still under discussion. In a 1-year period we observed three cases due to local, mechanical pressure in an Italian dermatology outpatient clinic. However, other factors described in current literature may contribute to this phenomenon. More large-scale studies are needed to clearly assess the origin of this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In animal models, there was observed alteration of various physiological processes caused by microtraumas. Here reported experiment was aimed on the research of link between injection and development of an oxidative imbalance. Laboratory guinea pig was chosen as a suitable model for examining of the oxidative stress. Markers indicating oxidative homeostasis were assayed in the frontal, temporal and occipital brain lobe, cerebellum, liver, kidney, spleen and heart one hour after an intramuscular injection. Common biochemical parameters were measured in plasma samples as well. The most extensive effect was observed in the heart where the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value was more than twice increased after the injection. The level of carbonylated proteins was significantly elevated in the kidney and ferric reducing antioxidant power value was increased in the brain compartments. The enzyme activities in the organs were not influenced except the activity of superoxide dismutase, which was moderately decreased in the brain. In the plasma samples, there was observed increase of the blood urea nitrogen. The results showed significant the influence of the intramuscular injection on a development of an oxidative insult. The injection can be considered as an adverse effect with quite extensive stress consequences.