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Thoracic endovascular repair (TEVAR) is a valuable alternative to open surgical repair for aortic aneurysms, offering several benefits. However, one potential complication that demands attention is endoleak. This case report highlights a unique occurrence of type 2 endoleak, typically associated with aortic aneurysms treated by TEVAR, originating from an undiagnosed patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The patient, a 68-year-old woman, underwent TEVAR for an aortic aneurysm complicated by underlying lung disease and pulmonary artery hypertension. During the procedure, an unexpected shunt between the aorta and the pulmonary artery was identified and subsequently revealed to be an undiagnosed PDA. Remarkably, the decision was made to continue with TEVAR while simultaneously deploying a stent graft to close the PDA. This case underscores the significance of comprehensive preprocedural aortic assessment and careful consideration of PDA closure to prevent type 2 endoleak in TEVAR, reinforcing the importance of thorough evaluation before such procedures.

Background and purpose: This study investigated the relationship between oral health related quality of life and hyposalivation and dry mouth in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) undergoing hemodialysis. Materials and methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 200 patients with CRF undergoing hemodialysis attending the dialysis department in Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital, 2021. Patients completed oral health-related quality of life questionnaires (OHIP-14) with additive and simple count assessment methods. To diagnose dry mouth, unstimulated saliva was collected and patients were asked nine questions, of which five positive answers indicated dry mouth. Data analysis was done in SPSS V18. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation coefficient were applied to investigate the association between quality of life score and unstimulated salivary flow, and t-test or Mann-Whitney test were used to compare the quality of life scores between the groups with and without dry mouth. Results: Hyposalivation was observed in 66 patients (33%). The OHIP-14 score was significantly higher in both additive and simple count methods in patients with dry mouth and hyposalivation (P

Abstract This paper investigates the manipulation of induced torque on a four-level tripod atom system through the interaction with two vortex probe beams featuring spatial inhomogeneity, along with a non-vortex control beam. The study explores both the linear and nonlinear regimes of torque induction. In the linear regime, where the intensity of the vortex beams is weaker than that of the control field, effective control over the induced torque is demonstrated by adjusting parameters such as magnetic field strength, control field intensity, detuning, and dephasing terms between relevant atomic levels. The analysis highlights the significant contribution of the Zeeman shift-induced magnetic field, which enhances the torque and exhibits a distinct sharp peak. Furthermore, higher-order contributions to the induced torque are discussed as the intensity of the probe fields approaches that of the control field, resulting in further enhancement of the induced torque. These findings offer opportunities for precise control over the rotational motion of atoms within the system, with potential applications in precision measurement, quantum information processing, and quantum control.

In restructured electricity markets, the consumers have various procurement strategies to supply their electricity demand from alternative resources such as self-generating facility, bilateral contracts and pool market purchase. This paper proposes a hybrid approach based on binary imperialist competitive algorithm (BICA) and binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) to find optimal procurement for large consumers with multiple procurement options. The solution of these problems provides adequate information to obtain an electricity procurement problem for large consumers. Also, the results are compared with ICA and PSO methods. Test results show that the proposed hybrid approach is more effective and has higher capability in finding the optimum solutions in comparison with ICA and PSO methods. A case study is used to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed hybrid approach.

BackgroundOne of the common concerns of healthcare systems is the potential for re-admission of COVID-19 patients. In addition to adding costs to the healthcare system, re-admissions also endanger patient safety. Recognizing the factors that influence re-admission, can help provide appropriate and optimal health care. The aim of this study was to assess comorbidities that affect re-admission and survival in COVID-19 patients using a joint frailty model.MethodsThis historical cohort study was done using data of patients with COVID-19 who were re-hospitalized more than twice in a referral hospital in North of Iran. We used the joint frailty model to investigate prognostic factors of survival and recurrence, simultaneously using R version 3.5.1 (library "frailtypack"). P-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.ResultsA total of 112 patients with mean (SD) age of 63.76 (14.58) years old were recruited into the study. Forty-eight (42.9%) patients died in which 53.83% of them were re-admitted for a second time. Using adjusted joint model, the hazard of re-admission increased with cancer (Hazard ratio (HR) = 1.92) and hyperlipidemia (HR = 1.22). Furthermore, the hazard of death increased with hyperlipidemia (HR = 4.05) followed by age (HR = 1.76) and cancer (HR = 1.64). It Also decreased with lung disease (HR = 0.11), hypothyroidism (HR = 0.32), and hypertension (HR = 0.97).ConclusionConsidering the correlation between re-admission and mortality in the joint frailty model, malignancy and hyperlipidemia increased the risk of both re-admission and mortality. Moreover, lung disease probably due to the use of corticosteroids, was a protective factor against both mortality and re-admission.

Background and Objectives: Promoting emotion regulation and social relationships has a key role in students' health and can affect their future success. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the effect of play-based education on students' emotional regulation and social relationships. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental, pre-test-post-test study, included all female students of the second and third grades of Zahedan city in the academic year 2021-2022. Thirty patients were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two groups of 15; experimental and control. The participants answered the Gross & John (2003) Social Relations Regulation Questionnaire, Barton et al. (2006). The experimental group participated in 12 play therapy sessions, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the control and experimental groups in post-test in terms of emotion regulation and students' social relationships (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Game education was effective in improving students 'emotional regulation and social relationships, so play therapy can be used to improve students' emotion regulation and social relationships.

Groundwater is one of the most important sources of drinking water. Since the quality of water directly influences consumers' health, it is essential to assess the quality of water and related factors. This descriptive-analytical study was performed on physical and chemical variables of water samples collected in the dry and wet seasons during 2006–2020 period. Changes in groundwater quality were investigated by factor analysis (FA) model and geographic information system (GIS) software. Based on factor analysis model, EC, TDS, TH and Mg+2 levels were the most important factors affecting the quality of water. Due to the high level of hardness (dry seasons; 389.4 mg/l and wet seasons; 418.4 mg/l) and sodium in water (dry seasons; 138 mg/l and wet seasons; 158 mg/l), necessary measures should be taken before drinking and agriculture uses. Changes in the water quality were more related to natural factors and human activities. The invasion of saline water into the groundwater aquifers in the study area should be considered. HIGHLIGHTS The high water hardness.; Increasing the concentration of elements during these years in two region.; The ranks of abundance of the ions are as follows: anions including > > Cl− and cations including Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+.; The higher risk of water invasion in Aghghala region in comparison with Gorgan region.; Consistency of application of these two methods to analyze water quality data.;

ABSTRACT Background and objectives: Electrosurgical units produce the highest level of surgical smoke. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine concentration of surgical smoke compounds produced in orthopedic surgeries. Methods: The present study was performed on 20 patients in the operating room units of 5 Azar Hospital in Gorgan, Iran. Twenty smoke specimens were collected from electrosurgical units during orthopedic surgeries. The concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) was determined using an air-sampling pump and SKC charcoal sorbent tubes. The collected data were analyzed using frequency distribution as well as generalized linear and ranked logistic regression tests in SPSS software (version 17). Results: Most patients had a body mass index (BMI) level of >24 kg/m2. The mean age of patients was 25.28 years. The average concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were 540 µg/m3, 430 µg/m3, and 340µg/m3, and 390µg/m3, respectively. The concentration of particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) was 22.75 µg/m3. Benzene values were higher than the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health limit. The PM2.5 values were unhealthy for sensitive groups according to the Air Quality Index. Moreover, BMI had a significant association with the amount of benzene produced intraoperatively (p=0.016). The findings also showed that the surgery duration had a significant association with toluene production (p=0.049). Conclusion: The concentration of BTEX compounds was low, but the PM2.5 values are high in the studied operating rooms. Long-term exposure to BTEX compounds can be considered as a health risk for operating room personnel.

Coagulation and flocculation processes play a major role in surface water treatment. The aim of this study was to eliminate the rapid mixing unit in the water treatment plant. This experimental study was conducted on turbid water. Turbid water was synthesized by kaolin powder. The conventional jar test method was used. The flocculation and sedimentation processes were performed on the turbid water without a rapid mixing unit for getting the new optimal condition. When the PACl coagulant was used alone and in conjunction with chitosan, the percentages of turbidity removal in low, medium and high turbidities were obtained as 86.7%, 95.8%, 97.8% and 86.67%, 95.73%, 98.26%, respectively. When the rapid mixing unit was emitted, the efficiency of turbidity removal in the low turbidity was reduced from 5.26% to 21.73%. But, in higher turbidity in two states (presence and absence of the rapid mixing units) it did not have a significant difference. This study showed that the removal of the rapid mix unit on the removal efficiency of turbidity in the low turbidity is effective, but does not have an effect on higher turbid water. Also, using PACl in conjunction with chitosan was effective in the removal efficiency and to reduce residual aluminum. HIGHLIGHTS To decrease the cost of water treatment.; Changing the process related to coagulation and flocculation stages.; To decrease the time and the consumed coagulant.; To increase efficiency of turbidity removal.; Simplicity of process.;

Background and Objective: Overexposure to electromagnetic waves produces by computer cause health disorders by users. This study was performed to determine the employer's exposure risk to electromagnetic fields from monitors of computers in north of Iran Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 100 of computers using by 100 employee users (69 males and 31 femals) with the mean age of 40.83±7.37 in Gomishan county, Golestan province in north of Iran during 2018. The intensity of the magnetic and electric field caused by computers was measured at 30, 50 and 60 cm intervals and in four directions from the front, back, right and left side of the monitor using SVENSK standard method. The intensity of fields was measured by TM-190 instrument. Data were compared with OEL (Occupational Exposure Limit), MPRII and TCO (The Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees). The NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) standard questionnaire was used to assess the side effects of working with computers. The health problems in employee users were recorded. Results: The mean±SD of the intensity of the electrical waves was 103.63±33.62 v/m that was less than the standard values. The mean±SD of the intensity of the magnetic waves was 0.1±0.09 mA/m that was higher than the TCO, MPRII standard values and less than OEL. The maximum magnetic-field invasion from the standard range with an average of 157.04 mA/m is on the front of the monitors, at a distance of 30 cm and the lowest of them with a mean of 19.2 mA/m for the off-mode computer and at a distance of 60 cm from the mantle. There was a significant difference between the time of working with computer in the day with burning eye, headache and eye fatigue. There were no significant difference of clinical symptoms in men and women and fatigue syndrome. Conclusion: The electrical waves of monitor of computers were lower than standard limit in all studied conditions, but the magnetic waves were much higher than standard limit.

Background : The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of increasing cognitive load of rhythmic games on theory of mind in children with developmental coordination disorder. Method: This is a quasi-experimental research. Participants in this study were 25 children (9 boys and 16 girls) aged 8 to 10 years old who were screened based on Parental Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCD- Q07) and confirmed for their impairment using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) Test. All participants underwent Raven's test in the same condition and students with normal intelligence entered the study. Participants were matched in two groups of experimental (n = 13) and control (n = 12). The experimental group performed rhythmic games with cognitive load for 8 weeks and 2 sessions of 45 minutes per week, but the control group received only rhythmic games intervention. Participants were assessed before and after the intervention by Steerneman theory of mind test. Statistical analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate covariance tests. Results: The results indicated that rhythmic games with cognitive load developed the theory of mind in children with developmental coordination disorder (P=0.01). Conclusion: Since cognitive load rhythmic games have a positive effect on the theory of mind in children with developmental coordination disorder, it is recommended that these exercises be included in the daily activities of these children.

This paper presents a fully-decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity and gas market for retailers and prosumers with coupled energy units, considering the uncertainties of wholesale electricity market price and prosumers’ demand. The goal is to improve the overall economy of the proposed market while increasing its flexibility. In this market, the retailers are equipped with self-generation and energy storage units and can bilaterally negotiate for electricity and gas transactions with prosumers to maximize their profit. Furthermore, they can sell power to the upstream market in addition to prosumers. The prosumers have access to several retailers to supply their required electricity and gas and can freely provide their energy needs from every retailer, contributing to dynamicity in the proposed market. Given that they have an energy hub consisting of boiler units, combined heat and electricity (CHP) units, and electric pumps, they can switch their energy supply source from electricity to gas and vice versa. A robust possibilistic programming approach is applied to address the uncertainties. A fully-decentralized approach called the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is utilized to solve the presented decentralized robust problem. The proposed decentralized algorithm finds an optimum solution by establishing a smart balance between the average expected value, optimality robustness, and feasibility robustness. The feasibility and competitiveness of the proposed approach are evaluated through numerical studies on a distribution system with two retailers and three prosumers. The data analysis of the simulation results verifies the effectiveness of the proposed decentralized robust framework as well as the proposed decentralized solution. According to the maximum deviation, the expected optimal value in the robust case, the retailer’s profit has decreased by 12.1 percent, and the prosumers’ cost has increased by 27.4 percent due to the feasibility penalty term.

Smart grids have introduced several key concepts, including demand response, prosumers—active consumers capable of producing, consuming, and storing both electrical and thermal energies—retail market, and local energy markets. Preserving data privacy in this emerging environment has raised concerns and challenges. The use of novel methods such as online learning is recommended to address these challenges through prediction of the behavior of market stakeholders. In particular, the challenge of predicting prosumers’ behavior in an interaction with retailers requires creating a dynamic environment for retailers to set their optimal pricing. An innovative model of retailer–prosumer interactions in a day-ahead market is presented in this paper. By forecasting the behavior of prosumers by using an online learning method, the retailer implements an optimal pricing scheme to maximize profits. Prosumers, however, seek to reduce energy costs to the greatest extent possible. It is possible for prosumers to participate in a price-based demand response program voluntarily and without the retailer’s interference, ensuring their privacy. A heuristic distributed approach is applied to solve the proposed problem in a fully distributed framework with minimum information exchange between retailers and prosumers. The case studies demonstrate that the proposed model effectively fulfills its objectives for both retailer and prosumer sides by adopting the distributed approach.

Background: One of the common concerns of healthcare systems is the potential for re-admission of COVID-19 patients. In addition to adding costs to the healthcare system, re-admissions also endanger patient safety. Recognizing the factors that influence re-admission, can help provide appropriate and optimal health care. The aim of this study was to assess comorbidities that affect re-admission and survival in COVID-19 patients using a joint frailty model. Methods: This historical cohort study was done using data of patients with COVID-19 who were re-hospitalized more than twice in a referral hospital in North of Iran. We used the joint frailty model to investigate prognostic factors of survival and recurrence, simultaneously using R version 3.5.1 (library "frailtypack"). P-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results: A total of 112 patients with mean (SD) age of 63.76 (14.58) years old were recruited into the study. Forty-eight (42.9%) patients died in which 53.83% of them were re-admitted for a second time. Using adjusted joint model, the hazard of re-admission increased with cancer (Hazard ratio (HR) = 1.92) and hyperlipidemia (HR = 1.22). Furthermore, the hazard of death increased with hyperlipidemia (HR = 4.05) followed by age (HR = 1.76) and cancer (HR = 1.64). It Also decreased with lung disease (HR = 0.11), hypothyroidism (HR = 0.32), and hypertension (HR = 0.97). Conclusion: Considering the correlation between re-admission and mortality in the joint frailty model, malignancy and hyperlipidemia increased the risk of both re-admission and mortality. Moreover, lung disease probably due to the use of corticosteroids, was a protective factor against both mortality and re-admission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive power plays an important role in supporting real power transmission, maintaining system voltages within proper limits and overall system reliability. In this paper, the production cost of reactive power, cost of the system transmission loss, investment cost of capacitor banks and absolute value of total voltage deviation (TVD) are included into the objective function of the power flow problem. Then, by using particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO), the problem is solved. The proposed PSO algorithm is implemented on standard IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 57-bus test systems and with using fuzzy satisfying method the optimal solutions are determined. The fuzzy goals are quantified by defining their corresponding membership functions and the decision maker is then asked to specify the desirable membership values. The obtained results show that solving this problem by using the proposed method gives much better results than all the other algorithms.

Background and Objective: Collection and disposal of waste has an important role in public health. Isolation and separation procedures at the origin is considered as one of the most important and least costly methods of isolation and separation of waste. This study was aimed to culture and educate those involved in recycling and waste reduction in the Kalaeh City using two educational methods. . Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted in Kalaleh City. In the social and cultural context, Kalaleh was divided into six regions. Using cluster sampling, regions were selected randomly. In each area, 120 samples were used. The first group was face-to-face trained and the second group received training through the training package. Waste collection period was 60 days. After this time, the questionnaires were again filled up and the impact of teaching methods were investigated. Results: Face-to-face training resulted in increasing waste separation from 70.8 (before training) to 95%. Whereas, this figure in the group receiving training package increased from 57.5 (before training) to 86.7%. Waste recycling rate was between 0.6 to 1 Kg per person per week. These wastes included paper, glass, plastic, and metal containers. On average, the waste recycled in face-to-face training group and training package group was 91 and 83 Kg per week. Conclusion: Knowledge, attitude and cooperation in waste separation increased after training in both groups. However, in the face-to-face training group, the knowledge and participation in waste separation was more compared with training package group. Continuous training and organizing waste separators could be helpful to re-use waste. It causes less pollution of the environment, reduce the transmission of diseases associated with non-systematic disposal of solid waste, reduce costs and increase awareness about the problems and issues of solid waste, and reduce the solid waste volume.

Aims: One of the influence factors of Dyslexia’s students are self- regulation and Academic achievement.The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of academic self –regulation strategies in dyslexic students Academic achievement in third primary school. Methods: An experimental method using pre – test and post –test with control group was employed. The statistical population consisted of third grade primary school students in Neka. 30 students with reading disorder (Dyslexia) were identified through relevant tests. Using multiple stage cluster sampling they were randomly divided into groups. (One experimental group and one control group). After performing pretests in both groups the experimental group received Self –regulation strategies instruction for 6 sessions of 45 minutes but the control group didn't receive any instruction. The Academic achievement post –test was administered in both groups and after two months of instruction Academic achievement post – test was administered. Data was analyzed using repeated measurement analysis. Findings: Data analysis indicated that after instruction the anxiety of experimental group comparing with control group decreased significantly. Conclusion:In one hand instruction self-regulation strategies was effective on improvement of primary dyslexic students' Academic achievement and on the other hand, using these strategies caused learning permanency in this group(after 2 months).

Air pollution is a challenging issue in some of the large cities in developing countries. In this regard, data interpretation is one of the most important parts of air quality management. Several methods exist to analyze air quality; among these, we applied the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) methods to predict the hourly air concentration of benzene in 14 districts in the municipality of Tehran. Input data were hourly temperature, wind speed and relative humidity. Both methods determined reliable results. However, the RBF neural network performance was much closer to observed benzene data than the MLP neural network. The correlation determination resulted in 0.868 for MLP and 0.907 for RBF, while the Index of Agreement (IA) was 0.889 for MLP and 0.937 for RBF. The sensitivity analysis related to the MLP neural network indicated that the temperature had the greatest effect on prediction of benzene in comparison with the wind speed and humidity in the study area. The temperature was the most significant factor in benzene production because benzene is a volatile liquid.

Background and Objective: Different coagulants including aluminum sulfate (Alum) and Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC) are used for water clarification process and deposition of colloidal particles. The use of coagulants causes some residual aluminum in water. The residual aluminum higher than 0.2 mg/l, has adverse effects on human health and environment. This study was conducted to determine the amount of residual aluminum by applying Polyaluminium chloride and aluminum sulfate for turbidity removal from turbid water. Methods: In this laboratory study, the experiments were run by using synthetic water having low (10-30 NTU), medium (100-130 NTU) and high (200-230 NTU) initial turbidities. Synthetic turbid water was prepared by adding stock kaolin suspension into distilled water. Samples of 1 liter of water were poured on 6 Jars. After adjusting of pH, coagulant was added into each beaker at various doses and agitated at 100 rpm for 30s. The mixing speed was then reduced to 20 rpm and kept for another 15 minutes. The suspensions were left for sedimentation and after 30 minutes of sedimentation, clarified samples were collected from the top of the beakers. Residual turbidity and residual aluminum was measured. The residual turbidity was measured using a Turbidimeter according to Nephlometric method. The residual aluminum was determined by Eriochrome cyanine R method. Results: Residual alminium in low, medium and high turbidities was 0.006 mg/l, 0.05 mg/l and 0.07 mg/l by applying Polyaluminum Chloride and 0.065 mg/l, 0.15 mg/l and 0.22 mg/l by applying alum, respectively. There was a significant correlation between dosage of Alum and Polyaluminum Chloride with residual aluminium (P

This paper investigates the manipulation of induced torque on a four-level tripod atom system through the interaction with two vortex probe beams featuring spatial inhomogeneity, along with a non-vortex control beam. The study explores both the linear and nonlinear regimes of torque induction. In the linear regime, where the intensity of the vortex beams is weaker than that of the control field, effective control over the induced torque is demonstrated by adjusting parameters such as magnetic field strength, control field intensity, detuning, and dephasing terms between relevant atomic levels. The analysis highlights the significant contribution of the Zeeman shift-induced magnetic field, which enhances the torque and exhibits a distinct sharp peak. Furthermore, higher-order contributions to the induced torque are discussed as the intensity of the probe fields approaches that of the control field, resulting in further enhancement of the induced torque. These findings offer opportunities for precise control over the rotational motion of atoms within the system, with potential applications in precision measurement, quantum information processing, and quantum control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

زمينه و هدف: اين مطالعه با هدف ارزيابي کيفيت آب رودخانه زرين گل با استفاده از شاخص‌هاي کيفي آب با توجه به وجود فعاليت‌هاي کشاورزي ، تفريحي و پرورش ماهي در اطراف اين رودخانه، طراحي و اجرا گرديد. مواد و روش‌ها: با توجه به فعاليت‌هاي کشاورزي و دامداري اطراف رودخانه، 9 ايستگاه نمونه برداري مشخص شده و نمونه برداري با تناوب دو هفته يکبار در تابستان و پاييز انجام شد و پارامترهاي مورد نياز جهت محاسبه شاخص‌هاي کيفي آب طبق روش استاندارد اندازه گيري شد. با توجه به پارامترهاي اندازه گيري شده شاخص کيفي آب (NSF WQI) و شاخص کيفيت آب هاي سطحي ايران (IRWQISC) محاسبه شد. پارامترهاي اندازه گيري شده شامل پارامتر کليفرم گرماپاي، اکسيژن مورد نياز بيوشيميايي، نيترات، اکسيژن محلول، هدايت الکتريکي، اکسيژن مورد نياز شيميايي، فسفات، کدورت، سختي کل، pH و کل جامدات بود. به دليل کاربردي بودن اين طرح پژوهشي و ارزيابي وضعيت منابع آب استان گلستان و برنامه ريزي و مديريت منافاتي با مسائل اخلاقي نداشت. يافته‌ها: نتايج حاصل از مطالعه بر اساس هر دو شاخص نشان داد که اين شاخص براي تمام ايستگاه‌ها بين 54 تا 61 بوده و براساس شاخص NSF WQI متوسط (70-50) و بر اساس شاخص IRWQISCدر دو طبقه متوسط(55-45) و نسبتا خوب(70 – 55/1) قرار مي‌گيرد. نتيجه‌گيري: پارامترهاي تاثيرگذار شامل کل جامدات، کدورت، نيترات، درجه حرارت و کلي فرم مدفوعي بوده است. با توجه به شاخص به دست آمده مشخص شد که کيفيت آب رودخانه براي کشاورزي مناسب بوده، ولي براي مصارف شرب بايد تصفيه شود.

Background and Objective: In recent years, chitosan and Moringa oleifera Coagulant Protein a natural coagulant were used in order to reduce the problems occure from chemical coagulants. This investigation was done to determine effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera Coagulant Protein and Chitosan as natural coagulant aids in removal of colloidal particles and bacteria from turbid waters. Materials and Methods: In this interventional- quasi experimental study, the experiments were run by using synthetic water having low(10-20NTU), medium(100-120NTU) and high (200-220NTU) initial turbidities. In order to determine optimum pH and dosage of coagulant and coagulant aids, a conventional jar test apparatus was employed. Turbidity reading were carried out using a Hach model 2100P Turbidimeter. The samples were taken from the top four inch of the suspension for turbidity and bacteria removal measurement. Results: Optimum dose of alum for waters with three different initial turbidities were 20, 40, and 20 mg/l, respectively. Optimum pH was between 7-7.5. Moringa oleifera Coagulant Protein and chitosan were reduced the required dosage of alum from 12.5% to 62.5% and from 50% to 87.5%, respectively, in different turbidities and residual aluminum was reduced to standard limit (0.2mg/l). The bacteria removal efficiency were from 90% to 99.9999%. It was found when samples were stored during 24 hours regrowth of E.coli was not observed. Conclusion: This study showed that natural coagulant aids can reduce the turbidity to below 5NTU without filtration in optimum condition.

In this study, a four-level microwave-driven system is proposed for the transfer of the topological charge from an optical vortex light to a freshly created signal light. By adjusting the microwave field's intensity, we first investigated the exchange efficiency of the created light. We talked about the exchange efficiency versus the propagation distance and the probe detuning, respectively. We came to the conclusion that the microwave light's strong value makes it possible to achieve significant exchange efficiencies. Next, we talked about how the created light's absorption and dispersion spectra varied depending on azimuth. We discovered that altering the azimuthal angle of the vortex light allows the absorption curve to be transformed into the gain spectrum. Additionally, we demonstrated how altering the azimuthal angle might alter the dispersion's slope. Topological charge of the vortex light has also been used to explain the spatially dependent absorption spectrum of the generated light. We've discussed the spatial dependence of the intensity and phase distributions of the created light in the conclusion. We have established that the topological charge can be exchanged very effectively from optical vortex light to newly produced light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]