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Objective: Emerging adulthood is characterized by maturation of executive functions (EF) and changes in health behaviors (HB). Interestingly, EF are bi-directionally related to many specific HB; yet how EF performs in relation to overall patterns of HB engagement is unclear. Groupings of HB and the relationship between these HB groupings and EF were examined. Participants: Full-time college students were recruited from three large Mid- and Southwest universities (N = 1,387). Methods: Online self-report questionnaires assessing demographics, HB, and EF were completed. Results: Latent class analysis of HB revealed three classes: (1) "High Substance Use," (2) "Moderately Healthy," (3) "Healthy." In general, the Healthy class had significantly greater EF compared to no significant differences between the other two classes. Conclusions: Collective engagement in HB is associated with EF. Interventions targeting both HB and EF simultaneously may be most efficacious.

Executive functioning is a multidimensional construct measured in various ways. Despite the widespread utilization of the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale, Short Form (BDEFS-SF), factor analytic work on the measure is scarce, and limited work has investigated its latent factor structure in a sample of English-speaking, American adults. The present study sought to address this gap in the literature by using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA). Four-hundred thirty-four (434) individuals (M age = 37.9) participated online via Amazon's Mechanical Turk as part of a larger cross-sectional, survey-based study and completed the BDEFS-SF. The sample was randomly split to conduct EFAs and CFAs. Results from EFAs revealed that structures with one (executive dysfunction), two (behavioral/emotional and cognitive), and five (self-motivation, self-restraint, self-management to time, self-organization/problem solving, and self-regulation of emotion) factors accounted for 60.5%, 67.4%, and 81.0% of the variance, respectively, with each providing logical patterns of factor loadings. CFAs revealed that each factor structure demonstrated good-to-excellent fit (goodness of fit indices ranged from .99 to 1.00). However, statistical comparison of the models via [chi].sup.2-difference tests revealed that the five-factor model described by the BDEFS-SF's author provided statistically significantly improved fit (ps < .001) over both the one- and two-factor models identified via EFAs. It is likely that the BDEFS-SF broadly mirrors the five-factor dimensionality described by its author and seen in its longer, parent scale, although continued study is needed to further verify and/or challenge this conclusion. Limitations of the present paper and directions of future inquir are discussed., Author(s): John W. Lace [sup.1] , Andrew McGrath [sup.1] , Zachary C. Merz [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.262962.b, 0000 0004 1936 9342, Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, , St. [...]

The integrative model of criminal choice proposes that cognitive and/or affective appraisals partially mediate the personality-crime relationship. The current study tests the integrated model of criminal choice across three different levels of subjective apprehension risk. Participants made hypothetical criminal choices in response to three vignette scenarios presenting criminal opportunities varying in the implied risk of apprehension. Consistent with the integrated model of criminal choice, when risk of apprehension was not manipulated, cognitive and affective appraisals (perceived risk and negative affect) partially mediated the relationship between personality (honesty-humility) and criminal choice. Higher levels of honesty-humility predicted increased perceived risk and negative affect, which in turn predicted decreased intentions to offend. When risk of apprehension was experimentally increased, personality did not affect either variable. As predicted, in both baseline and increased levels of risk of apprehension, higher levels of honesty-humility, perceived risk, and negative affect were found to significantly predict lower intentions to offend. Additionally, decreased perceived risk predicted reduced negative affect. These findings suggest that the mediating relationship between personality and crime may be dependent on the level of subjective risk of apprehension. Future studies may investigate whether different levels of situational risk moderate the relationship between personality and cognitive/affective appraisals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing and delivering effective rehabilitation programs that meet the specific needs of First Nations people and overcome barriers to engagement has been suggested as a way to address the overrepresentation of First Nations Australians in the correctional system. This project used a critical realist epistemology to understand perceptions of First Nations people participating in rehabilitation programs to contribute to improvements in treatment responsivity. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five First Nations people serving community-based orders and five First Nations Program Facilitators. The data were analyzed thematically. Four overarching themes emerged: (a) the importance of culture and colonization, (b) intrinsic motivation to change, (c) communication and language: the role of the First Nations facilitator, and (d) connection: life after jail. These findings highlight the need for cultural healing as a crucial factor for programs aimed at First Nations Australians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study uses a phantom to investigate the dosimetric impact of rotational setup errors for Single Isocenter Multiple Targets (SIMT) HyperArc plans. Additionally, it evaluates intra‐fractional rotational setup errors in patients treated with Encompass immobilization system. Methods: The Varian HyperArc system (Varian Medical systems) was used to create plans targeting spherical PTVs with diameters of 5, 10, and 15 mm and with offsets of 1.3–5.3 cm from the isocenter. Dosimetric parameters, including mean and maximum dose, D99% and D95% were evaluated for various rotational setup errors ranging from 0.5° to 2° for the PTVs and certain CTVs created within PTVs. These rotational errors were applied in an order and direction that resulted in the maximum displacement of targets. The rotation was applied both uniformly around all three axes and individually around each axis. Furthermore, to link the findings to actual treatment scenarios, the intra‐fractional rotational setup errors were obtained for stereotactic cranial patients treated with the Encompass system using CBCT images acquired during treatments. Results: The maximum displacement of 2.7 mm was observed for targets located at 4.4 and 4.5 cm from the isocenter with rotational setup errors of 2°. The dose reduction for D99% values corresponding to this displacement were about 50%, 40%, and 30% for PTVs with diameters of 5, 10, and 15 mm, respectively. Both D99% and D95% showed a consistent trend of dose reduction across various rotational errors and PTV volumes. While the maximum dose remained consistent for different targets with various rotational errors, the mean dose decreased by approximately 25%, 12%, and 6% for PTVs with diameters of 5, 10, and 15 cm, respectively, with rotational errors of 2°. In addition, by analyzing CBCT images, the absolute mean rotational setup errors obtained during treatment with Encompass for pitch, roll, and yaw were 0.17° ± 0.13°, 0.11° ± 0.10°, and 0.12° ± 0.10° respectively. This data, combined with existing studies, suggest that a 0.5° rotational setup error is a safe choice to consider for calculating additional PTV margin to ensure adequate CTV coverage. Therefore, the assessment of maximum displacement and dosimetric parameters in this study, for a 0.5° rotational error, highlights the need for an additional 0.7 mm PTV margin for targets positioned at distances of 4.4 cm or greater from the isocenter. Conclusions: For SIMT Plans, a 0.5° rotational setup error is recommended as a basis for calculating additional PTV margins to ensure adequate CTV coverage when using the Encompass system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: 'Button' gastrostomy insertion is traditionally a two‐step procedure with an initial longer gastrostomy tube inserted followed by placement of the shorter 'button' gastrostomy in 6 weeks when the track is mature. The aim of this study is to assess whether the placement of a Button gastrostomy de novo is a safe and effective method of radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG) insertion. Methods: Using our Picture Archive and Communication System (PACS) and electronic patient charts we identified all patients who underwent primary 'button' gastrostomy over an 8‐year period with at least a 1‐year follow‐up period. We evaluated technical success rate, indications for insertion, major and minor complications, 30‐day mortality and the number of exchanges performed. Results: Overall, 482 patients underwent a primary button RIG insertion during this period with an overall success rate of 97.1%. Indications for RIG insertion included neurological and neurosurgical disorders 236 (48.9%), head and neck malignancy 182 (37.8%), oesophageal malignancy 27 (5.6%) and other indications in 37 (7.7%). The mean age was 59.55 years (range 18–88 years) with 290 men (60.2%) and 192 women (39.8%). Major complications were recorded in 0.8% and minor complications in 1.7%. A 30‐day mortality of 1% was identified (five patients), mortality was directly related to the RIG insertion in one patient (0.2%). A total of 65 exchanges/replacements took place over this period of time, with 33 (50.1%) due to 'inadvertent removal'. Conclusion: Primary button RIG insertion is a procedure that has a high success rate and low morbidity and mortality. We believe it is a safe and effective alternative to deliver enteral nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A disjunct population of red stringybark (Eucalyptus macrorhyncha) trees in South Australia is experiencing increasing amounts of dieback. Because the population is considered vulnerable to extinction, we investigated spatiotemporal vegetation changes, quantified the extent of dieback, and determined how topography influences dieback using aerial and satellite imagery. Classification of vegetation health status using hyperspectral aerial imagery indicated that 37% (accuracy = 0.87 Kappa) of the population was unhealthy and potentially experiencing dieback. When correlating this classification with a digital terrain model (DTM), the aspect and amount of solar radiation had the strongest relationship with the presence of unhealthy vegetation. PlanetScope satellite-derived, and spectral index-based analysis indicated that 7% of the red stringybark population experienced negative vegetation health changes during a five-year period (2017–2022), with positive vegetation health changes (9.5%) noted on pole-facing slopes. Therefore, our integrated remote sensing approach documented the extent and spatiotemporal dynamics of dieback, suggesting it could be applied in other studies. Topographical aspects exposed to high-solar radiation were particularly vulnerable to dieback, and pole-facing aspects demonstrated some recovery between droughts. The influence of topography and maps of vegetation health can be used to guide future management and restoration of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; Zigmond ‐ Snaith, 1983) is widely used; however, its factor structure is unclear, with studies reporting differing unidimensional, two‐factor and three‐factor models. We aimed to address some key theoretical and methodological issues contributing to inconsistencies in HADS structures across samples. We reviewed existing HADS models and compared their fit using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). We also investigated methodological effects by comparing factor structures derived from Rasch and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) methods, as well as effects of a negative wording factor. An Australian community‐dwelling sample consisting of 189 females and 158 males aged 17–86 (M = 35.73, SD = 17.41) completed the 14‐item HADS. The Rasch Analysis, PCA and CFA all supported the original two‐factor structure. Although some three‐factor models had good fit, they had unacceptable reliability. In the CFA, a hierarchical bifactor model with a general distress factor and uncorrelated depression and anxiety subscales produced the best fit, but the general factor was not unidimensional. The addition of a negative wording factor improved model fit. These findings highlight the effects of differing methodologies in producing inconsistent HADS factor structures across studies. Further replication of model fit across samples and refinement of the HADS items is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Emerging adulthood is characterized by maturation of executive functions (EF) and changes in health behaviors (HB). Interestingly, EF are bi-directionally related to many specific HB; yet how EF performs in relation to overall patterns of HB engagement is unclear. Groupings of HB and the relationship between these HB groupings and EF were examined. Participants. Full-time college students were recruited from three large Mid- and Southwest universities (N = 1,387). Methods. Online self-report questionnaires assessing demographics, HB, and EF were completed. Results. Latent class analysis of HB revealed three classes: (1) High Substance Use, (2) Moderately Healthy, (3) Healthy. In general, the Healthy class had significantly greater EF compared to no significant differences between the other two classes. Conclusions. Collective engagement in HB is associated with EF. Interventions targeting both HB and EF simultaneously may be most efficacious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New methodologies to unite amines and carboxylic acids that complement the popular amide coupling can significantly expand accessible chemical space if they yield products distinct from the classic R–NHC(O)–R′ amide arrangement. Here we have developed an amine–acid esterification reaction based on pyridinium salt activation of amine C–N bonds to create products of type R–OC(O)–R′ upon reaction with alkyl and aryl carboxylic acids. The protocol is robust and facile as demonstrated by automation on open-source robotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caviomorph rodents have been diverse and abundant components of South American mammal communities since the late Eocene. We describe herein the octodontoids of Pampa Castillo, a Lower Miocene site in southern Chile (Aysén Region). Six genera and seven species of octodontoids are present, two of which are new: Dudumus berggreni sp. nov. and Caviocricetus guenekko sp. nov. The octodontoids from Pampa Castillo support assignment of this fauna to the Santacrucian South American Land Mammal Age (SALMA), which is consistent with previous studies. We conducted similarity analyses on 11 Early–Middle Miocene Patagonian rodent faunas using hierarchical clustering. Faunas generally fell into the three SALMAs to which they were traditionally assigned: Colhuehuapian, Santacrucian and 'post‐Santacrucian'. The 'Pinturan' is a proposed biochronological interval between the Colhuehuapian and Santacrucian. At the genus level, Pampa Castillo clustered with 'Pinturan' faunas, while at the species level it clustered with the 'typical' faunas on which the Santacrucian SALMA is based (from outcrops of the Santa Cruz Formation along the Atlantic coast and Río Santa Cruz). The Pampa Castillo rodent fauna resembles both 'Pinturan' and 'typical' Santacrucian faunas in taxon distributions, reflecting complex temporal and palaeoenvironmental influences. Geochronological data indicate that some 'Pinturan' sites overlap temporally with Pampa Castillo and the upper Pinturas Formation, which both clustered with 'typical' Santacrucian faunas. These results indicate that the 'Pinturan' does not represent a distinct biochronological interval, but that the differences between it and 'typical' Santacrucian faunas are attributable to geographic or palaeoenvironmental differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small field output factors for Multileaf collimator (MLC)‐defined field sizes between 0.5 × 0.5 cm2 and 3 × 3 cm2 were measured with six different detectors for a Varian TrueBeam in 6‐MV, 6‐FFF, 10‐MV, and 10‐FFF photon beams. Correction factors kQclin,Qreffclin,fref$k_{{Q_{{\rm{clin}}}},{Q_{{\rm{ref}}}}}^{{f_{{\rm{clin}}}},{f_{{\rm{ref}}}}}$ from the IAEA publication TRS‐483 were used to correct the measured output factors. The corrected output factors from the six detectors were used to calculate correction factors for the PTW microSilicon T60023 (PTW, Freiburg, Germany) and IBA Razor (IBA Dosimetry, Schwarzenbruck, Germany) detectors. The uncertainty of the output and correction factors in this study was calculated and the calculations presented in detail. The application of the TRS‐483 correction factors significantly reduced the variation in output factors between the various detectors, with the exception of the PTW 60016 diode in 6‐MV and 6‐FFF beams, and the IBA PFD in 10‐MV and 10‐FFF beams. Correction factors calculated for the Razor agreed within 2.9% of existing literature for all energies, while the microSilicon correction factors agreed within 1.6% to the literature for 6‐MV beams. The uncertainty in the microSilicon and Razor correction factors was calculated to be less than 0.9% (k = 1). This study shows that TRS‐483 correction factors reduce the variation in output factors between the detectors used in this study and presents a suitable method for determining correction factors for detectors with unpublished values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]