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We report measurements of the Meissner screening profile in a Nb (300 nm)/ Al 2 O 3 thin film using 8 Li β -detected nuclear magnetic resonance (β -NMR). The NMR probe 8 Li was ion-implanted into the Nb film at energies ≤ 20 keV, corresponding to mean stopping depths comparable to Nb 's magnetic penetration depth λ. 8 Li 's strong dipole–dipole coupling with the host 93 Nb nuclei provided a "cross-relaxation" channel that dominated in low magnetic fields, which conferred indirect sensitivity to the local magnetic field via the spin-lattice relaxation (SLR) rate 1 / T 1. From a fit of the 1 / T 1 data to a model accounting for its dependence on temperature, magnetic field, and 8 Li + implantation energy, we obtained a magnetic penetration depth λ 0 = 51.5(22) nm, consistent with a relatively short carrier mean-free-path ℓ = 18.7(29) nm typical of similarly prepared Nb films. The results presented here constitute an important step toward using 8 Li β -NMR to characterize bulk Nb samples with engineered surfaces, which are often used in the fabrication of particle accelerators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical surface treatments, such as low-temperature baking (LTB) in a gaseous atmosphere or in vacuum, are important for the surface preparation of Nb superconducting radio frequency cavities. These treatments inhomogeneously dope approximately the first 50 nm of Nb's subsurface and are expected to impart depth-dependent characteristics to its Meissner response; however, direct evidence supporting this remains elusive, suggesting the effect is subtle. In this work, we revisit the Meissner profile data for several LTB treatments obtained from low-energy muon spin rotation (LE-μSR) experiments [Romanenko et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 072601 (2014) and McFadden et al., Phys. Rev. Appl. 19, 044018 (2023)] and search for signatures of inhomogeneous field screening. Using a generalized London expression with a recently proposed empirical model for depth-dependent magnetic penetration lengths λ(z), we obtain improved fits to the Meissner data, revealing that the presence of a non-superconducting surface "dead layer" d ≳ 25 nm is a strong indicator of a reduced supercurrent density at shallow subsurface depths. Our analysis supports the notion that vacuum annealing at 120 °C for 48 h induces a depth-dependent Meissner response, which has consequences for Nb's ability to maintain a magnetic-flux-free state. Evidence of similar behavior from a "nitrogen infusion" treatment is less compelling. Suggestions for further investigation into the matter are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the depth, temperature, and molecular-weight (MW) dependence of the γ-relaxation in polystyrene glasses using implanted 8Li+ and β-detected nuclear magnetic resonance. Measurements were performed on thin films with MW ranging from 1.1 to 641 kg/mol. The temperature dependence of the average 8Li spin–lattice relaxation time ( T 1 avg ) was measured near the free surface and in the bulk. Spin–lattice relaxation is caused by phenyl ring flips, which involve transitions between local minima over free-energy barriers with enthalpic and entropic contributions. We used transition state theory to model the temperature dependence of the γ-relaxation, and hence T 1 avg . There is no clear correlation of the average entropy of activation ( Δ ‡ S ̄ ) and enthalpy of activation ( Δ ‡ H ̄ ) with MW, but there is a clear correlation between Δ ‡ S ̄ and Δ ‡ H ̄ , i.e., entropy–enthalpy compensation. This results in the average Gibbs energy of activation, Δ ‡ G ̄ , being approximately independent of MW. Measurements of the temperature dependence of T 1 avg as a function of depth below the free surface indicate the inherent entropic barrier, i.e., the entropy of activation corresponding to Δ ‡ H ̄ = 0, has an exponential dependence on the distance from the free surface before reaching the bulk value. This results in Δ ‡ G ̄ near the free surface being lower than the bulk. Combining these observations results in a model where the average fluctuation rate of the γ-relaxation has a "double-exponential" depth dependence. This model can explain the depth dependence of 1 / T 1 avg in polystyrene films. The characteristic length of enhanced dynamics is ∼6 nm and approximately independent of MW near room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a comment on a previous study that examined the Meissner screening properties of niobium (Nb) in a superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavity. The authors of the comment re-analyzed the data from the original study and found no significant changes to the Meissner screening profile of Nb after mild baking. They also discovered a non-superconducting "dead layer" at the surface of the Nb sample, which may indicate spatial inhomogeneities in the screening properties. The authors recommend further high-resolution measurements to investigate this further. [Extracted from the article]

A new high field spectrometer has been built to extend the capabilities of the β-detected nuclear magnetic resonance (β-NMR) facility at TRIUMF. This new beamline extension allows β-NMR spectroscopy to be performed with fields up to 200 mT parallel to a sample's surface (perpendicular to the ion beam), allowing depth-resolved studies of local electromagnetic fields with spin polarized probes at a much higher applied magnetic field than previously available in this configuration. The primary motivation and application is to allow studies of superconducting radio frequency (SRF) materials close to the critical fields of Nb metal, which is extensively used to fabricate SRF cavities. The details of the design considerations and implementation of the ultra-high vacuum (UHV) system, ion optics, and beam diagnostics are presented here. Commissioning of the beamline and spectrometer with radioactive ions are also reported here. Future capabilities and applications in other areas are also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-detected NMR (β-NMR) has been used to study the molecular-scale dynamics of lithium ions in thin films of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) containing either lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) or lithium trifluoroacetate (LiTFA) salts at monomer-to-salt ratios (EO/Li) of 8.3. The results are compared with previous β-NMRmeasurements on purePEOandPEOwith lithium triflate (LiOTf) at the same loading [McKenzie et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 7833 (2014)]. Activated hopping of 8Li+ was observed in all of the films above ∼250 K, with the hopping parameters strongly correlated with the ionicity of the lithium salt rather than the polymer glass transition temperature. The preexponential factor increases exponentially with ionicity, while the activation energy for hopping increases approximately linearly, going from 6.3±0.2 kJ mol-1 in PEO:LiTFA to 17.8±0.2 kJ mol-1 in PEO:LiTFSI. The more rapid increase in the pre-exponential factor outweighs the effect of the larger activation energy and results in 8Li+ hopping being fastest in PEO followed by PEO:LiTFSI, PEO:LiOTf and PEO:LiTFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexation of MgII with adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) is omnipresent in biochemical energy conversion, but is difficult to interrogate directly. Here we use the spin‐1/2 β‐emitter 31Mg to study MgII‐ATP complexation in 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate (EMIM‐Ac) solutions using β‐radiation‐detected nuclear magnetic resonance (β‐NMR). We demonstrate that (nuclear) spin‐polarized 31Mg, following ion‐implantation from an accelerator beamline into EMIM‐Ac, binds to ATP within its radioactive lifetime before depolarizing. The evolution of the spectra with solute concentration indicates that the implanted 31Mg initially bind to the solvent acetate anions, whereafter they undergo dynamic exchange and form either a mono‐ (31Mg‐ATP) or di‐nuclear (31MgMg‐ATP) complex. The chemical shift of 31Mg‐ATP is observed up‐field of 31MgMg‐ATP, in accord with quantum chemical calculations. These observations constitute a crucial advance towards using β‐NMR to probe chemistry and biochemistry in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NMR spectra of Mg2+ ions in ionic liquids were recorded using a highly sensitive variant of NMR spectroscopy known as β-NMR. The β-NMR spectra of MgCl2 in EMIM-Ac and EMIM-DCA compare favourably with conventional NMR, and exhibit linewidths of ∼3 ppm, allowing for discrimination of species with oxygen and nitrogen coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report measurements of the dynamics of isolated 8Li+ in single crystal rutile TiO2 using β-detected nuclear magnetic resonance. From spin-lattice relaxation and motional narrowing, we find two sets of thermally activated dynamics: one below 100 K and one at higher temperatures. At low temperature, the activation barrier is 26.8(6) meV with prefactor 1.23(5) × 1010 s-1. We suggest this is unrelated to Li+ motion and rather is a consequence of electron polarons in the vicinity of the implanted 8Li+ that are known to become mobile in this temperature range. Above 100 K, Li+ undergoes long-range diffusion as an isolated uncomplexed cation, characterized by an activation energy and prefactor of 0.32(2) eV and 1.0(5) × 1016 s-1, respectively, in agreement with macroscopic diffusion measurements. These results in the dilute limit from a microscopic probe indicate that Li+ concentration does not limit the diffusivity even up to high concentrations but that some key ingredient is missing in the calculations of the migration barrier. The anomalous prefactors provide further insight into both Li+ and polaron motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free radical addition to alkenes is an important aspect of radical mediated polymerization reactions. In this work, we investigated free radical addition to vinylidene fluoride (VDF) in supercritical CO2 (scCO2). scCO2 is an important "green solvent" and polymerization is one of the most important applications of this solvent. Our results suggest a clear selectivity among different free radical reaction channels for reaction of H atom with VDF. In particular the preferred reaction channel in the temperature range of 280 to 420 K and density range of 0.1 to 0.6 g/ cm3 is the addition to the CH2 side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffusion of Li+ in (111) oriented thin films of the spinels Li4 Ti5 O12 and LiTi2 O4 has been studied with 8Li β-detected NMR in the temperature range between5 and 310 K. In Li4 Ti5 O12, the spin-lattice relaxation rate (1/T1) versus temperature shows a clear maximum around 100 K (=Tmax) which we attribute to magnetic freezing of dilute Ti3+ local magnetic moments, consistent with the results of magnetization and muon spin relaxation (μ+ SR) measurements. The decrease in 1/T1 with temperature above T max indicates that Li+ starts to diffuse with a thermal activation energy (Ea) of 0.11(1) eV. In LiTi2 O4, on the contrary, as temperature increases from 200 K, 1/T1 increases monotonically up to 310 K. This suggests that Li also starts to diffuse above 200 K with Ea = 0.16 (2) eV in LiTi2 O4. Comparison with conventional Li-NMR on Li4 Ti5 O12 implies that both β-NMR and μ+ SR sense short-range Li motion, i.e., a jump diffusion of Li+ to the nearest neighboring sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied a mosaic of 1T-CrSe 2 single crystals using β-detected nuclear magnetic resonance of 8 Li from 4 to 300 K. We identify two broad resonances that show no evidence of quadrupolar splitting, indicating two magnetically distinct environments for the implanted ion. We observe stretched exponential spin lattice relaxation and a corresponding rate (1/ T 1 ) that increases monotonically above 200 K, consistent with the onset of ionic diffusion. A pronounced maximum in 1/ T 1 is observed at the low temperature magnetic transition near 20 K. Between these limits, 1/ T 1 exhibits a broad minimum with an anomalous absence of strong features in the vicinity of structural and magnetic transitions between 150 and 200 K. Together, the results suggest 8 Li + site occupation within the van der Waals gap between CrSe 2 trilayers. Possible origins of the two environments are discussed., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

We report rate constants for muonium addition to 1,1-difluoroethylene (vinylidene fluoride) in CO2 at 290-530 K, 40-360 bar, and 0.05-0.90 g cm(-3). Rate constants are mapped against their thermodynamic conditions, demonstrating the kinetic tuning ability of the solvent. The reaction exhibits critical slowing near conditions of maximum solvent isothermal compressibility, where activation volumes of unprecedentedly large magnitudes on the order of ±10(6) cm(3) mol(-1) are observed. Such values are suggestive of pressure being a significant parameter for tuning fluorolkene reactivity.