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Grafting technology is one of the best alternatives to mitigate limiting factors to tomato production (Solanum lycopersicum L). The study aimed to assess grafting combinations of tomato scions and rootstocks of eggplant (S. melongena L.) varieties Gelatik, EG203 line, and Takokak (S. torvum Sw.). Tomato varieties Cervo, Karina, and Timoty were used as scions. The grafted Cervo and Timoty yielded 30% more than non-grafted plants. The results show that grafted tomatoes suppressed disease incidence by more than 20%. The suppression resulted in higher shelf-life capacity and total dissolved solids of more than 10%, red colour intensity (a+) of more than 16%, lycopene content, fruit hardness level of more than 20%, and reduced water content by more than 1%. Vitamin C content was not affected by grafting technology. There is the potential for economic performance in the market for producers and consumers. Grafting technology in tomatoes using eggplants as rootstock could reduce disease incidence and improve agronomic aspects, product quality, and nutrient contents. Different cultivars of scions and rootstock showed different responses. Grafting technology could be disseminated to farmers for economic advantages during the off-season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was aimed at obtaining a vermicelli formulation on a mixture of corn and rice flour, adding carrageenan and its economic analysis. The experiment applied a 2-factorial randomized block design, where factor 1 was a mixture of corn and rice flour (5 levels) and factor 2 was carrageenan concentration (5 levels), repeated three times. The data were analyzed using ANOVA provided in SPSS. When there were significant differences, the analysis proceeded with DMRT at a level of 5% to see differences among treatments. The results show that the higher the corn flour and carrageenan concentration, the higher the vermicelli's ash and fat content. The formulation produces wet vermicelli with a good appearance. The production of vermicelli uses an extruder method. The selected vermicelli formulation was a mixture of 25% corn flour with 75% rice flour and the addition of 0.6% carrageenan. The characteristics of the wet vermicelli are moisture content of 42.84%, ash content of 0.21% on a wet basis (wb), and fat content of 0.43% wb. The organoleptic test of vermicelli was color 3.9 (liked), aroma 3.6 (liked), texture 2.6 (quite soft), taste 3.7 (liked), and general appearance 3.5 (liked). Economically, making vermicelli made of corn and rice flour is profitable because the R/C ratio value is greater than one, which is 2.27. The resulting wet vermicelli resembles wet noodles, large in size and yellow in color, so it can be recommended as gluten-free noodles, suitable for consumption by people with gluten allergies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the glebagan system's effect on shallot farming performance in Central Java, Indonesia. The glebagan system is a yearly cropping rotation with plantation crops under the control of state-owned enterprises. This study employed economic production theory as the fundamental analysis. Brebes district was selected as the study site since the region is one of the centers of shallot production at the national level. Samples for the study were obtained from farmers who grew shallot in the glebagan and conventional systems, with a sample size of 100 for each group. The sample selection criteria include the farmers adopting the glebagan system for two years in technically irrigated lands in the peak season of shallot. The control group was selected based on the same seasons. Production function was employed to analyze the impact of the glebagan system. The results show that farmers growing shallots in the glebagan system gained many advantages. The production of shallot farming in the glebagan system was higher than that of its counterpart, and the system improved the productivity of the land. These findings imply that the glebagan system is functional and can be socialized with other farmers. The system can be modified to shallot and other horticultural crops. The study is novel regarding the analytical model that includes control variables to show the attributable impact of the glebagan system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enforcement of environmental law in Indonesia shows a contradictory nature. The exploitation of natural resources by corporations has caused unparalleled disasters. Yet, the perpetrators, especially those corporations who work in collective, are rarely able to be persecuted. This research aims to examine the obstacles to environmental law enforcement in Indonesia and analyze the ideal environmental law enforcement model for future use. This research uses a qualitative approach which examines the concepts related to the ideal law enforcement for the future (ius constituendum). Our examination finds that there are three main obstacles in enforcing environmental law in Indonesia: the inability to deal with corporations which have strong political backing, overlapping authorities in the process of crime investigation, and difficulties faced by law enforcement officers in finding evidence. In light of these findings, we propose a model of legal protection for victims of pollution and/ or environmental destruction using the principle of restorative justice. In this model, judges can represent facilitators from the state for the initial stage. The value of this model is that rather than only pursuing punishment for the perpetrators, it shifts the focus towards providing compensation for the victims by the perpetrators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian agricultural sector provides a high proportion of employment for the rural community. However, the farmers' livelihood is relatively low. Sending the farmers to non-formal education will enhance the livelihood of the community. In this study, we analyze the impact of farmer field school on Indonesia's rural community livelihoods. Data were collected using a participatory approach from 270 farmer groups that completed farmer field school in Sumatra, Java, and Bali. The results show that the farmer field school generated positive impacts on five capitals. Farmers realized the benefits of participating in the field school. They could increase farming efficiency by applying technology innovations, knowledge, and skills obtained from the field school. Farmer livelihoods in the community have been substantially enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional farming that changes to profitable agribusiness can serve a machine for rural modernisation. This article assesses factors that determined the decision of smallholder vegetable producers to participate in vegetable-based agribusiness and analyses the impact of agribusiness participation and other determinants on the economic returns. Structural equation modelling was employed to show a proposed model of cumulative causation theory. Data were compiled from a quantitative survey of 357 selected farm households located in major vegetable-producing areas of Bali and Java, Indonesia. Results show that human capital and household endowment motivated farmers to participate in vegetable-based agribusiness. Women's participation significantly contributed to agribusiness participation and agribusiness participation led to income generation. Opportunities exist to expand vegetable-based agribusiness and increase farmers' income by providing adequate access to transportation infrastructure, an advantageous agribusiness environment, and investing in human capital through training and extension services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of enhanced knowledge and technology innovations, which were resulted from training, on the simultaneous production of rice and soybean in Java, Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach: A model of product possibility frontier with two outputs produced using the same resources was employed. Based on the model, supply responses of soybean and rice were derived. Aggregate data consisting of 12 regions during the ten years of 2000–2009 were compiled from relevant agricultural institutions at the provincial level. Findings: Improvement in farmers' capacity has been able to increase production of soybean and rice simultaneously. Farmers' capacity increased after completion of the school. Knowledge and skill gained from the school have been applied to both rice and soybean farming. Other economic factors also affected the supply response of both commodities. Research limitations/implications: Available data covered periods 2000–2009. However, the outcomes are still relevant to the current situation because food crops are the basic necessity. This study used secondary aggregate data, which might be less accurate than primary data. However, secondary data have the advantage concerning coverage and time span. Practical implications: The Government, in collaboration with non-government organisations and the private sectors, should continue to enhance farmers' capacity to increase the production of food crops to feed people in Indonesia, and over the world in general. Originality/value: An analysis of joint production using a concept of product transformation curve can measure the impact of training on multi products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the welfare impact of intensive chilli farming and determines the factors motivating farmers to engage in commercial farming. This study uses a structural equation model that measures the direct and indirect effects of explanatory variables on intensive chilli production and welfare. This study uses data of field surveys of randomly selected 220 farmers in three regions of Java. The results show that stepping up to intensive and profit‐oriented farming improved farmers' welfare. Internal and external factors, directly and indirectly, affected farmers' decision to devote more resources to commercial chilli farming. Farmers' knowledge, as well as access to credit, technology adoption, marketplace, and traders, played significant roles in improving rural welfare. The government needs to reform marketing system of horticultural products and establish market infrastructures to accommodate oversupply during peak season. Easy and flexible credit should be available and accessible to farmers, with technology applicable to such agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the impact of farmer field schools (FFS) on the productivity of vegetable farming in vegetable‐producing areas of East Java and Bali, Indonesia. The FFS have equipped over 3,000 vegetable farmers with integrated crop management knowledge applicable to chilies and tomatoes. The FFS are expected to enhance farmers’ capacity such that they can increase production. This study employs a difference‐in‐differences (DiD) method to overcome selection bias. A survey of 250 FFS‐graduated farmers and 250 non‐FFS farmers were purposively randomly selected from the overall community of farmers. Focus group discussion was used to support the survey. The results indicate that FFS were successful for enhancing farmers’ capability in vegetable farming. Farmers who participated in FFS have higher productivity than those who did not. Farmers also could adapt and adopt the knowledge gained from FFS as they underwent a process of learning by doing. The impacts of the increase in farmers’ capacity can be more evident if weaknesses during the FFS preparation and implementation can be overcome, to ensure more participation, flexibility to fit different conditions/needs and continuous learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If growers can step up from subsistence production to intensive commercial farming, there should be an impact on their welfare. Profitability of vegetable farming and factors that determine farmers’ intentions to commercialize vegetable-based enterprises in rural areas were examined using factor share and multiple regression approaches. Personal characteristics, changes in technology, and factors affecting the business environment were hypothesized to influence farmers to commercialize vegetable farming. A quantitative survey was used to obtain data from 356 respondents in four vegetable-producing regions of rural east Java and Bali, Indonesia, during 2013-2014. Vegetable farming returns profits. There is an opportunity to expand vegetable-based agribusiness by making farm credit, market information, and crop management technologies more accessible to farmers. To encourage commercial vegetable farming, vegetable agribusiness terminals, with all market infrastructures, could support vegetable production in rural Indonesia. The rural community could profitably engage in vegetable-based enterprises to increase farmers’ income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse aspects of technological change in rice agriculture, related to adoption of the Green Revolution (GR) in Indonesia. Rice production is selected in this study because it plays an important role in the development of Indonesian economy. Particular attention is paid to the use of agrochemicals that has potentials of contaminating the environment. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses an econometric model to investigate the impact of different technologies and policies related to rice production. Production function technology that enables non-neutrality of input use is the underlying concept of this paper. Types of land and transformation in policies related to rice production were accounted for to determine biased technological change. National-wide data were compiled from the Indonesian Bureau of Statistics. Findings – The results show that rice agriculture underwent technological progress with biased technological change. The technological change was capital- and labour-saving, and agrochemical-augmenting. Production system in wetland led to technological change less capital- and labour-intensive, whilst the GR led to technological change more labour-saving and more agrochemical-augmenting. Research limitations/implications – This study only pays attention to environmentally detrimental inputs as a cause of externalities. This is a not full representation of real environmental consequences. In some studies on environmental degradation associated with intensive agricultural practices, however, there are other factors that can degrade the environment, such as soil erosion and soil compaction resulting from certain agricultural practices, and deforestation resulting from agricultural expansion. These are also important environmental impacts. The author expects that these factors are interesting and challenging subjects to be modelled in future research on sustainability of agricultural productivity growth, both theoretically and empirically. Practical implications – Increase in use of agrochemicals was strongly GR linked. Moving from the GR towards more environmentally friendly policy was a wise step to reach sustainable rice production. After the GR, an act that removed pesticide subsidies and disseminated environmentally friendly technology, called integrated pest management was able to reduce the intensity of agrochemical use in rice agriculture. Further actions to support environmentally friendly policy could be the use of bio-agents such as bio-fertilisers and bio-pesticides. Enhancing farmers’ knowledge on the environmental issues and engaging farmers as a part of agro-ecosystem would synergise the actions. Originality/value – This study uses the concept of biased technological change, estimated econometrically using national-level data. The production function used in this analysis enables non-neutrality of agrochemical use. When the result significantly shows the agrochemical-augmenting technological change, it is a convincing evidence, not just by accident, that the GR really led to environmental problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Chilli plays an important role in the Indonesian economy through its multiplier effect. The recent rapid growth of chilli production in Indonesia can be explained by the development of agricultural and communication technologies and improved market infrastructure. The purpose of this paper is to analyse factors that affect farmers’ decisions to adopt chilli-based agribusinesses. Intensive chilli farming, as a part of agricultural commercialisation, is considered a technological package that is more profitable but also more input- and labour-intensive than the production of rice or other cereal crops. Design/methodology/approach – This study used a logit model to estimate the farmers’ decision function. Personal characteristics, technical factors and business environment were hypothesised to influence farmers’ decisions to adopt intensive chilli farming. Data for this study were compiled from surveys conducted during 2009-2011. The surveys interviewed 300 farmer households in three main chilli producing regions of Java, Indonesia. Findings – The results indicate that younger farmers, and also farmers with more experience, were more likely to adopt chilli farming. Availability of chilli production technology and the use of mobile phones prompted farmers to adopt chilli farming. Access to vegetable markets, credit, and market information were other factors driving farmers’ decisions to take up chilli production. Most farmers were motivated to grow chilli to increase their incomes. Ecological factors were also the reasons. Research limitations/implications – The sample for this research is quite low. However, the sample was drawn from representative potential chilli production areas in Indonesia. Originality/value – There is room to increase the number of chilli-based agribusinesses in Indonesia. Intensive chilli farming should be introduced to young farmers and those with experience in vegetable production. Farm credit, market information, and agronomic technologies should be made more available and accessible to farmers. Strengthening communication networks among farmers through the use of mobile phones is the best way to encourage farmers to adopt intensive chilli farming. Vegetable markets should be established in potential chilli producing regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is a politically strategic commodity in Indonesia. The government seeks to ensure that rice production meets the needs of domestic consumption and, accordingly, is interested in its performance as a matter of considerable policy significance. This study addresses its performance in accordance with several determining factors, underlying which is the concept of technical efficiency. Panel aggregate data on input-output rice production in 23 provinces during 1993-2013 are employed for estimating frontier production functions. The results indicate that variation in rice production across regions of the country is due primarily to technical efficiency. Sources of variation within technical efficiency include intensification, training programmes, land fertility and local culture. Of the regions investigated, rice production in Bali has been the most efficient. Overall, efficiency of production is low and has marginally decreased over time in all regions. The study concludes that there is considerable room for productivity improvements through increases in efficiency. Training in relevant agricultural methods, the creation of wetlands, and an improvement in irrigation infrastructure are the best ways to enhance rice production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An evaluation of a farmer field school (FFS) program for chili peppers was conducted to measure impacts on farmers' knowledge of chili pepper integrated crop management (ICM) in Aceh Province, Indonesia. Chili production was selected as the target intervention topic because of its importance in Aceh's economy. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to assess impacts of FFS; 270 FFS-graduate farmers were interviewed and eight farmer groups were surveyed. By integrating descriptive and simple statistical analyses, we measure immediate impacts of FFS, which also makes this study's methods and findings different from others in the literature. The results show that farmers' knowledge on agricultural practices increased significantly due to FFS. In addition, in the future, farmers expected that their chili yields would increase and their pesticide use would decrease. FFS improved farmer cohesiveness and information sharing. Farmers' knowledge of insect pests, diseases and natural enemies increased considerably, as did their awareness of pesticide-related hazards. In sum, FFS successfully delivered improved technology and enhanced knowledge to enable farmers to grow chili with sustainable practices and higher profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Productivity of Indonesian rice agriculture needs to grow substantially to ensure national food security. However, the environmental cost should be taken into account. This study aims to analyse productivity growth of rice by decomposing it into technological change, scale effects, allocative efficiency and technical efficiency. Environmental cost associated with the use of environmentally detrimental inputs is internalised to obtain environmentally adjusted productivity growth. The result indicates that total factor productivity growth is driven by technological change and social efficiency effects. Environmentally adjusted productivity growth is less than conventional productivity growth. Some policies to increase the environmentally adjusted productivity growth are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze Indonesia's export of textiles after the abolishment of the quota system from a gravity model perspective. The textile industry is selected because of its growth trend in Indonesia. Bilateral foreign aid is included as a proxy of the close friendship between Indonesia and its trading partners. Data were compiled from various sources, comprising target-export countries during 1999-2009, and a linear regression model was used to estimate the significance of gravity. The results show that the presence of foreign aid leads to higher volumes of textile exports. As expected, distance has a negative impact at a decreasing rate, and Indonesia's income per capita has a negative impact as well. This indicates that an increase in Indonesia's income per capita leads to higher domestic consumption. Similarly, the income per capita in export-target countries has a positive impact, wherein international demand for textile increases, leading to an increase in the export of Indonesian textiles. Increases in the price of textiles and the exchange rate lead to a lower volume of exports. Indonesia should increase investment in the textile industry to fulfill domestic demand and reduce its dependency on imported raw materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses technological change in Indonesian rice agriculture. An analysis of data compiled by the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics shows that rice agriculture has undergone technological progress with non-neutral technological change that has been capital and labour saving and chemical intensive. Recent agricultural policy reforms, which include the dissemination and implementation of environmentally friendly technology, however, appear to have been successful in reducing chemical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which estimates the demand for pesticides in rice farming and to analyze the impact of integrated pest management (IPM) technology on pesticide use in Java, Indonesia. According to the author of the study, aggregate cross-section times series data from 1990-1998 are used. The study shows that IPM technology lessens the use of pesticides by enhancing the process of rice production, such that pesticides are more efficiently used. The study demonstrates that there is an indication that IPM technology has been adopted by farmers.

This article discusses whether agricultural subsidies in developed countries benefit or harm the majority of the poor in developing countries. Subsidized agricultural exports to developing countries and food aid kill the output markets of smallholders. The unfair competition, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, together with blatant neglect of agriculture in public policy, hinders agricultural growth. It mentions that agricultural growth throughout history has been the engine of overall economic growth.

This study aims to analyze econometrically the impact of IPM training on farmers' economic way of thinking about pest management. The IPM training is expected to increase farmers' acceptable level of pest attack, and reduce pesticide use. The study was conducted in Java, where the training has been widely performed. Panel data on soybeans during 1990 - 1998 were collected from provincial agricultural agencies. Simultaneous equation models were employed to estimate a function of economic threshold and a function for pest control. Estimation was conducted using random effect panel regressions. The results indicate that pesticide use decreased as the amount of IPM training increased. This means that after participating the training, farmers' subjective economic thresholds for soybean pests increased and pesticide use was delayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perception of farmers in dealing with the phenomenon of climate change is to minimize the impact of reducing the productivity of agricultural products. Climate change which has an impact on the agricultural sector is also caused by unsustainable agricultural practices. Several studies have examined the adoption of organic farming innovations that are sustainable from an environmental aspect and increase farmer income. However, there has been no research on farmers' knowledge and perceptions of implementing organic farming as a climate change adaptation strategy. This research aims to analyze the factors that shape farmers' negative perceptions of organic farming and characteristics of the farmers. The sampling technique in this research uses a probability sampling approach with a total of 80 farmers with interviews using two languages, namely Javanese (local language) and Indonesian to make it easier to understand the research questions. This research used Second Order CFA with WarpPLS 5.0. The basic theory that is found in this study is farmers pay more attention to the attributes of innovation, observability of yields, and access to information. Farmers in Makmur Sejahtera Farmers Group are classified as laggards and late majority. The visible results from the demo plot of organic farming are lower than the results from land that applies conventional farming. Farmers prefer to use pesticides and chemical fertilizers to deal with pest explosions due to climate change. Based on the results, the adoption of organic farming for an adaptive climate change impact with a management policy was recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]