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Plant species used on green roofs in Brazil are of predominantly exotic origin, which is at variance with the diversity of plants available naturally in the country. This study aims to evaluate the development and adaptation of different species of the flora of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using the extensive green roof system in the presence and absence of irrigation. Eight treatments were carried out using three species native (Al- ternanthera hirtula, Angelonia integerrima and Dyckia hebdingii) and one exotic species (Aptenia cordifolia), which had their development evaluated in the presence and absence of irrigation. Monthly evaluations were carried out over twelve months to assess height, vegetation cover, maintenance of aerial vegetation, visual aspect of plants, shoot dry matter, and root dry matter. For Dyckia hebdingii and Aptenia cordifolia, the height showed a linear growth independent from the irrigation regime and a decrease in temperature in colder seasons. A. hirtula and A. integralerrima presented oscillation in height increase influenced by environmental temperature conditions. The same behavior was observed for vegetation cover. For most of the time, all species maintained an adequate visual aspect, except for the period when A. hirtula and A. integerrima entered senescence. For shoot and root dry matter, only A. hirtula showed higher values when irrigated among the native species tested. It is concluded that the different species of native flora of the state of Rio Grande do Sul tested have a potential for use on extensive green roofs without the need for irrigation under the conditions in which the present work was developed.

Contextualización: Sustrato es todo el material poroso, que, asociado a una maceta, proporciona ancoraje y suficientes niveles de agua y oxígeno al desarrollo de las plantas. Vacío de conocimiento: Algunos materiales cuando adjuntados a la formulación suelen generar alteraciones en el producto final, las cuales pueden ser desventajosas, dependientes de su aplicación. Propósito del estudio: Evaluar la influencia del suelo mineral bajo sus características química y física, cuando utilizado cómo componente de sustrato para plantas. Metodología: Se empleó un argisol rojo distrófico típico, que se autoclavó, tamizó (malla 4,75 mm) y posteriormente se mezcló bajo diferentes proporciones (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) con turba de Sphagnum o polvo-de-coco (v/v). Las mezclas se sometieron a la caracterización física, química y biológica. Se empleó el diseño estadístico enteramente casualizado, con tres repeticiones por tratamiento. Los datos se sometieron al análisis de varianza y regresión polinomial (P < 0,05). Resultados y conclusiones: Al añadirse suelo en la formulación de los sustratos hubo disminución en la conductividad eléctrica y manutención del pH, además del aumento expresivo en las densidades húmeda y seca, y reducción en la porosidad total, espacio de aireación, disponibilidad y capacidad de retención de agua. Además, se encontraron hongos y nematodos en el suelo, que puede ser un inoculador de patógenos. Por lo tanto, el empleo de suelo mineral cómo componente de sustrato, además de generar formulaciones con características de cultivo inadecuadas, pudiendo influenciar negativamente el crecimiento y desarrollo vegetal, provoca daños ambientales debido a su extracción, conllevando a una producción insostenible a largo plazo.

Campomanesia aurea is a sub-shrub species native to the Pampa Biome, popularly known as “guabirobinha-do-campo”. It has an ornamental potential for use in pots or gardens due to its small size, irregular shape, intense flowering and aroma. One of the main factors for production is an adequate use of fertilizers and balanced fertilizations. The objective was to evaluate the growth of seedlings and nutrient leaf accumulation of C. aurea submitted to doses of controlled release fertilizer (CRF). C. aurea seedlings were transplanted to containers containing composted pinus bark and CRF doses of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 g L-1. Height, chlorophyll index, number of stems, base diameter, leaf area, Dickson Quality Index, shoot dry matter, root dry matter and nutrient leaf accumulation were evaluated. For height, base diameter and number of stems, the point of maximum response was at the concentration 6.8, 6.6 and 6.9 g L-1 CRF, respectively. For shoot dry matter, leaf area and chlorophyll, we verified increase up to the concentration 8.1, 7.8 and 8.0 g L-1, respectively. There was a positive quadratic behavior for most nutrients, with the exception of Cu and Mn, which linearly increased with the increase of fertilizer dose. The application of CRF on C. aurea seedlings between 7 and 8 g L-1 substrate promoted an increase on the main growth characteristics of ornamental importance and provides superior results on nutrient leaf content.

Entre os principais problemas relacionados ao manejo da vegetação nessa região, merece destaque a expansão da gramínea exótica Eragrostis plana Ness, que apresenta elevada capacidade de colonização dos campos naturais e tendência de exclusão da comunidade vegetal nativa. Algumas plantas são capazes de sintetizar determinados metabólitos secundários, liberados no ambiente e que podem interferir no ciclo de vida de outras plantas. A espécie Luehea divaricata Martius tem grande potencial para ser utilizada no controle do capim-annoni. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito de extratos de L. divaricata sobre a germinação, a emergência e o crescimento de plântulas de capim-annoni. Foram realizados dois experimentos: um em casa de vegetação para a avaliação da porcentagem de emergência (%E), índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE), comprimento da parte aérea e massa seca total de plantas; e outro em laboratório para a avaliação da porcentagem de germinação (%G), índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), comprimento do sistema radicular. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1- água destilada; T2- extrato de L. divaricata 40 g.L-1 , T3- extrato de L. divaricata 80 g.L-1 e T4- extrato de L. divaricata 120 g.L-1 e o delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualisado. Os extratos de L. divaricata diminuem o índice de velocidade de emergência e comprimento do sistema radicular e aumentam o comprimento da parte aérea e massa seca total, não interferindo na porcentagem de germinação, porcentagem de emergência e índice de velocidade de germinação.

Angelonia integerrima é uma espécie nativa que possui potencial ornamental podendo ser cultivada em canteiros, floreiras, vasos, ou ainda ser utilizada como complemento em arranjos florais. Para o cultivo da espécie são requeridos conhecimentos sobre nutrição mineral e os adubos de liberação lenta têm-se difundido nos últimos anos, já que apresentam menor risco de causar toxicidade às culturas, economia com relação a adubações complementares e podem ser uma alternativa para o cultivo de plantas em vaso. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de Angelonia integerrima Sprengel em vasos, sob doses de adubo de liberação lenta. Mudas oriundas de sementes germinadas in vitro, com aproximadamente 1 cm de altura foram aclimatizadas e, posteriormente transplantadas para vasos de 1L contendo substrato de casca de Pinus compostada. Foram utilizadas cinco doses do fertilizante de liberação lenta Basacote® 9M, formulação 16-8-12 (N - P2O5 - K2O: controle - 0 g L-1, 2,5 g L-1, 5,0 g L-1, 7,5 g L-1 e 10,0 g L-1. As plantas foram cultivadas em casa de vegetação sob irrigação por gotejamento e, após 286 dias de cultivo, foram avaliados comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento da maior inflorescência, número de hastes, diâmetro da maior haste, comprimento médio das hastes, número de flores abertas, botões, frutos e flores senescentes, clorofila a, b e total, massa da matéria seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de seis vasos por parcela. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) seguido de regressão polinomial pelo SigmaPlot 11.0. Foi possível ajustar uma equação quadrática para as variáveis: comprimento da parte aérea (com ponto de máxima resposta em 7,2 g L-1), comprimento médio das hastes (6,7 g L-1), diâmetro da maior haste (6,4 g L-1), massa da matéria seca da parte aérea (7,8 g L-1) e do sistema radicular (5,9 g L-1), número de flores abertas, botões, flores senescentes e total de flores (7,7 g L-1). Já para as variáveis, número de hastes, número de frutos, clorofila a, b e total não diferiram entre os tratamentos. A dose indicada para o cultivo da espécie em vaso é de 7,2 g L-1 do adubo de liberação lenta.

The objective of this study is to test stem apex sizes in the in vitro establishing of Angelonia integerrima in order to obtain explants without by fungi and bacteria contamination for further multiplications. The treatments consisted of different stem apex sizes (1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 and 11.0 mm). At 45 and 90 days of cultivation, a count of contaminated explants and a count of shoots per explant formed were performed. In a second experiment, explants were cultivated in a medium containing different concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mg L-1). After 56 days of cultivation, the following variables were evaluated: shoot length, shoot fresh mass and number of shoots. During the explant establishment phase (45 days), only stem apexes with 1.0 mm in size were not contaminated. However, in the second subculture (at 90 days), only shoots from initial explants, with 7 mm in size or larger, were contaminated. Regarding multiplication, the presence of BAP showed a positive linear behavior for all variables. It is possible to obtain A. integerrima seedlings free of contamination in vitro by fungi and bacteria, using initial explants less than or equal to 5 mm. IBA provided a linear increment for the multiplication of this species.

The objective of this study is to test stem apex sizes in the in vitro establishing of Angelonia integerrima in order to obtain explants without by fungi and bacteria contamination for further multiplications. The treatments consisted of different stem apex sizes (1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 and 11.0 mm). At 45 and 90 days of cultivation, a count of contaminated explants and a count of shoots per explant formed were performed. In a second experiment, explants were cultivated in a medium containing different concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mg L-1). After 56 days of cultivation, the following variables were evaluated: shoot length, shoot fresh mass and number of shoots. During the explant establishment phase (45 days), only stem apexes with 1.0 mm in size were not contaminated. However, in the second subculture (at 90 days), only shoots from initial explants, with 7 mm in size or larger, were contaminated. Regarding multiplication, the presence of BAP showed a positive linear behavior for all variables. It is possible to obtain A. integerrima seedlings free of contamination in vitro by fungi and bacteria, using initial explants less than or equal to 5 mm. IBA provided a linear increment for the multiplication of this species.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the concentration of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and substrates in the rooting of apical cuttings of Angelonia integerrima. Powder IBA was used at the concentrations 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 mg kg-1, and two substrates containing carbonized rice husks (CRH) and commercial substrate based on Sphagnum peat were used. The number of rooted cuttings, shoot length, root system length, number of new leaves, root system volume, callus formation at the cutting base, and shoot and root dry matter were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with a factorial design (5 IBA concentrations x 2 substrates). There were no interactions between the concentrations of IBA and the substrates. There was a difference only for the factor substrate. The cuttings presented an average rooting of 79%, with callus formation in 59.4% of them. The CRH substrate presented the highest shoot length and the highest number of new leaves. The commercial substrate resulted in a high average root volume, a large root length and a great increase in root dry matter. In the rooting by cutting of A. integerrima is not necessary to use IBA and the commercial substratum based on peat or CRH can be used.

Campomanesia aurea is a potentially ornamental native fruit shrub. There are no studies on the seed germination capacity and fruit properties of the species. Therefore, the main goal of this paper was to describe the seed germination and the physical and chemical properties of fruits from two C. aurea accession areas. The study was conducted with fruits collected from two native vegetation areas located in the Morro do Osso Natural Park and in the municipality of Barão do Triunfo, Brazil. Physical and chemical analyzes, seed counting and germination tests were performed. Results were submitted to ANOVA and the means were compared by t test at 5% error probability. C. aurea has oblong-shaped fruits weighting around 1.26 g with a high content of vitamin C. Each fruit usually has four intact seeds of which 3% are polyembryonic. Seed germination averaged 93% in 20 days. It is concluded that the C. aurea fruits collected from two different accession areas differ in the concentration of TSS, TSS/TA ratio and vitamin C content, but not physically. Seeds have shown a high germination rate.

Peltodon longipes is used as a stimulant and emmenagogue. The objective of this study was to perform genotoxic and chromatographic analyses of the extracts of two samples of P. longipes, collected from the cities of Santa Maria and Tupanciretã, RS, Brazil. The Allium cepa assay was used to analyze genotoxicity while high-performance liquid chromatography was employed to determine phenolic compounds. The genotoxicity experiment consisted of nine groups each comprising four A. cepa bulbs. Bulb roots were developed in distilled water and then transferred for the treatments, for 24 hours, and the negative control remained in water. The treatments were: aqueous extracts at concentrations of 5 and 15 g L-1 for each sample, plus four groups treated with 1% glyphosate, one of which was used as a positive control and the other three for testing DNA damage recovery using water and the extracts of P. longipes from Santa Maria. All extracts of P. longipes exhibited anti-proliferative potential, although the effect was significantly greater for the extracts from the Tupanciretã sample. This sample also contained the highest amount of rosmarinic acid and kaempferol, which may confer the effects found in these extracts. Only extracts from the Santa Maria sample exhibited genotoxic potential.

Punica granatum L., locally known as romanzeira, is native to Asia but found throughout Brazil. P. granatum is used for treating inflammatory, infectious and respiratory diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chromatography and genotoxicity of an aqueous extract of P. granatum (pomegranate) fruit peel using the Allium cepa L. test. The experiment set-up entailed 7 treatments: T1-distilled water, T2-tea 5 g.L-1, T3-tea 10 g.L-1, T4-glyphosate at 9.6%, T5-glyphosate with subsequent recovery in distilled water, T6-glyphosate with subsequent recovery in tea 5 g.L-1 and T7-glyphosate with subsequent recovery in tea 10 g.L-1. The rootlets were collected and fixed in ethanol:acetic acid (3:1) for 24 hours, then stored in 70% ethanol under refrigeration. Analysis was performed using high performance liquid chromatography for the quantification of the extracted phenolic compounds. Gallic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, and rutin were abundant in the extracts of P. granatum. The extracts were found to exhibit antiproliferative potential but not antimutagenic or genotoxic activity.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative and antigenotoxic activity of Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. aqueous extracts on the cell cycle of Allium cepa L. as well as determine the phenolic compounds in such extracts. S. australis inflorescences and leaves of two accessions were used for aqueous extract preparation at concentrations: 0.003 g/ml and 0.012 g/ml. A. cepa bulbs were rooted in distilled water and, subsequently, placed in treatments for 24 hours. Rootlets were collected and fixed in modified Carnoy’s solution for 24 hours and kept. The squash technique was performed for slide preparation. Root tips were smashed and stained with 2% acetic orcein, and a total of 4000 cells per treatment were analyzed. The phenolic compounds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and data was analyzed using the Scott-Knott test. The results show that S. australis aqueous extracts have antiproliferative potential. Besides, the extracts prepared from S. australis leaves of both accessions at a concentration of 0.012 g/ml have shown antigenotoxic activity. The phytochemical analysis allowed us to determine the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids, of which kaempferol and chrologenic acid were the most predominant compounds in the extracts from the inflorescences and leaves, respectively.

Calceolaria x herbeohybrida Voss (pocketbook plant, calceolaria) is an herbaceous perennial and floriferous species that can be grown in pots or beds. Nitrogen is usually the most required nutrient, being necessary to conduct studies in order to provide useful information for agronomic practices. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate nitrogen doses in the growth of Calceolaria x herbeohybrida in pots. Initially, assorted and pelleted calceolaria seeds were sow in multicellular trays containing a commercial substrate based on peat and kept in a floating irrigation system in a protected environment. At the greenhouse, seedlings with four true leaves were transplanted into 1 L pots containing the same substrate and a drip irrigation system. The treatments consisted of different nitrogen doses (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 or 4.0 g of N L-1) applied weekly using ammonium nitrate as source. Fertilization with P and K was also done, and all treatments received de same dose. At the end of the experimental period, shoot length, leaf area, shoot and root dry matter, number of buds and flowers, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications and five plants per plot. The data were treated with ANOVA and the means were treated with regression analysis using the SigmaPlot 11.0 software. There was no survival of plants at the highest N dose (4.0 g L-1). Shoot length showed a quadratic behavior, with a maximum point at 1.25 g L-1, where plants reached 13.3 cm. There was a similar behavior for the variable leaf area, with the highest point at 1.24 g L-1. Shoot dry mass presented the maximum point at a dose of 1.20 g L-1, resulting in 4.21 g of dry matter. Regarding root dry matter, no equation could be adjusted. For the variable number of buds and flowers, the highest point was at a dose of 1.20 g L-1, with 35.86 buds and flowers per plant. For chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, the maximum point was at 1.5 g L-1. The ideal nitrogen dose is between 1.2 and 1.5 g L-1 for most variables.

The species Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (orange) is used in folk medicine as an infusion (tea) for the treatment of nerve irritation, insomnia, spasms, whooping cough, flue, and gastrointestinal problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative and genotoxic potential of aqueous extracts of C. sinensis testing by Allium cepa L., as well as to determine the components in the complex mixture (tea). Leaves from two populations of this species were used in the preparation of infusions at two concentrations: 6g.L-1 and 24g.L-1, besides using distilled water as a negative control and 9.6% glyphosate as a positive control. Six groups of four bulbs of A. cepa were used, each group corresponding to one of the treatments. The bulbs were rooted in distilled water and then transferred to the respective treatments where they remained for 24 hours (the bulbs of the negative control remained in distilled water). The rootlets were collected, fixated in ethanol-acetic acid (3:1) for 24 hours and stored in 70% alcohol. 4,000 cells were analyzed per group of bulbs, and the calculated mitotic indices were submitted to statistical analysis using the c2 test. The aqueous extracts of C. sinensis have as main components flavonoids and phenolic acids. The values of the mitotic index decreased with increasing concentration of the extracts relative to the control in water. The results indicated that the orange aqueous extracts in the studied concentrations in both populations have antiproliferative and genotoxic effects on the cell cycle of A. cepa.

The species Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (orange) is used in folk medicine as an infusion (tea) for the treatment of nerve irritation, insomnia, spasms, whooping cough, flue, and gastrointestinal problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative and genotoxic potential of aqueous extracts of C. sinensis testing by Allium cepa L., as well as to determine the components in the complex mixture (tea). Leaves from two populations of this species were used in the preparation of infusions at two concentrations: 6g.L-1 and 24g.L-1, besides using distilled water as a negative control and 9.6% glyphosate as a positive control. Six groups of four bulbs of A. cepa were used, each group corresponding to one of the treatments. The bulbs were rooted in distilled water and then transferred to the respective treatments where they remained for 24 hours (the bulbs of the negative control remained in distilled water). The rootlets were collected, fixated in ethanol-acetic acid (3:1) for 24 hours and stored in 70% alcohol. 4,000 cells were analyzed per group of bulbs, and the calculated mitotic indices were submitted to statistical analysis using the c2 test. The aqueous extracts of C. sinensis have as main components flavonoids and phenolic acids. The values of the mitotic index decreased with increasing concentration of the extracts relative to the control in water. The results indicated that the orange aqueous extracts in the studied concentrations in both populations have antiproliferative and genotoxic effects on the cell cycle of A. cepa.

Resumo Devido à dificuldade de obtenção de mudas de Agelonia integerrima, espécie com potencial ornamental, a partir de sementes, por métodos convencionais, foram desenvolvidos estudos com o objetivo de testar a viabilidade da produção de mudas in vitro. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos: a) germinação de sementes armazenadas em dois locais (ambiente refrigerado e bancada de laboratório) e concentrações de sais (100, 75 e 50%) do meio MS; b) multiplicação com benzilaminopurina (BAP) (0,0, 0,5 e 1,0 mg L-1) e ácido naftalenoacético (ANA) (0,0, 0,1 e 0,5 mg L-1); c) enraizamento in vitro com ácido indolbutírico (AIB) (0; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,0 mg L-1); d) aclimatização das mudas. Sementes armazenadas sob ambiente refrigerado apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação e de plântulas formadas. A germinação não foi afetada pela concentração de sais do meio. Para a multiplicação, houve interação entre as concentrações de BAP e ANA, recomendando-se utilizar 1,0 mg L-1 de BAP e 0,1 mg L-1 de ANA. No enraizamento, foi ajustada uma equação quadrática para as variáveis: porcentagem de formação de calo e enraizamento, sendo que a concentração de 0,83 mg L-1 é o ponto de máxima resposta para a porcentagem de enraizamento. A espécie apresentou 50,8% de aclimatização.