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Introduction: Kidney stones (renal calculi), are a common urological problem affecting millions worldwide. Madhuca longifolia (M. longifolia), commonly known as Mahua, has a rich history of medicinal use in various traditional systems, including Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). This review aims to explore the therapeutic potential of M. longifolia in the management of kidney stones through the lens of TCM. Methods: Examination of the therapeutic efficacy of M. longifolia in the context of TCM for the treatment of kidney stones was undertaken by performing an exhaustive literature review via internet-based databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Keywords such as ''Madhuca longifolia,'' ''Mahua,'' ''kidney stones,'' ''renal calculi,'' ''Pharmacological activity,'' and ''Traditional Chinese Medicine'' were used to ensure the inclusivity of relevant literature. Studies published between 1972 and 2019 were considered. Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed articles, systematic reviews, focusing on the health impacts of plant-based diets. Information on the subspecies and cultivars of common names and the scientific names was verified using the Plant List (www.theplantlist.org) database. We retrieved and utilised it for the review of 80 articles. Results: The literature review revealed several studies highlighting the potential therapeutic effects of M. longifolia in the management of kidney stones. The bioactive compounds present in M. longifolia, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and saponins, exhibit diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and litholytic properties, which contribute to the dissolution and prevention of kidney stones. Furthermore, Madhuca longifolia demonstrates various pharmacognostic activities, reducing the risk of renal damage associated with kidney stone formation. Discussion: Traditional Chinese Medicine recognizes M. longifolia as a valuable botanical resource for the medical management of kidney calculi. It presents a natural and comprehensive strategy for managing the intricacies associated with kidney stones.

Among the eight treatments (plant-based and selective chemical insecticides) imposed on castor against lepidopteran defoliators of castor exhibited significant variation (p £ 0.01; F-value = 5.199) with respect to natural parasitization of castor semi-looper. Among the eight treatments, natural parasitization was significantly highest (80.12%) in T1 (Cucumber + T. chilonis @ 2 lakh eggs/ha at 30 days after sowing (DAS)) followed by T0 (Control) (76.08%). Further, T7 (Pongamia oil @ 2%) (74.39%), T3 (Profenophos 50 EC @ 0.03%) (74.14%), T6 (Neem oil @ 2%) (71.46%), T5 (Mahuva oil @ 2%) (71.19%) and T2 (Fenvalerate 20 EC @ 0.02%) (69.64%) were found next in the order with respect to natural parasitization of castor semi-looper. Significantly lowest natural parasitization was recorded in T4 (Quinalphos 25 EC @ 0.05%) (63.07%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that about $6 trillion is needed to subsidize fossil fuels to meet the ensuing population demand by 2025. This encompassed explicit subsidies and tax incentives, as well as unaccounted expenses related to health and environmental consequences that were not integrated into the fossil fuel pricing structure. This staggering amount equates to an approximate daily expenditure of $11 billion. Our present research is intended to reduce the investment cost of fossil fuels at the macro level and provide non-cost benefits at the micro level. In this background, this paper aims to prove the performance, emission, and characteristics of a standard (SE) and coated (CE) Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) diesel engine with various compression ratios (CR) (17, 19, and 21) and mahua biodiesel blends (B20, B40, and B60). The experiment is conducted at a maximum power of 5.2 kW and an engine speed of 1500 rpm. Mahua biodiesel is prepared by a two-stage transesterification process and blended with diesel by volume. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are conducted to examine thermal stability and the presence of functional groups in biodiesel blends. It is found from the TGA that the reduction in mass loss with diesel and biodiesel blends of B20, B40, and B60 achieved thermal stability quickly. FTIR analysis confirmed the existence of the functional group in the biodiesel blends. From the performance test, it is observed that values of minimum brakespecific fuel consumption (0.3097 kg/kWhr), maximum brake thermal efficiency (29.92%), and reduction in exhaust gas temperature (6.36%) indicated that the minimum concentration of biodiesel blends (B20) and higher compression ratio contributed the best performance closest to diesel in the coated engine. In addition to that, the emission characteristics such as carbon monoxide (0.11%), unburnt hydrocarbon (440 ppm), and smoke (42.3%) of B60 with higher compression under full load conditions are less than those of diesel, while nitrogen oxide (554 ppm) was slightly higher than diesel in CE. The research confirmed that, based on performance, the coated engine with a higher compression ratio and a lower concentration of blend can be used as an alternate fuel for diesel by compromising emissions. Alternatively, based on emissions, a coated engine with a higher compression ratio and a higher concentration of blend can be used as an alternate fuel for diesel by compromising performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid depletion of conventional fuel sources has led to the use of alternative fuels and implementation of variant engine technologies to reduce deleterious emissions being released and deliver thermal energy for numerous applications. This research aims to study the usage of mahua methyl ester in a single-cylinder 4-stroke CI engine, optimized to operate in the dual fuel mode. Performance, combustion and emission characteristics are recorded and compared with diesel with the sole aim of finding the blend that provides adequate performance and diminishing emissions. To this effect, the percentage of mahua biodiesel blend, load, biogas flow rate and methane fraction are varied. The experimentation is conducted using three mahua biodiesel blend variants namely B10, B20 and B30. Gaseous fuel comprising biogas (CH4 and CO2 in ratio of 3:2) and methane (CH4) are incorporated in the dual fuel condition at 8 litre per minute (lpm) and 12 lpm. B20 blend demonstrated better performance and emission characteristics. The addition of biodiesel (B20) showed more than 5% improvement in brake thermal efficiency. Additionally, comparing with normal diesel mode, B20 showed lower CO (0.061%) and NOx (615 ppm) emissions. In the dual fuel condition, methane and biogas are effective in reducing the NOx emissions, but with a negative repercussion of extortionately elevated HC and CO emissions. The best combination is deduced to be B20 mahua biodiesel at 8 lpm of biogas flow rate in the dual fuel mode due to better performance and emission characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesels have received much attention due to depletion of world fossil reserves and increased environmental concerns. However, the biodiesel has lower oxidation stability which degrades its properties. Hence, biodiesel is treated with antioxidants to enhance the oxidation stability which also affects the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel. In this investigation, the influence of synthetic antioxidant Propyl Gallate (PG) on the diesel engine performance and emissions was studied at 1,500 rpm by varying the engine load from no load to full load by using non-edible Mahua biodiesel, and PG was added to the B20 biodiesel blend with the concentrations of 0, 250, 500, and 750 ppm. The addition of PG marginally decreases the brake-specific fuel consumption and significantly reduces the NOx emission. This is because of free-radical scavenging property of PG which reduces the combustion temperature. However, hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emission levels are higher than the B20 blend without antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for renewable and biodegradable cutting fluids is increasing day by day. Owing to the desirable properties of vegetable oils as cutting fluids, an attempt is made to explore the potentiality of plentifully available vegetable oils as a cutting fluid for drilling of AISI 304L stainless steel using Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) method. Taguchi’s orthogonal array (L27) is used for obtaining the experimental design. The performances of two Vegetable oil based cutting fluids (VBCFs) Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Mahua (Madhuca indica) and commercial Mineral oil based cutting fluid (Servocut 945) are compared in terms of thrust force, surface roughness, temperature and tool wear during drilling of AISI 304L stainless steel with carbide tool. Experimental observations and statistical analysis show that Neem and Mahua oils have a considerable potential to be used as an alternative to conventional cutting fluids. Confirmation tests verified that the selected optimal combination through Taguchi design was able to achieve desired performance.

Mahua (Madhuca longifolia) flowers are boon for the local tribes of India and have been successfully utilized traditionally for the value addition, and are very prone for microbial spoilage. Local folks utilized malpractices of drying which deteriorates the quality attributes of the mahua flowers and ultimately fails to fetch a good price in the market. Present investigation was led to consider the impact of different pre-treatments i.e., blanching time; and dip of potassium meta-bisulfite (KMS) and citric acid (CA) on the physico-chemical and phytochemical potential of dried mahua flowers using response surface methodology (RSM). Maximum physico-chemical and phytochemicals attributes were observed under optimum conditions i.e., a blanching of 4.1 min followed by dipping in solution having 1285 ppm KMS and 0.77% citric acid. Qualitative analysis through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) supported the findings. Sugar and phytochemical profiling by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) proved the significant effect of each variable. No specific cluster formation was observed during cluster analysis of whole data indicating the significant and equal effect of all variable on the quality of dried mahua flowers. The optimized conditions will definitely help the local processors as well as the industrialist to maintain the quality attributes of the dried mahua. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the effect of seed source on seed germination and early seedling characters of Madhuca latifolia in Odisha. The results displayed significant variations (P<0.05) in all germination and growth characters among provenances. Germination per cent ranged from 53 (P10) to 93.8 (P8) with variation in phenotype (PCV=22.7) to be more than variation in genotype (GCV=12.48). Environment effect was more pronounced than genotypein all germination character except mean daily germination. Collar diameter (h2=50%) was found to be more heritable than seedling length and biomass. The best provenance was found to be Nuapada (P8) for germination and growth characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative approaches in mahua flower (as CESR has done R & D in 2008-2009 in Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh) promoting edible mahua flower can be of good commercial approach in raising socioeconomic status of the people living in rural areas and near forest areas where density of Mahua tree is high. Edible products made from mahua flower were launched in the market then it can compete with the present bakery market of branded products because traditionally mahua flower and products made from it is eaten. The present work deals with all the aspects of the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Madhuca latifolia is an Indian tropical tree found largely in north Indian plains and forests. The flowers are fermented to make an intoxicating drink. Oil extracted from the seed is used for cooking and medicinal purposes. The flowers and bark is used for medicinal purposes. Hence, it is considered one of the most useful trees in India. Mahua is used by tribals in the treatment of various diseases and disorders, viz., diarrhea, dysentery, asthma, bronchitis, hi-cough, paralysis, nervine tonic, diuretic, actogenic, anti-pyretic, pacifier burning sensation, etc. Moreover, its seed oil has been utilized by the tribal's as cooking oil and also as lubricant. Various aspects of this plant boost the economy of tribal's have been included in the present communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic development of a country is highly dependent on the supply of fossil fuels which are constrained by its limited availability and pollution characteristics. India is among the world’s fourth-largest petroleum consumer due to which the vehicular emissions increased eight times over the last two decades. Due to the environmental awareness and depletion of fossil fuel reserves, attention has been given to find an alternative energy source. Among the alternatives existing, Biodiesel is the one which is less polluting and eco-friendly. So it can be used in industrial, commercial, agricultural and other sectors as a substitute for diesel. Biodiesel can be produced from crude vegetable oil, non-edible oil, frying oils (waste), animal tallow and algae by a process of chemical reaction called Transesterification. Biodiesel is also known as methyl or ethyl esters of the feedstock from which it is produced. It is miscible with diesel oil which allows the use of blends of petro diesel and biodiesel in any percentage. The C.I. engines fuelled with biodiesel perform more or less in the same fashion as that with the conventional fuel. Comparative to diesel, biodiesel has high Cetane number and lower compressibility. Additionally, the heat release rate of biodiesel is slightly lower than diesel owing to low calorific value, low volatility and high viscosity. The problem of high viscosity can be eradicated by transesterification process and by adding additives which help us to store the biodiesel for a longer duration of time without any decay. Exhaust emissions are significantly reduced with the use of biodiesel or its blends. The present paper investigates the potential of Mahua (Madhuca Indica) oil for biodiesel production as it can be extracted from seeds of Mahua tree which are indigenous to India. It can grow even in dry regions and are found abundantly in several parts of India

Mahua (Madhuca longifolia) belongs to family sapotaceae, is known for its sweet flowers which possess a lot of ethnic values among the tribal people for the development of various fermented and non-fermented food products. The non-fermented products include halwa, meethi puri, barfi whereas fermented products include mahua daaru or mahuli. Because of its numerous phytochemical attributes traditionally it is also used as a medicine for many diseases including headache, diarrhoea, skin and eye diseases. The present review highlights and explore the composition (dry and fresh flowers), utilization, medicinal and nutritive important along with its future prospective to improve the livelihood of the tribal people with the increase chances of the employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viscosity and rheology modeling of heavy crude oil were studied at different shear rate and temperature with and without naturally extracted surfactantMahua. Drag reduction analysis was done in 2”-ID, 2.5 m horizontal pipeline at different temperatures and flow rates. Viscosity was reduced by 60.4% after addition of 1000 ppmMahuaat 50°C. Modeling analysis showed that crude oil-surfactant samples followed Power law model with high regression coefficients. Maximum drag reduction of 94.8% occurred after adding 2000 ppm Mahua to 85% heavy oil+15% water at 40°C and at a flow rate of 50 LPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to optimize the biodiesel production from Neem and Mahua oil through transesterification process by using 0.5 wt% KOH catalyst with the help of mechanical stirrer. The obtained biodiesel was characterized by the ASTM series. The performance of biodiesel is increased by the blends of Neem–Mahua–Diesel with their different proportions were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Madhuca indica, locally known as mahua in India is a multipurpose tree species. Mahua, particularly bark contains a significant amount of hydrolysable tannin (17.31%) which can be utilized for ellagic acid production through biotransformation. In the present study, mahua bark utilized not only as a raw material for tannase production but also for ellagic acid a well-known therapeutic compound. After prior confirmation of hydrolysable tannin content in bark, it has been supplemented, as a substrate for tannase production through solid state fermentation ofAspergillus awamori.Tannase production, as well as biodegradation of the hydrolysable tannin reached a maximum at 72 h of incubation time. The optimum conditions for tannase production are solid to liquid ratio of 1:2, 35 °C, pH 5.5 and 72h incubation time which resulted 0.256 mg/mL of an extract of ellagic acid. Maximum tannase activity of 56.16 IU/gds at 35 °C and 72h of incubation time is recorded. It seems that tannase production and biotransformation of hydrolysable tannins using bark powder of mahua can be considered as an appropriate alternative to the existing procedures of ellagic acid production. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study,Simarouba Glauca(simarouba),Madhuca Indica(mahua), and waste cooking oils were used to produce their methyl esters. The acid value of these oils was determined by titration and was found to be 12.49 mg KOH/g for simarouba oil, 22.87 mg KOH/g for mahua oil and 1.81 mg KOH/g for waste cooking oil. Biodiesel production process consists of two-steps: acid esterification (Step-1) and alkaline transesterification (Step-2). A two-step transesterification for simarouba and mahua; and a single-step (Step-2) for waste cooking oil were used to convert the oils to their ester. The parameters affecting the transesterification process for these different oils were optimized in order to achieve maximum ester yield. This process gives yields of about 95.14% for simarouba, 94.21% for mahua, and 96.31% for waste cooking oil using sodium methoxide as a catalyst. Density, viscosity, flash point, carbon residue, copper strip corrosion, acid value and calorific value of the produced methyl esters were determined and found to be within the limits of ASTM D6751 and IS 15607 specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Biodiesel production offers promising opportunities to create additional alternate sources of energy. Since India is deficient in edible oils, the non-edible oil like jatropha, neem, karanja, mahua, simarouba etc., could be the desirable source for India for production of bio-diesel. This brief presents the current status, discusses the future prospects and examines the critical constraints and impediments in India to the path of development of biodiesel program. It also offers suggestions and alternative policy options so as to enable the program to achieve its objectives. The effects of biodiesel on engine performances i.e. brake power, brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption and substantial reduction in particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and oxide of nitrogen (NO x ) were also reviewed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mahua ( Madhuca longfolia) extract and black grapes ( Vitis vinifera) must samples 100:0 (grape:mahua), 95:5 (grape:mahua) and 90:10 (grape:mahua) were analyzed for quality characteristics. Samples were kept for fermentation and monitored for quality analysis for 15 days. 90:10 (grape:mahua) sample was found to be best on the basis of ranking test and subjected to clarification using bentonite and gelatine. Sample treated with a combination of 0.02 g/100 g bentonite and 0.04 g/100 g gelatin showed better results for anthocyanin (52.2 mg/100 g) and tannin (0.038%w/v). After ageing of 3 months TSS was found highest (2.7ºBx) in the non-clarified sample and lowest (2.1ºBx) in sample treated with 0.06 g/100 g bentonite and 0.03 g/100 g gelatine. pH was highest (3.29) in sample treated with 0.06 g/100 g bentonite and 0.03 g/100 g gelatine and lowest (3.16) in sample with 0.04 g/100 g bentonite and 0.03 g/100 g gelatine. Anthocyanin content was highest (56.1 mg/100 g) in control sample and lowest (29.22 mg/100 g) in sample treated with 0.04 g/100 g bentonite and 0.02 g/100 g gelatin. Tannin content was found to be highest (0.079%w/v) in control sample and lowest (0.03%w/v) in sample treated with 0.02 g/100 g bentonite and 0.04 g/100 g gelatine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Madhuca, belonging to the family of Sapotaceae, is a multipurpose tree with its species, Madhuca latifolia, M. longifolia and M. butyracea being the most prevalent. The tree is economically important because of widespread uses of almost its every part. The present paper reviews information about ecology, distribution, species of mahua, different parts and their uses focusing on flowers, oil and seed cake. Flowers are used for the treatment of skin diseases, preparation of intoxicating liquor and various nutraceuticals. Production of biodiesel from mahua seed oil is recently gaining considerable importance. After the extraction of oil, approximately 60% is left as de-oiled seed cake. The paper discusses at length the composition of cake and its various applications. The cake is a rich source of sugars, nitrogen and proteins. But, the presence of toxic saponins in it limits its extensive usage. The cake has been used as a low grade fertilizer, bio-pesticide, included in animal feed (up to 20%) and in dye removal from waste waters. Various detoxification methods have also been tried for the use of cake as an improved animal feed only. Not many applications of the raw and detoxified cake have been explored. The paper also deals with the experiments performed to evaluate the use of raw as well as detoxified cake (produced as a result of a simple water treatment) for biogas production and mushroom cultivation. Significant enhancement in the biogas (93%) as well as the mushroom yield (128%) could be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White grub Holotrichia serrata is the most destructive pest in teak nurseries in Madhya Pradesh, India. The grubs feed on roots of seedlings and cause severe damage to the entire root system. Field trials were conducted in teak nursery at Kanchangaon, Madhya Pradesh, India. The effects of different dates of sowing of teak seeds and efficacy of biopesticides, viz. neem (Azadirachta indica), mahua (Madhuca indica), karanj (Pongamia pinnata) and jatropa (Jatropha curcas) were studied on white grubs in teak nursery. Significant difference existed between the population of grubs and per cent of damaged seedlings. Damage was minimum at sowing date 11 March 2007, followed by 7 April. The maximum number of healthy seedlings was obtained in the seedlings sown in March followed by April. Neem at 5 kg per bed (size 10 x 1 m), followed by jatropha cake was found to be statistically significant over untreated control, minimising seedling damage due to white grub. In the integrated pest management against white grub, early sowing of teak seeds and application of biopesticide cakes are recommended instead of toxic pesticides in teak nurseries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The oil and fatty acid composition of thirty-seven Madhuca longifolia genotypes growing in 13 districts of Tamil Nadu, India was determined. Considerable variations between genotypes were found for oil content, fatty acid profile, iodine value, saponification value, cetane number and O/L ratio. The total oil content of mahua ranged from 44.4% to 61.5%. The palmitic acid (11.7–25.9%), stearic acid (19.1–32.2%), oleic acid (32.9–48.6%) and linoleic acid (9.4–15.4%) are the major fatty acids found in mahua seeds. Saponification value, iodine value and cetane number ranged from 198.3–202.8, 52.0–68.6 and 58.0–61.6 respectively. The large variability was observed for all the measured parameters. In consideration of potential utilization, detailed study of this kind would help in exploring the potential of mahua for nutritional and industrial purposes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A central composite rotatable design was used to study the effect of methanol quantity, acid concentration and reaction time on the reduction of free fatty acids content of mahua oil during its pretreatment for making biodiesel. All the three variables significantly affected the acid value of the product, methanol being the most effective followed by reaction time and acid catalyst concentration. Using response surface methodology, a quadratic polynomial equation was obtained for acid value by multiple regression analysis. Verification experiments confirmed the validity of the predicted model. The optimum combinations for reducing the acid level of mahua oil to less than 1% after pretreatment was 0.32 v/v methanol-to-oil ratio, 1.24% v/v H2SO4 catalyst and 1.26h reaction time at 60°C. After the pretreatment of mahua oil, transesterification reaction was carried out with 0.25 v/v methanol-to-oil ratio (6:1 molar ratio) and 0.7% w/v KOH as an alkaline catalyst to produce biodiesel. The fuel properties of mahua biodiesel so obtained complied the requirements of both the American and European standards for biodiesel. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]