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A 38-year-old female presented with irregular menstruation and hirsutism that started at age of 16 and diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome at age of 29 with elevated testosterone. When treated with ethinestradiol cyproterone tablets, her menstruation returned to normal and androgen levels was not changed. At age of 38 she was referred to the hospital with infertility, a diagnosis of nonclassical 21-hydroxylase deficiency was confirmed using 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, a cosyntropin-stimulation test and genetic test. This case suggested that nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia should be considered when a patient is presented with oligomenorrhea, hirsutism with hyperandrogenemia and infertility.

Aims: To identify perceptions, attitudes, behaviours and barriers to effective obesity care among people living with obesity (PLwO) and healthcare professionals (HCPs) across mainland China. Materials and Methods: ACTION‐China (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05428501) was a cross‐sectional, observational, descriptive, online survey‐based study of 7000 PLwO and 1000 HCPs (conducted between August and November 2022). Results: The majority of PLwO (76.8% [5374/7000]) and HCPs (94.6% [946/1000]) agreed that obesity is a chronic disease. Only 40.8% of PLwO (2853/7000) had discussed their weight or talked about losing weight with an HCP in the past 5 years. The most frequent reason given by PLwO for not discussing weight management with an HCP was believing it was their responsibility to manage their weight (34.7% [2430/7000]), whereas the most frequent reason HCPs gave for not discussing obesity with their patients with obesity was having more important health issues to discuss (72.1% [721/1000]). A smaller proportion of PLwO (19.1%) than HCPs (53.6%) felt that weight management discussions with an HCP would be very or extremely helpful for the patient, and 30.7% of PLwO experienced negative feelings after their most recent discussion. Overall, 34.8% (2438/7000) of PLwO had been diagnosed with obesity by an HCP, while 30.0% (2101/7000) of PLwO did not recognize that they had obesity. Conclusions: This large, national survey conducted among PLwO and HCPs highlights key barriers to effective obesity care in China, including underestimation of weight status by PLwO and the need for increased communication between HCPs and PLwO regarding weight management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare the efficacy and safety of a fixed‐ratio combination of insulin glargine 100 U/mL plus lixisenatide (iGlarLixi) with premixed insulin, insulin degludec plus insulin aspart (IDegAsp), in Chinese people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) suboptimally controlled with oral antidiabetic drug(s) (OADs). Methods: In Soli‐D, a 24‐week, multicentre, open‐label, study, insulin‐naïve adults were randomized 1:1 to once‐daily injections of iGlarLixi (n = 291) or IDegAsp (n = 291), with continued metformin ± sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors. The primary endpoint was non‐inferiority in HbA1c change from baseline to week 24. Key secondary endpoints included superiority in HbA1c change and body weight (BW) change at week 24. Hypoglycaemia rates were also assessed. Results: At week 24, iGlarLixi showed non‐inferiority and superiority over IDegAsp in HbA1c reduction (least squares [LS] mean difference: −0.20 [95% confidence interval {CI}: –0.33, −0.07]; P <.001 for non‐inferiority; [97.5% CI: –0.35, −0.05]; P =.003 for superiority). iGlarLixi decreased BW and IDegAsp increased BW from baseline to week 24, with a statistically significant LS mean difference of −1.49 kg in favour of iGlarLixi (97.5% CI: –2.32, −0.66; P <.001). Event rates (per person‐year) for American Diabetes Association (ADA) Level 1, 2 or 3 hypoglycaemia were lower for iGlarLixi (1.90) versus IDegAsp (2.72) (relative risk: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.98). No ADA Level 3 hypoglycaemia or unexpected safety findings were reported. Conclusions: In Chinese people with T2D suboptimally controlled with OADs, once‐daily iGlarLixi provided better glycaemic control with BW benefit and lower hypoglycaemia event rates versus IDegAsp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a major global health burden, which increases the risk of extra-hepatic complications such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, NAFLD remains underappreciated and underdiagnosed. Our study aimed to explore the prevalence of NAFLD and the association between NAFLD and CVD events among adults aged 40 and older in Northern China. Methods: This study was conducted in the Shijingshan district of Beijing, China from November 2011 to August 2012. A total of 18891 subjects were recruited in the study. The information including demographical information, lifestyle, previous history of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, CVD, and liver disease were gathered. Data on physical examination, blood lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, and 2-hour blood glucose were recorded. Determination of MetS was according to T2DM guideline of Chinese Diabetes Society (2020 edition). The association between CVD and NAFLD was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of NAFLD was 15.2%. After adjustment for age, smoking status, alcohol intake, WC, hypertension, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia, the odds ratios (ORs) of CVD in men were 1.622 (95%CI: 1.345– 1.957) and 1.990 (95%CI: 1.709– 2.316) in women with NAFLD, compared with the subjects without NAFLD. Conclusions: NAFLD is independently associated with increased risk of CVD development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Novel diabetes phenotypes were proposed by the Europeans through cluster analysis, but Chinese community diabetes populations might exhibit different characteristics. This study aims to explore the clinical characteristics of novel diabetes subgroups under data‐driven analysis in Chinese community diabetes populations. Methods: We used K‐means cluster analysis in 6369 newly diagnosed diabetic patients from eight centers of the REACTION (Risk Evaluation of cAncers in Chinese diabeTic Individuals) study. The cluster analysis was performed based on age, body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin, homeostatic modeled insulin resistance index, and homeostatic modeled pancreatic β‐cell functionality index. The clinical features were evaluated with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi‐square test. Logistic regression analysis was done to compare chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease risks between subgroups. Results: Overall, 2063 (32.39%), 658 (10.33%), 1769 (27.78%), and 1879 (29.50%) populations were assigned to severe obesity‐related and insulin‐resistant diabetes (SOIRD), severe insulin‐deficient diabetes (SIDD), mild age‐associated diabetes mellitus (MARD), and mild insulin‐deficient diabetes (MIDD) subgroups, respectively. Individuals in the MIDD subgroup had a low risk burden equivalent to prediabetes, but with reduced insulin secretion. Individuals in the SOIRD subgroup were obese, had insulin resistance, and a high prevalence of fatty liver, tumors, family history of diabetes, and tumors. Individuals in the SIDD subgroup had severe insulin deficiency, the poorest glycemic control, and the highest prevalence of dyslipidemia and diabetic nephropathy. Individuals in MARD subgroup were the oldest, had moderate metabolic dysregulation and the highest risk of cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: The data‐driven approach to differentiating the status of new‐onset diabetes in the Chinese community was feasible. Patients in different clusters presented different characteristics and risks of complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Not many large‐sample investigations are available that compare the potency of the relationship of remnant cholesterol (RC) and other lipid parameters with diabetes and prediabetes. The goals of our study are to discover the relationship between RC and prediabetes, diabetes, and insulin resistance (IR) and to investigate RC, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), non‐HDL‐C, triglycerides (TG), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), total cholesterol (TC), TC/HDL‐C, LDL‐C/HDL‐C, and TG/HDL‐C, which are the lipid parameters that are most positively related to diabetes, prediabetes, and IR. Methods: This research enrolled 36 684 subjects from China's eight provinces. We employed multiple logistic regression analysis for testing the relationship between lipid parameters and diabetes, prediabetes, and IR. Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, and comparing the results with other lipid parameters, the positive relationship between RC and diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.417, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.345–1.492), prediabetes (OR 1.555, 95% CI: 1.438–1.628), and IR (OR 1.488, 95% CI: 1.404–1.577) was highest. RC was still related to diabetes, prediabetes, and IR even when TG <2.3 mmol/L (diabetes: OR 1.256, 95% CI: 1.135–1.390; prediabetes: OR 1.503, 95% CI: 1.342–1.684; and IR: OR 1.278, 95% CI: 1.140–1.433), LDL‐C <2.6 mmol/L (diabetes: OR 1.306, 95% CI: 1.203–1.418; prediabetes: OR 1.597, 95% CI: 1.418–1.798; and IR: OR 1.552, 95% CI: 1.416–1.701), or HDL‐C ≥1 mmol/L (diabetes: OR 1.456, 95% CI: 1.366–1.550; prediabetes: OR 1.553, 95% CI: 1.421–1.697; and IR: OR 1.490, 95% CI: 1.389–1.598). Conclusion: RC is more positively related to diabetes, prediabetes, and IR than conventional lipids and lipid ratios in the general population, the relationships between RC and diabetes, prediabetes, and IR are stable, even if HDL‐C, LDL‐C, or TG are at appropriate levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Very few cohort studies are available about the relation between remnant cholesterol (RC) and diabetes. Based on a prospective cohort survey, this research aimed at investigating if high RC was related to a future diabetes risk in the Chinese population, as well as to compare the association between RC, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), TG/HDL‐C, LDL‐C/HDL‐C, TC/HDL‐C, and non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (non‐HDL‐C), and future diabetes risk. Materials and Methods: 6,700 baseline normoglycemic participants of the REACTION study's Beijing center were recruited in 2011–2012 and followed up in 2015. Multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to explore the relationship of RC, HDL‐C, LDL‐C, TC, TG, LDL‐C/HDL‐C, TG/HDL‐C, TC/HDL‐C, and non‐HDL‐C and a future diabetes risk. Results: After potential confounders were adjusted for, only RC (HR 1.134, 95% CI 1.016–1.267, P = 0.025) was positively related to a future diabetes risk, and only HDL‐C (HR 0.728, 95% CI 0.578–0.918, P = 0.007) was negatively related to a future diabetes risk. The rest of the lipid parameters were not related to a future risk of diabetes. Sensitivity and stratification analyses revealed that the relation between RC and future diabetes risk was stable. RC and future diabetes risk were still positively correlated even when the HDL‐C was ≥1.04 mmol/L (HR 1.167, 95% CI 1.050–1.297, P = 0.004). Conclusions: It was RC, but not other lipid parameters, that was independently and positively related to a future risk of diabetes among the Chinese general population. Moreover, the relationship between RC and diabetes risk was stable, even with appropriate levels of HDL‐C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be obtained from almost all tissues and present promising therapeutic effects for metabolic diseases. Human adipose-derived MSCs (hASCs) have recently been widely studied due to their easy access and low immunity. Thus, we intended to figure out the effects and potential mechanism of hASCs on obesity in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Following 16 weeks of being fed HFD, hASCs were intravenously injected. Two weeks later, body weight, body composition, and energy expenditure were evaluated. Additionally, the phenotypes of macrophages infiltrating adipose tissue were analyzed. The results revealed that hASCs administration significantly reduced adipose tissue weight, adipocyte size, and fat mass and exerted beneficial effects in serum lipid profile. This anti-obesity effect was mediated by the increased O2 consumption, CO2 production, and energy expenditure, which was further evidenced by the upregulation of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) and metabolism-associated genes. Furthermore, hASCs infusion increased the amount of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages in adipose tissue, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines-related genes was reduced. Taken together, these results indicated that hASCs suppressed obesity by increasing UCP-1 expression and enhancing energy expenditure, and this effect might be due to the increased M2 macrophages.

Introduction: Due to the high cost and complexity, the oral glucose tolerance test is not adopted as the screening method for identifying diabetes patients, which leads to the misdiagnosis of patients with isolated post‐challenge hyperglycemia (IPH), that is., patients with normal fasting plasma glucose (<7.0 mmoL/L) and abnormal 2‐h postprandial blood glucose (≥11.1 mmoL/L). We aimed to develop a model to differentiate individuals with IPH from the normal population. Methods: Data from 54301 eligible participants were obtained from the Risk Evaluation of Cancers in Chinese Diabetic Individuals: a longitudinal (REACTION) study in China. Data from 37740 participants were used to develop the diagnostic system. External validation was performed among 16561 participants. Three machine learning algorithms were used to create the predictive models, which were further evaluated by various classification algorithms to establish the best predictive model. Results: Ten features were selected to develop an IPH diagnosis system (IPHDS) based on an artificial neural network. In external validation, the AUC of the IPHDS was 0.823 (95% CI 0.811–0.836), which was significantly higher than the AUC of the Taiwan model [0.799 (0.786–0.813)] and that of the Chinese Diabetes Risk Score model [0.648 (0.635–0.662)]. The IPHDS model had a sensitivity of 75.6% and a specificity of 74.6%. This model outperformed the Taiwan and CDRS models in subgroup analyses. An online site with instant predictions was deployed at https://app‐iphds‐e1fc405c8a69.herokuapp.com/. Conclusions: The proposed IPHDS could be a convenient and user‐friendly screening tool for diabetes during health examinations in a large general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Several studies have demonstrated a significant association between the presence of the ear lobe crease (ELC) and cardiovascular disease. Advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) can affect the structures and functions of proteins and contribute to the development of diabetic complications. However, few studies have reported the relationship between AGEs and ELC. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of skin autofluorescence (SAF)‐AGEage (SAF‐AGEs × age/100) with ELC. Methods: This cross‐sectional study enrolled 6500 eligible participants from two communities in Beijing. Skin autofluorescence (SAF) was used to measure skin AGEs (SAF‐AGEs). SAF‐AGEage was defined as AGEs × age/100. Binary logistic regression analysis and linear regression analysis nested in logistic models were applied to test outcomes. Results: The overall prevalence of ELC with an average age of 62.7 years participants was 57.1% (n = 3714). Age, fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, and lipoprotein cholesterol were all greater in participants with ELC. ELC‐positive participants had higher prevalence of coronary heart disease. Logistic analysis showed a significantly positive relationship between quartiles of SAF‐AGEage and ELC (odds ratio [OR] 1.526, 95% CI 1.324–1.759; OR 2.072, CI 1.791–2.396; and OR 2.983, CI 2.551–3.489) for the multivariate‐adjusted models, respectively. Stratified research revealed that those with a history of diabetes, hypertension, or coronary heart disease experienced the connection between SAF‐AGEage and ELC. Conclusion: ELC is associated with coronary heart disease, and the SAF‐AGE has a potential role in ELC development in elder people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]