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Dental enamel hypoplasias have been documented in extant and fossil mammal species and attributed to several kinds of physiological stress. They have not previously been reported among bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis Shaw, 1804). Forty-six (36.8%) of 125 mandibular molars (m1, m2, m3) of bighorn recovered from disturbed Holocene archaeological deposits in eastern Washington state display several kinds of hypoplasias. The exact ontogenetic age of the individual animals when hypoplasias formed cannot be determined. The majority of the hypoplasias occur near the root--enamel junction of the m3, suggesting that most individuals were young adults when the defect formed. Physiological stress associated with reproductive costs, winter nutritional deficits, or both seems likely. Key words: bighorn sheep, dental enamel hypoplasia, eastern Washington state, Ovis canadensis, physiological stress. Des cas d'hypoplasie de l'email dentaire sont documentes chez des especes de mammiferes modernes et fossiles et sont attribues a plusieurs types de stress physiologiques. Ils n'avaient pas ete signales auparavant chez des mouflons d'Amerique (Ovis canadensis Shaw, 1804). Sur 125 molaires mandibulaires (m1, m2, m3) de mouflons preleves de depots archeologiques holocenes perturbes de l'est de l'Etat de Washington, 46 (36,8 %) presentent plusieurs sortes d'hypoplasie. L'age ontogenetique exact des individus au moment de la formation de l'hypoplasie ne peut etre determine. La majorite des cas d'hypoplasie se sont developpes pres de la jonction de la racine et de l'email de m3, ce qui indiquerait que la plupart des individus etaient de jeunes adultes quand l'hypoplasie est apparue. Le stress physiologique associe aux couts de la reproduction, a des deficits nutritifs hivernaux ou a ces deux facteurs en sont des causes probables. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : mouflon d'Amerique, hypoplasie de l'email dentaire, est de l'Etat de Washington, Ovis canadensis, stress physiologique., Introduction A dental enamel hypoplasia (hereafter DEH) results from physiological disturbances during the secretory stage of enamel formation (Goodman and Rose 1990; Hillson 2005). DEHs have long been used as [...]

Minor's (1995) efforts to invalidate the conclusions he ascribed to me regarding the prelittoral stage are unnecessary and misdirected. In misunderstanding and thus misrepresenting what I have said about that stage, he constructed straw men. In referencing faunal evidence from Tahkenitch Landing in an attempt to refute the existence of the pre-littoral stage, he failed to acknowledge the fact that various resources found in the littoral zone are also found in the open ocean and in the upstream reaches of rivers. In citing the evidence from Indian Sands in an attempt to corroborate his beliefs, he failed to consider relevant data and lost sight of the fact that radiocarbon dating is an indirect dating method that hinges on associations.

Publishing graphs that depict culture change has long been a means to illustrate what is known of the culture history of an area, including the Plateau culture area. Examination of 471 pieces of literature on Plateau archaeology published between 1895 and 2019 reveals aspects of the history of graphing culture change in the area. Different types of graphs, including tables of data, have been used across both North America and the Plateau. Graphs appear later in the twentieth century Plateau literature than for North America in general. Whereas spindle graphs (temporal frequency distributions) were popular elsewhere on the continent, they are rare in the Plateau literature. The richness of graph types used by Plateau archaeologists over time is not correlated with that evident among North American archaeologists. Plateau archaeologists have used line graphs and bar graphs to depict culture change. Excluding tables, the most popular graph type appearing in the Plateau literature consists of spatio-temporal rectangles bounding names of culture units. Graphs of temporally diagnostic projectile point forms plotted against time appear first in the 1960s, likely at the hands of Roald Fryxell. Although this graph type explicitly shows culture change, it is used less frequently by Plateau archaeologists than culture unit names within spatio-temporal rectangles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]