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The management of brain tumors presents numerous challenges, despite the employment of multimodal therapies including surgical intervention, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Owing to the distinct location of brain tumors and the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), these tumors exhibit considerable heterogeneity and invasiveness at the histological level. Recent advancements in hydrogel research for the local treatment of brain tumors have sought to overcome the primary challenge of delivering therapeutics past the BBB, thereby ensuring efficient accumulation within brain tumor tissues. This article elaborates on various hydrogel-based delivery vectors, examining their efficacy in the local treatment of brain tumors. Additionally, it reviews the fundamental principles involved in designing intelligent hydrogels that can circumvent the BBB and penetrate larger tumor areas, thereby facilitating precise, controlled drug release. Hydrogel-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) are posited to offer a groundbreaking approach to addressing the challenges and limitations inherent in traditional oncological therapies, which are significantly impeded by the unique structural and pathological characteristics of brain tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have investigated the positivity rate of hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) after hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) immunization. However, the antibody level, assessed monthly or at more frequent intervals after each of the three doses, particularly within the first year after birth, has not been previously reported. To elucidate the level of antibody formation at various times after vaccination, the current study used the available detection data of HBsAb in hospitalized children to analyze the HBsAb level after immunization combined with their vaccination history. Both the positivity rate and geometric mean concentration (GMC) increased sequentially with immunization doses, reaching their peaks earlier after the third dose than after the first two doses, and the rate of HBsAb positivity was able to reach 100% between 11 and 90 days after completing the three doses of HepB. Within one year after receiving the three doses, the antibody positivity rate and GMC were maintained above 90% and 100 mIU/mL, respectively, and subsequently steadily declined, reaching the lowest value in the 9th and 10th years. The current findings reveal, in more detail, the level of antibody formation at different times following each dose of HepB in hospitalized children, particularly in the age group up to one year after vaccination. For the subjects of this study, we prefer to believe that the proportion of HBsAb non-response should be less than 5% after full immunization with HepB, provided that the appropriate time for blood collection is chosen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a biomimetic fluorescent nanoprobe (Pd-MOF) that can accurately identify phorate at a fixed wavelength for rapid, sensitive and selective detection. Pd-MOF was a nanoparticle (260.00 ± 27.83 nm) based on the linkage of Pd metal and a TCPP organic framework. It could detect phorate according to the fluorescence principles similar to that of the bioluminescence of Chrysaora pacifica (substance interaction and chromophore fluorescence enhancement). When phorate molecules enter the pores of Pd-MOF and interact with each other, the energy transfer process is stimulated, and the fluorescence signal is significantly enhanced, thereby improving the detection sensitivity. According to shift of the white line in the XANES energy spectrum and the DFT results, phorate increased the energy gap of Pd-MOF from 0.025 eV to 0.046 eV, enhanced the stability of the system, and thus achieved fluorescence enhancement. The sensitivity of Pd-MOF was due to its much smaller energy gap (<80 times) than other metal MOFs and thus it was easier to get excited. The linear detection range for the phorate of the nanoprobe in the water system was 0.01-100 ppb, and the detection limit was 0.0017 ppb. The response time of the Pd-MOF nanoprobe to phorate was 45 seconds. The detection of phorate in tap water, pear and cabbage samples showed that the recovery rates were in the range of 87.69-106.12%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 11.16%, which verified the possibility of Pd-MOF nanoprobe in practical application. The sensitive and specific recognition of phorate by Pd-MOF nanoprobe and the development of a phorate test strip (Pd-MOF@paper) confirmed its potential application in pesticide residue detection.

Background: Rubella is a highly contagious viral infection with mild manifestations that occurs most often in children and young adults. Infection during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, can result in an infant born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of rubella epidemics in Anhui province from 2012 to 2021 and explore the prevention and control strategies of rubella., Methods: A descriptive epidemiological approach was used to examine the epidemiological characteristics of rubella in Anhui Province between 2012 and 2021., Results: From 2012 to 2021, a total of 4,987 cases of rubella were reported in Anhui province, with an average annual incidence of 8.11 per million, demonstrating an overall downward trend (χ 2 trend =3141.06, P < 0.01). The average yearly incidence of rubella in southern Anhui, central Anhui, and northern Anhui were 9.99 per million, 11.47 per million, and 4.50 per million, respectively, with statistically significant differences (χ 2 =792.50, P < 0.01). The male to female incidence ratio was 1.67:1, and the male incidence rate was higher than the female incidence rate. Most cases occurred among students, accounting for 56.59% of all cases, and the 10-34 age group accounted for ~73.71% of all cases. Regarding immunization history, 3.57% of cases had two doses or more, 6.62% had one dose, 16.40% had none, and the remainder were uncertain., Conclusion: The incidence of rubella in Anhui province from 2012 to 2021 continued to decline, with regional variations observed. The 10-34-year-old population without a history of rubella vaccination is at high risk for the disease. It is suggested to carry out rubella vaccination and congenital rubella syndrome monitoring according to the actual situation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zhang, Cheng, Zhou, Wang, Luo, Chai, Tang, Su and Liu.)