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Imaging the detailed structure of sedimentary basins is crucial for natural resource exploration and essential for better analysis and correction of sediment responses when studying deeper interior earth structures using seismic data. In the Tarim Basin, previous studies on the sedimentary structures are mostly obtained by active-source seismic surveys, which can provide high-resolution underground interface information but are highly costly or environmentally unfriendly. In this paper, ambient noise tomography, an efficient and economical method based on background vibration, is employed to construct the sedimentary velocity structure at the southeast margin of the Tarim Basin. Based on ambient noise data collected from a linear dense short-period seismic array, we extract Love wave signals from T–T component cross-correlation functions (CCFs) and measure Love wave dispersion curves at a period band of ∼0.3–11.5 s. Then, we utilize a one-step direct surface wave tomography method to image a fine 2-D sedimentary shear wave velocity structure with a depth reaching 10 km. Our results reveal a clear layered sedimentary structure, the palaeo Tadong uplift and the thrust Cherchen fault. Our study provides reference sedimentary velocity models for the southeastern Tarim Basin, focusing on depths shallower than 10 km. This model is intended to serve as crucial input for studies requiring detailed shallow sedimentary velocity data. Moreover, our research demonstrates that the application of the ambient noise tomography method with dense arrays has great potential for enhancing resource exploration efforts in sedimentary basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The left‐lateral Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) system is the northern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau resulted from the India–Eurasia continental collision. How intracontinental deformation across the central ATF responds to the distal collision remains elusive, primarily due to unclear crustal structure. We obtained detailed crustal structure across the central ATF using receiver functions recorded by ∼NW–SE oriented linear dense array. The images reveal the Tarim lower crust is underthrusting beneath the Tibetan Plateau and reaches to a maximum depth of ∼75 km and undergoing partial eclogitization. The two south‐dipping interfaces imaged beneath the Altyn Tagh Range (ATR) represent the thrusting Northern Altyn Fault and its branch fault. Oblique convergent forces extruded upper crustal materials along the thrust faults, creating the pop‐up structure of ATR, supported by low Vp/Vs ratios. Our balanced cross‐section for the Moho suggests intracontinental deformation in the ATR has accelerated since the late Miocene. Plain Language Summary: The Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF), serving as the northern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau, demarcates the Tarim Basin from the Qaidam Basin. Understanding how intracontinental deformation across the boundary region would better inform the uplift and expansion of the plateau. This study reveals the fine crustal structure by analyzing seismic data from a ∼NW–SE oriented linear dense array across the central ATF. Combined with fault slip rates, we propose that the Tarim lower crust is underthrusting beneath the Tibetan Plateau, leading to the extrusion of upper crustal materials and the rapid uplift of the Altyn Tagh Range since the late Miocene, which provides insight into the lateral growth of the plateau. Key Points: Detailed crustal structure beneath the central Altyn Tagh Fault was imaged by receiver functions of a dense 2‐D seismic arrayThe Tarim lower crust is underthrusting to ∼75 km depth beneath the Tibetan PlateauThe Altyn Tagh range was uplifted rapidly since late Miocene through the thickening of the upper crust [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The source wavelet is the initial condition of wavefield forward modeling, so its accuracy has a direct impact on the quality of full-waveform inversion (FWI) and reverse time migration. At present, the source wavelet estimation method based on wave equation, such as the reverse-time propagation (RTP) algorithm and the L2 norm waveform inversion (L2WI) method, is all affected by the data quality and shallow velocity accuracy. In this letter, a robust source wavelet inversion method based on correlation norm waveform inversion (CNWI) is proposed. The near-offset direct waves are used to construct the cross-correlated objective function. The gradient expression is deduced by taking the source wavelet as the unknown. The proposed method only needs to invert short-time near-offset direct waves, so it has high computational efficiency. The cross correlation objective function is mainly used to invert the phase information of the source wavelet, which is not sensitive to the data amplitude error, so it is more robust than the existing methods. Numerical examples show that the proposed method can still provide reliable source wavelets even when the velocity model is inaccurate, the data contain noise, andthere are bad traces. We also obtain high-quality source function inversion results by applying the proposed method to land deep reflection seismic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep reflection seismic data are usually accompanied by large-offset data, and the accurate and rapid identification of the first arrivals of seismic records plays an important role in eliminating the effects of topography and other factors that increase with the increasing offsets. In this paper, we propose a method based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that can accurately identify the first arrivals of large-offset seismic data. A time window for linear dynamic correction was established to convert the raw seismic data into rectangular images so as to reduce the amount of invalid sample data and improve the training efficiency. In order to enhance the prediction effect of the far-offset first arrivals, we propose the strategy of adjusting the weight of the far-offset data to increase the weight of the far-offset data in the training dataset and, thus, to improve the first arrival accuracy. The manually picked first arrivals are used as labels and the input to the CNNs for training, and the full-offset first arrivals are the output. The travel time tomography velocity is modeled and compared based on the first arrivals obtained through manual picking, industrial software automatic picking, and CNN prediction. The results show that the application of CNNs to large-offset seismic datasets can help researchers to obtain the first arrivals at different offsets, while the inclusion of far-offset weights can effectively improve the modeling depth of the tomography inversion, and the accuracy of the results is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban structure imaging using noise-based techniques has rapidly developed in recent years. Given the complexity of the cross-correlation function in high-frequency signals, here, the beamforming (BF) method was used to analyze one data set taken from a dense array in the Jizhong Depression and obtain multi-mode dispersion curves. Multi-mode surface waves improved inversion stability, reduced non-uniqueness, and yielded a one-dimensional shear wave (S-wave) velocity model. Interpolation yielded a high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) S-wave velocity model for the study area. The model shows that velocity gradually changed in the horizontal direction and greatly increased in the vertical direction, which is largely consistent with changes in the sedimentary environment related to the continuous subsidence of the Jizhong Depression since the Quaternary. A low-velocity anomaly at a depth of ~300–400 m was revealed and determined to be caused by either a deep-buried ancient river course or low-lying area. This study demonstrates the potential of the BF method for processing dense array data sets of urban exploration. The high-resolution 3D S-wave velocity model provides a new reference for studying the Quaternary structure of the Jizhong Depression, as well as groundwater resources, urban infrastructure, and underground spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chuan‐Dian Block (CDB) is located in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, with a complex geological structure and active regional faults. The present tectonic condition with strong crustal deformation is closely related to the ongoing collision of the India and Eurasia plates since 65 Ma. The study of the crustal structure of this area is key to revealing the evolution and deep geodynamics of the lateral collision zone of the Tibetan Plateau. Deep seismic sounding is the most efficient method with which to unravel the velocity structure of the whole crust. Since the 1980s, 19 deep seismic sounding profiles have been captured within the CDB area. In this study, we systematically integrate the research results of the 19 profiles in this area, then image the 3D crustal velocity, by sampling with a 5 km spacing and 2D/3D Kriging interpolation. The results show the following. (1) The Moho depth in the study area deepens from 30 km in the south to 66 km in the north, whereas there is no apparent variation from west to east. The Pn wave velocity is higher in stable tectonic units, such as 7.95 km/s in the Lanping‐Simao block and 7.94 km/s in the western margin of the Yangtze block, than in active or mobile tectonic units, such as 7.81 km/s in the Baoshan block, 7.72 km/s in the Tengchong block and 7.82 km/s in the Zhongdian block. (2) The crustal nature of the Tengchong block, the northern Lanping‐Simao block and the Zhongdian block reflects a type of orogenic belt, having relatively strong tectonic activities, whereas the crustal nature of the central Lanping‐Simao block and the western margin of the Yangtze block represents a type of platform. The different features of the upper‐middle crust velocity, Moho depth and Pn wave velocity to both sides of the Red River fault zone and the Xianshuihe fault zone, reflect that they are clearly ultra‐crustal. (3) Based on the distribution of the low velocity zones in the crust, the crustal material of the Tibetan Plateau is flowing in a NW–SE direction to the north of 26°N and to the west of 101°E, then diverting to flowing eastwards to the east of 101°E. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Editorial: Episodic plate destruction and construction in Southeast Asia: observations, modeling, and case studies," explores the phenomenon of episodic plate deformation in Southeast Asia. The authors discuss various aspects of this topic, including crustal thickening and thinning, lithospheric deformation along orogenic margins and passive margins, and episodic arc volcanism. They present case studies and use geophysical techniques to understand the underlying mechanisms of these processes. The article provides valuable insights into the tectonic dynamics of Southeast Asia and contributes to the field of Earth science research. [Extracted from the article]

The Xainza‐Dinggye rift, an approximately north‐south trending Cenozoic fault zone across the Lhasa Terrane, is an ideal location to investigate extensional mechanisms in the upper crust and lithospheric deformation caused by the subducting Indian Plate beneath the central‐southern Tibetan Plateau. The 3‐D electrical resistivity structure was obtained by modeling magnetotelluric data from an array across the rift zone. Using the temperature distribution throughout the crust combined with the pressure and water content, we compute the pure melt conductivity. This enables estimation of the partial melt fraction of large‐area conductive zones imaged throughout the crust, and thus allows their rheology and strength to be evaluated. The heterogeneous distribution of high melt fraction areas in the crust has implications for the local continuous migration of fluids in the east‐west direction. The electrical structure also reveals a dipping resistive zone beneath the Tethys‐Himalaya terrane that represents the subducted Indian Plate. Significantly, its depth is observed to vary substantially from east (deeper) to west (shallower), which may indicate tearing of the plate. We suggest that the cause of extension and the formation of the crustal rift zone is related to tearing of the plate directly below this location, and the subsequent partial melting of the mid‐lower crust. Furthermore, the ascent of deep hydrothermal fluids, and heating of the shallow subsurface, likely led to the formation of the congruent Xainza‐Dinggye Thermal Belt. Additionally, the emplacement of numerous adjacent magmatic‐hydrothermal ore deposits is also likely related to partial melting and hydrothermal fluid migration in the crust. Plain Language Summary: The Xainza‐Dinggye rift is a north‐south trending fault in the central‐southern Tibetan Plateau. The 3‐D electrical structure is imaged using the magnetotelluric method, which uses natural electromagnetic signals to measure the subsurface electrical resistivity structure and is particularly sensitive to the presence of fluids and partial melts. The resulting model shows resistive regions beneath the Tethys‐Himalaya terrane that represent the subducted Indian plate. Several conductors in the mid‐lower crust may be related to partial melting. With the constraints of the temperature, pressure and water content, estimates of pure melt conductivity were obtained. This analysis is used to evaluate the strength characteristic of the mid‐lower crust. The results show that the formation and scale of the rift‐zone is likely caused by subduction features of the Indian plate (e.g., tearing of the plate) and the deformation characteristic of the mid‐lower crust (e.g., partial melting). Additionally, the rise of hot materials and fluids may have heated the circulating system of underground water and led to the formation of the Xainza‐Dinggye thermal belt and the formation of widespread hot springs. This work provides critical constraints for southward extrusion along the Main Himalaya Thrust and for possible conditions of east‐west fluid migration. Key Points: 3‐D electrical resistivity model used to constrain crustal melt fraction using experimentally derived estimates of pure melt resistivityHeterogeneous distribution of melt zones has implications for the possible east‐west migration of fluid along the Indian Plate below TibetTearing of the plate (East part steeper) and melting of the mid‐lower crust caused congruent rifting, thermal springs, and ore districts [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing India‐Asia collision has led to the formation of the northern Himalayan gneiss domes belt in southern Tibet. The domes are the result of the ongoing convergence and were formed by geological processes that may include crustal thickening, metamorphism, partial melting, and exhumation of middle crustal rocks to the surface. A combination of compressional, extensional, and diapiric processes has been invoked to explain the formation and evolution of these domes. Differentiating among these competing hypotheses requires well‐defined geophysical images of the internal structure of the domes. The Mabja dome is the largest dome within the northern Himalayan gneiss domes belt. A 70‐km long deep seismic reflection profile across Mabja dome was acquired in 2016. The seismic data could provide new information about the structural elements beneath the domes to the depth of 25 Km. We address the structure of the Mabja dome by conducting an integrated analysis of shallow crustal velocity structure and a normal‐incidence seismic reflection image of deeper crust. Our work suggests that the Mabja dome is underlain by shear zones at depths of 10–15 km and two high‐velocity bodies at depths of 3 km possibly representing the eclogitic‐facies rocks or mafic intrusions. We propose that the dome formation may have been controlled by collision‐induced north‐south shortening expressed by thrust stacking of middle crustal rocks, which led to the doming of the upper‐crustal rocks. The proposed mechanism inferred for Mabja dome can be applied to interpret the widespread domes throughout the southern Tibet and other related structures in orogenic mountain belts. Key Points: Two high‐velocity bodies, with an average velocity as high as 6.6 and 7.2 km/s, are constrained at a depth of 3 km from the surfaceA series of sub‐horizontal reflections are observed at depths of 11–20 km which are interpreted to represent a thrust systemThe thrust stacking in the middle crust is the main mechanism that controls the formation of the Mabja dome formation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high topography of the Tibetan Plateau was generated by the Cenozoic India‐Eurasia collision. A high‐resolution shear wave velocity model can provide improved understanding of the Tibetan structure and crustal deformation with complicated tectonic evolution. Based on continuous seismic observations at approximately 400 stations, we collected over 10,000 Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion curves extracted from ambient noise cross‐correlation functions. A direct surface wave inversion method was applied to obtain an S wave velocity model of the Tibetan crust. A heterogeneous structure including several prominent low‐velocity zones (LVZs) and relatively narrow low‐velocity bands connecting the LVZs is revealed. Our model shows significant crustal low‐velocity structures with lateral variations along the Himalayan front. In the eastern segment of the Lhasa terrane, the LVZ is spatially correlated with Miocene porphyry Cu deposits, which are probably related to strong tearing of the Indian lithosphere, while preexisting weak zones contribute to the LVZs in the western segment. Meanwhile, the LVZ along the Bangong‐Nujiang suture could be considered as a channel for eastward extrusion of ductile material, that is, crustal flow on geological timescales. This "flow" in the middle‐lower crust probably contributed to the formation of the V‐shaped conjugate strike‐slip fault system in central Tibet. The development of conjugate strike‐slip faults, however, ceased near 90°E, since the eastward "flow" was blocked by an intracrustal high‐velocity block in Amdo. This preexisting rigid zone (containing the Amdo microcontinent) hence influences the pattern of material transport inside the Tibetan crust and the deformation of the plateau. Key Points: Three‐dimensional architecture of crustal low‐velocity zones of the Tibetan Plateau is obtained by dense array ambient noise tomographyLow‐velocity zones along southern Tibet and the Miocene porphyry Cu deposit formation are related to Indian lithosphere tearingEastward crustal flow blocked by a rigid block in Amdo contributed to the formation of conjugate strike‐slip faults in central Tibet [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Qiangtang Basin, located in central Tibet, is a thick and widely developed Jurassic marine sedimentary stratum, and it is the largest marine basin on the Chinese mainland without a breakthrough in oil or gas exploration. Various forms of crustal movement related to the convergence between the Eurasian and Indian plates in the Cenozoic have played significant roles in the formation and preservation of the oil and gas resources of the Qiangtang Basin. To determine the shallow crustal structure of the Qiangtang Basin and forecast its prospects for oil and gas extraction, we reprocessed the seismic reflection data (0–6s TWT) from 11 reflection sections acquired at different times by different groups and connected them to form a 350-km shallow seismic reflection profile across the Qiangtang Basin. This profile provides reliable data on the north to south changes of the basement and the upper crustal structures of the Qiangtang Basin. We speculated that the reflective events at 3–4s TWT in the Qiangtang Basin represent the Paleozoic basement, which runs shallow beneath the central anticline. The location of the Proterozoic basement was determined from the discontinuous reflection events at approximately 4.5s TWT. The data indicate that the basements of the Qiangtang Basin are deeper in the south and shallower in the north. The shallow crustal deformations (approximately 0–3s TWT) are quite different between the north and south Qiangtang Basin. In the north Qiangtang Basin, there are strong fold deformations alternating between uplifts and depressions, while the deformations are relatively flat in the south Qiangtang Basin. Continuous arc reflections, interpreted as Paleozoic strata, were found beneath the central anticline of the Qiangtang block. A half graben on the north side of the central anticline represents a possible location for oil and gas resources. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: From October 2009 to May 2010, through the support of the SinoProbe project a series of deep seismic reflection profiles were conducted. In order to image deep crustal structure of central Tibet, these profiles extend from the northern Lhasa terrane to the Qiangtang terrane by crossing the Bangong–Nujiang suture (BNS). The Moho depth varies from 75.1km beneath the northmost Lhasa terrane to 68.9km beneath southmost Qiangtang terrane. There is a 6.2km sharp Moho offset across the BNS. Within 25km to the north of the BNS, the Moho rises smoothly to 62.6km. Distinct Moho reflector lies at 62.6–67.3km beneath the Qiangtang terrane. The boundary of the middle and upper crusts and that between the middle and lower crusts interpreted from INDEPTH velocity model correspond to the strong reflection horizons at about18.8km and 31.3km depth beneath south Qiangtang terrane, respectively. A north-dipping series of reflection packages in the mid- to lower crust may mark subduction of the Lhasa terrane beneath the Qiantang terrane. The central portion of the reflection profile exhibits an antiformal structure at 14.1km in the upper crust, which corresponds with the blueschist-bearing metamorphic belt. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Integrated broadband and dense-nodal seismic-array investigation in northern Tibet. • Revealing significant Moho offsets indicative of deep thrust shear zones. • Imaging stark contrasts across the Haiyuan Fault indicative of strain partitioning. • Northern Tibetan plateau margin was constructed by a lithospheric-scale thrust-wedge. • Our results favor an overall oblique continental subduction model. The Tibetan plateau is one of the best field laboratories to investigate mechanisms of continental-lithosphere deformation, which contrasts sharply with the typical rigid-plate behavior of the oceanic lithosphere. Several end-member processes have been proposed for the plateau formation involving vertically coherent pure-shear shortening, decoupled upper- and lower-crustal shortening, oblique continental subduction, and crustal channelized flow. In order to test the above models, we conducted an integrated broadband and dense-nodal seismic-array investigation along two traverses across the northern Tibetan plateau margin in the Qilian Shan and its foreland region. The integrated observation provides the first coherent structural image of the lithosphere in general and shallow crust correlative to surface geology in particular in northern Tibet with an updated resolution. Our seismic imaging shows that the surface-exposed south-dipping Qilian Shan frontal thrust zone is closely associated with a low-velocity zone with concentrated seismicity in the upper crust, and along an inclined convertor can be extended downward into the middle-lower crust near a >10-km Moho offset beneath the Haiyuan Fault zone. This dipping feature and an inferred lithospheric detachment zone with oriented anisotropic fabrics constitute a lithospheric-scale thrust zone that bounds crustal-scale thick-skinned thrusts above, coupled with the development of distributed thrust shear zones that cut across the lowermost crust and uppermost mantle. We interpret the bounding lithospheric-scale thrust zone as the basal thrust of a thrust-wedge system across the northern Tibetan plateau margin. A minimum ∼26% bulk shortening strain is accommodated in the thrust-wedge system, which is compatible with the surface-geology constraints. Together with magnetotelluric data, our seismic imaging reveals stark contrasts in the crustal structure and rheology across the left-slip Haiyuan Fault. The involvement of strain partitioning across this regional structure in the thrust wedge supports the earlier proposed transpressional continental underthrusting of North China beneath the Tibetan plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Great Xing’an Range is characterized by a complex crustal history involving the successive development of several Paleozoic to Mesozoic tectonic domains. A set of new different geophysical data, including deep seismic reflection profile, seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profile, and magnetotelluric survey, were conducted recently to establish the lithosphere structure and geodynamic framework of the Great Xing’an Range and adjacent basins. Results based on the interpretation of the integrated geophysical data include the discovery of the “crocodile” style assembly fabric of the Songnen and Xing’an blocks; the intrusion of the Great Xing’an Range continental crust into the Songnen block while the mantle lithosphere of the Songnen block beneath the Xing’an block. The Great Xing’an Range experienced the delamination and the underplating, which is very common in the eastern part of Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The building of the Great Xing’an Range could divide into two phases: (a) the crustal shortening and overlapping resulted from the compression between the Songnen and Xing’an blocks in late Devonian to early Carboniferous; (b) the vertical building by the upwelling and underplating of the magmas in Mesozoic and Cenozoic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and aftershocks occurred along the northeast-trending Longmenshan fault zone in the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. The Tibetan plateau has the strongest negative Bouguer gravity anomaly zone in China and is surrounded by the great gravity horizontal gradient belt. The horizontal gradient belt of the observed gravity anomaly in the Longmenshan area is a part of this giant gravity gradient belt. The Longmenshan fault zone is located to the east of this belt. The horizontal gradient belt of the residual gravity anomaly, obtained by removing large effects of sedimentary basin and variations in the crustal thickness, well matches the Longmenshan fault zone. But this belt is located to the east of the horizontal gradient belt of the observed gravity anomalies. The deviation of the two horizontal gradient belts increases from the southwest to the northeast with a maximum of about 40–50km. A significant difference in density exists in the lower crust and the uppermost mantle between the Songpan-Ganzê block and the Sichuan basin block. The Songpan-Ganzê block is less dense than the Sichuan basin block in the lower crust as well as in the uppermost mantle. The boundary between the two blocks is located to the west of the Wenchuan-Maoxian, Yinxiu-Beichuan, and Anxian-Guanxian faults approximately. The fault plane crosses the lower crust and uppermost mantle. The rigid Sichuan basin block acts as a resistant for the pushing from the Songpan-Ganzê block. Far-field effects of the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, might lead to thrust of some brittle layers in the upper crust along the detachment, in the middle crust of the Songpan-Ganzê block. When movement on a large and deep crustal mega-thrust occurs, earthquakes strike the Longmen Shan margin of the Tibetan Plateau. In the Guanxian-Beichuan segment in the southern Longmenshan fault zone, push from the Songpan-Ganzê block is perpendicular to the density boundary, which corresponds to the location of the horizontal gradient belt of the residual gravity. But in the Guanxian-Beichuan segment in the northern Longmenshan fault zone, the push is oblique to the location of this gradient belt. Such a relationship could lead to nearly equal amounts of thrust and right-lateral slip along the Beichuan-Qingchuan segment, and in contrast to nearly pure thrust along the Guanxian-Beichuan segment. An unusually large negative magnetic anomaly occurs around Qingchuan-Wenchuan-Guanxian. The computed magnetic model shows that some crystalline complexes with reversal magnetization might exist in the crust, which might be related to extrusion of the metamorphic basement rocks in the lower to middle crust. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The causes of the error of the electrical and geographic locations of the IYS. • The division of the Lhasa terrane according to the electrical structure. • The double-sided subduction of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan Ocean (BNT) Ocean. • The smooth subduction of the Longmu Tso-Shuanghu Tethyan Ocean (LST). The Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau that is situated in the southwest China is an ideal natural field laboratory for continental dynamics. In this study, through the careful processing and analyzing of the magnetotellurics data, the reliable 2-D electrical model was obtained to examine the relationship between the lithospheric electrical structure and dynamics in the central Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau. Six conductors mainly result from the partial melting and aqueous fluids, and three resistors are related to different tectonic evolution in the model. Combined with other observations, we summarize that the upwelling hot material (partial melting), aqueous fluids, subduction erosion and crushed zone contribute to the error between the electrical location and the geographic location of the Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture. The subducted Indian plate is shown by the different angles and different locations of its frontier in different areas. The electrical structure beneath the Lhasa terrane corresponds well with the geological features of an old, locally reworked crust dominantly in the central Lhasa terrane with two young juvenile crustal blocks surrounding the central terrane, and it also shows the relationship among the dynamics, magmatism and mineralization in the Gangdise metallogenic belt. Meanwhile, we indicate that the subducted polarity of the Bangong-Nujiang Tethyan Ocean lithosphere was double-sided, and the smooth subduction of the Longmu Tso-Shuanghu Tethyan Ocean lithosphere may cut through the Moho surface approximately 20 km. Above all, these results can provide helpful constrains to understand the evolution mechanism of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]