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Background AUTO1 is a fast off-rate CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), which has been successfully tested in adult lymphoblastic leukemia. Tscm/Tcm-enriched CAR-T populations confer the best expansion and persistence, but Tscm/Tcm numbers are poor in heavily pretreated adult patients. To improve this, we evaluate the use of AKT inhibitor (VIII) with the aim of uncoupling T-cell expansion from differentiation, to enrich Tscm/Tcm subsets.Methods VIII was incorporated into the AUTO1 manufacturing process based on the semiautomated the CliniMACS Prodigy platform at both small and cGMP scale.Results AUTO1 manufactured with VIII showed Tscm/Tcm enrichment, improved expansion and cytotoxicity in vitro and superior antitumor activity in vivo. Further, VIII induced AUTO1 Th1/Th17 skewing, increased polyfunctionality, and conferred a unique metabolic profile and a novel signature for autophagy to support enhanced expansion and cytotoxicity. We show that VIII-cultured AUTO1 products from B-ALL patients on the ALLCAR19 study possess superior phenotype, metabolism, and function than parallel control products and that VIII-based manufacture is scalable to cGMP.Conclusion Ultimately, AUTO1 generated with VIII may begin to overcome the product specific factors contributing to CD19+relapse.

Increasing TCR cell surface expression can potentiate T cell responses to low-concentrations of antigen. Here the authors identify aminoacids in human TCR variable domains that impact its surface expression, and demonstrate how editing these residues can improve T cell activation and effector function without altering antigen specificity.

In the present study, the processing, characterization, and assessment of novel non-alcoholic and sugar-free drinks based on bioactive extracts from valuable natural sources, such as green tea enriched with Chios mastiha, are considered. Currently, the transition towards the consumption of healthy and sustainable food and beverages promoting human health and well-being is strongly encouraged and biologically active compounds from natural resources have a broad range of ap-plications in this sector. In this context, three beverages (all non-alcoholic, non-carbonated, and sugar-free) were created, including extracts of green tea with Chios mastiha, matcha green tea with Chios mastiha and louisa green tea with Chios mastiha, and an evaluation of their biological potential was performed. Specifically, an analysis of water, extracts, and additives for the beverage production was carried out. Microbiological and nutritional value determination was also conducted in samples of the three products. According to the experimental results, the novel health beverage produced from green tea enriched with Chios Mastiha extracts was found to have improved organoleptic characteristics and was microbiologically stable and safe for a period of 180 days from the production date at 25 °C. It is also considered stable and safe for 3 days after production, even if it remains open at 25 °C. In view of a possible scale-up of this application, safety, and preservation control should continue for at least 540 days from the date of production. In conclusion, the current research findings support the development of a novel non-alcoholic sugar-free health drink based on bioactive extracts from green tea enriched with Chios mastiha, to contribute to maintaining human health and also to strengthen the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we address data interrelations that social researchers face when working with qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews with longitudinal (QLR) and multiperspective (MPR) research designs. Revisiting data from four different research projects and building on the proposal by VOGL, ZARTLER, SCHMIDT and RIEDER (2018), we present the 4C model of complexities within data interrelations. Specifically, the broader pool of data allowed us to cross-investigate how interview data may contradict, correct, complement, or be confluent with what the researcher has gathered from another interview conducted at a different point in time (longitudinally) or with another study participant (multi-perspective approach). Using different forms of transitions (e.g., transitions to adulthood, migratory transitions, transitions to parenthood) as a common analytical thread, we argue that revealing inherent inconsistencies in the data reflects the complex and ever-changing nature of reality and that making sense of these inconsistencies often enriches interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioural responses to hypoglycaemia require coordinated recruitment of broadly distributed networks of interacting brain regions. We investigated hypoglycaemia-related changes in brain connectivity in people without diabetes (ND) and with type 1 diabetes with normal (NAH) or impaired (IAH) hypoglycaemia awareness. Two-step hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemic clamps were performed in 14 ND, 15 NAH and 22 IAH participants. BOLD timeseries were acquired at euglycaemia (5.0 mmol/L) and hypoglycaemia (2.6 mmol/L), with symptom and counter-regulatory hormone measurements. We investigated hypoglycaemia-related connectivity changes using established seed regions for the default mode (DMN), salience (SN) and central executive (CEN) networks and regions whose activity is modulated by hypoglycaemia: the thalamus and right inferior frontal gyrus (RIFG). Hypoglycaemia-induced changes in the DMN, SN and CEN were evident in NAH (all p < 0.05), with no changes in ND or IAH. However, in IAH there was a reduction in connectivity between regions within the RIFG (p = 0.001), not evident in the ND or NAH groups. We conclude that hypoglycaemia induces coordinated recruitment of the DMN and SN in diabetes with preserved hypoglycaemia awareness which is absent in IAH and ND. Changes in connectivity in the RIFG, a region associated with attentional modulation, may be key in impaired hypoglycaemia awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that on March 28, 1904 the Rock Ledge Improvement Association convened to vote on the future of William Lloyd Garrison's former home, known as "Rockledge," in the Roxbury Highlands. Topics include considered that after four years of ownership, they agreed to transfer it to another caretaker they knew would cherish and make appropriate use of the house the abolitionist had inhabited for fifteen years.

Dyadic interviews, in which two participants are interviewed together, are becoming more popular in qualitative research, but are much less discussed in the methodological literature than individual and group forms. In this article, we consider the nature and value of dyadic interviews, recognizing them as active, relational encounters, shaped by what all parties bring to them, and infused with issues of power. Drawing on our research on altruistic motivation which involved 47 dyadic interviews conducted with 94 individuals and post-interview feedback from participants, we demonstrate the strengths and point out some of the potential pitfalls associated with the dyadic format, focusing on the practical and ethical issues in defining and recruiting dyads and the practice of conducting such interviews. We provide recommendations for researchers interested in using this method, and suggest research priorities for the further development of dyadic interviewing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We assessed longitudinal patterns of maternal C-peptide concentration to examine the hypothesis of β-cell regeneration in pregnancy with type 1 diabetes.Research Design and Methods: C-peptide was measured on maternal serum samples from 127 participants (12, 24, and 34 weeks) and cord blood during the Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Women With Type 1 Diabetes in Pregnancy Trial (CONCEPTT). C-peptide was measured using a highly sensitive direct and solid-phase competitive electrochemiluminescent immunoassay.Results: Three discrete patterns of maternal C-peptide trajectory were identified: pattern 1, undetectable throughout pregnancy, n = 74 (58%; maternal C-peptide <3 pmol/L); pattern 2, detectable at baseline, n = 22 (17%; maternal C-peptide 7-272 pmol/L at baseline); and pattern 3, undetectable maternal C-peptide at 12 and 24 weeks, which first became detectable at 34 weeks, n = 31 (24%; maternal C-peptide 4-26 pmol/L at 34 weeks). Baseline characteristics and third trimester glucose profiles of women with pattern 1 and pattern 3 C-peptide trajectories were similar, but women in pattern 3 had suboptimal glycemia (50% time above range) at 24 weeks' gestation. Offspring of women with pattern 3 C-peptide trajectories had elevated cord blood C-peptide (geometric mean 1,319 vs. 718 pmol/L; P = 0.007), increased rates of large for gestational age (90% vs. 60%; P = 0.002), neonatal hypoglycemia (42% vs. 14%; P = 0.001), and neonatal intensive care admission (45% vs. 23%; P = 0.023) compared with pattern 1 offspring.Conclusions: First maternal C-peptide appearance at 34 weeks was associated with midtrimester hyperglycemia, elevated cord blood C-peptide, and high rates of neonatal complications. This suggests transfer of C-peptide from fetal to maternal serum and is inconsistent with pregnancy-related β-cell regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a major risk factor for severe hypoglycemia (SH) and is associated with atypical responses to hypoglycemia in brain regions involved in arousal, decision making, and memory. Whether restoration of hypoglycemia awareness alters these responses is unknown. We sought to investigate the impact of awareness restoration on brain responses to hypoglycemia.Research Design and Methods: Twelve adults with T1D and IAH underwent pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling functional MRI during a hypoglycemic clamp (5-2.6 mmol/L) before and after a hypoglycemia avoidance program of structured education (Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating), specialist support, and sensor-augmented pump therapy (Medtronic MiniMed 640G). Hypoglycemic cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses were compared pre- and postintervention using predefined region-of-interest analysis of the thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and hippocampus.Results: Postintervention, Gold and Clarke scores fell (6.0 ± 1.0 to 4.0 ± 1.6, P = 0.0002, and 5.7 ± 1.7 to 3.4 ± 1.8, P = 0.0008, respectively), SH rates reduced (1.5 ± 2 to 0.3 ± 0.5 episodes per year, P = 0.03), hypoglycemic symptom scores increased (18.8 ± 6.3 to 27.3 ± 12.7, P = 0.02), and epinephrine responses did not change (P = 0.2). Postintervention, hypoglycemia induced greater increases in ACC CBF (P = 0.01, peak voxel coordinates [6, 40, -2]), while thalamic and OFC activity did not change.Conclusions: Increased blood flow is seen within brain pathways involved in internal self-awareness and decision making (ACC) after restoration of hypoglycemia awareness, suggesting partial recovery of brain responses lost in IAH. Resistance of frontothalamic networks, involved in arousal and emotion processing, may explain why not all individuals with IAH achieve awareness restoration with education and technology alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain responses to low plasma glucose may be key to understanding the behaviors that prevent severe hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. This study investigated the impact of long duration, hypoglycemia aware type 1 diabetes on cerebral blood flow responses to hypoglycemia. Three-dimensional pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 15 individuals with type 1 diabetes and 15 non-diabetic controls during a two-step hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp. Symptom, hormone, global cerebral blood flow and regional cerebral blood flow responses to hypoglycemia were measured. Epinephrine release during hypoglycemia was attenuated in type 1 diabetes, but symptom score rose comparably in both groups. A rise in global cerebral blood flow did not differ between groups. Regional cerebral blood flow increased in the thalamus and fell in the hippocampus and temporal cortex in both groups. Type 1 diabetes demonstrated lesser anterior cingulate cortex activation; however, this difference did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Thalamic cerebral blood flow change correlated with autonomic symptoms, and anterior cingulate cortex cerebral blood flow change correlated with epinephrine response across groups. The thalamus may thus be involved in symptom responses to hypoglycemia, independent of epinephrine action, while anterior cingulate cortex activation may be linked to counterregulation. Activation of these regions may have a role in hypoglycemia awareness and avoidance of problematic hypoglycemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health systems in Australia and worldwide are increasingly expected to conduct research and quality improvement activities in addition to delivering clinical care and training health professionals. This study aims to inform a research impact evaluation at a regional Australian Hospital and Health Service by developing a programme theory showing how research investment is expected to have impact.Methods: This qualitative study, representing the first phase of a larger mixed methods research impact evaluation at the Townsville Hospital and Health Service (THHS), adopts a realist-informed design involving the development of a programme theory. Data were obtained between February and May 2019 from strategic documentation and interviews with six current and former health service executives and senior employees. Inductive themes were integrated into a conceptual framework to visually represent the programme theory.Results: Research at THHS has developed organically as the service has matured into a regional tertiary referral service serving a diverse rural and remote population across northern Queensland. Throughout this journey, individual THHS leaders often adopted a research development mantle despite disincentives arising from a performance-driven reporting and activity-based funding service context. Impact expectations from research investment at THHS were identified in the categories of enhanced research activity and capacity among clinicians, and improved clinical practice, health workforce capability and stability, and patient and population health. Seven contextual factors were identified as potential enablers or obstacles to these impact expectations and ambitions.Conclusions: By identifying both relevant impact types and key contextual factors, this study offers programme theory to inform a planned research impact evaluation at THHS. The conceptual framework may be useful in other regionally based health service settings. More broadly, there are opportunities for future research to test and refine hybrid versions of linear and realist research impact evaluation models that combine resource-intensive, theory-driven approaches with policy practicality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In men of black west African (BAM) and white European (WEM) ethnicity, we aimed to (1) compare adipose tissue, peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity and (2) investigate associations between ectopic fat and insulin sensitivity by ethnicity. Design and methods: In overweight BAM (n = 21) and WEM (n = 23) with normal glucose tolerance, we performed a two-step hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp with infusion of [6,6 ²H2]-glucose and [²H5]-glycerol to measure whole body, peripheral, hepatic and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity (lipolysis). Visceral adipose tissue (VAT), intrahepatic lipids (IHL) and intramyocellular (IMCL) lipids were measured using MRI and spectroscopy. Associations between insulin sensitivity and ectopic fat were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient by ethnicity and regression analysis. Results: There were no ethnic differences in whole body or tissue-specific insulin sensitivity (all P > 0.05). Suppression of lipolysis was inversely associated with VAT and IHL in WEM but not BAM (VAT: WEM r = -0.68, P < 0.01; BAM r = 0.07, P = 0.79. IHL: WEM r = -0.52, P = 0.01; BAM r = -0.12, P = 0.63). IMCL was inversely associated with skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in WEM but not BAM (WEM r = -0.56, P < 0.01; BAM r = -0.09, P = 0.75) and IHL was inversely associated with hepatic insulin sensitivity in WEM but not BAM (WEM r = -0.53, P = 0.02; BAM r = -0.13, P = 0.62). Conclusions: Ectopic fat deposition may play a lesser role in reducing insulin sensitivity in men of black African ethnicity and may not be driven by lipolysis. Resistance to storing VAT, IHL and IMCL may enable men of black African ethnicity to maintain comparable insulin sensitivity to white Europeans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) affects one-quarter of adults with type 1 diabetes and significantly increases the risk of severe hypoglycemia. Differences in regional brain responses to hypoglycemia may contribute to the susceptibility of this group to problematic hypoglycemia. This study investigated brain responses to hypoglycemia in hypoglycemia aware (HA) and IAH adults with type 1 diabetes, using three-dimensional pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (3D pCASL) functional MRI to measure changes in regional cerebral blood flow (CBF).Research Design and Methods: Fifteen HA and 19 IAH individuals underwent 3D pCASL functional MRI during a two-step hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp. Symptom, hormone, global, and regional CBF responses to hypoglycemia (47 mg/dL [2.6 mmol/L]) were measured.Results: In response to hypoglycemia, total symptom score did not change in those with IAH (P = 0.25) but rose in HA participants (P < 0.001). Epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone responses to hypoglycemia were lower in the IAH group (P < 0.05). Hypoglycemia induced a rise in global CBF (HA P = 0.01, IAH P = 0.04) but was not different between groups (P = 0.99). IAH participants showed reduced regional CBF responses within the thalamus (P = 0.002), right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (P = 0.002), and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (P = 0.036) and a lesser decrease of CBF in the left hippocampus (P = 0.023) compared with the HA group. Thalamic and right lateral OFC differences survived Bonferroni correction.Conclusions: Responses to hypoglycemia of brain regions involved in arousal, decision making, and reward are altered in IAH. Changes in these pathways may disrupt IAH individuals' ability to recognize hypoglycemia, impairing their capacity to manage hypoglycemia effectively and benefit fully from conventional therapeutic pathways to restore awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Women with type 1 diabetes strive for optimal glycemic control before and during pregnancy to avoid adverse obstetric and perinatal outcomes. For most women, optimal glycemic control is challenging to achieve and maintain. The aim of this study is to determine whether the use of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) will improve glycemic control in women with type 1 diabetes who are pregnant or planning pregnancy.Methods/design: A multi-center, open label, randomized, controlled trial of women with type 1 diabetes who are either planning pregnancy with an HbA1c of 7.0 % to ≤10.0 % (53 to ≤ 86 mmol/mol) or are in early pregnancy (<13 weeks 6 days) with an HbA1c of 6.5 % to ≤10.0 % (48 to ≤ 86 mmol/mol). Participants will be randomized to either RT-CGM alongside conventional intermittent home glucose monitoring (HGM), or HGM alone. Eligible women will wear a CGM which does not display the glucose result for 6 days during the run-in phase. To be eligible for randomization, a minimum of 4 HGM measurements per day and a minimum of 96 hours total with 24 hours overnight (11 pm-7 am) of CGM glucose values are required. Those meeting these criteria are randomized to RT- CGM or HGM. A total of 324 women will be recruited (110 planning pregnancy, 214 pregnant). This takes into account 15 and 20 % attrition rates for the planning pregnancy and pregnant cohorts and will detect a clinically relevant 0.5 % difference between groups at 90 % power with 5 % significance. Randomization will stratify for type of insulin treatment (pump or multiple daily injections) and baseline HbA1c. Analyses will be performed according to intention to treat. The primary outcome is the change in glycemic control as measured by HbA1c from baseline to 24 weeks or conception in women planning pregnancy, and from baseline to 34 weeks gestation during pregnancy. Secondary outcomes include maternal hypoglycemia, CGM time in, above and below target (3.5-7.8 mmol/l), glucose variability measures, maternal and neonatal outcomes.Discussion: This will be the first international multicenter randomized controlled trial to evaluate the impact of RT- CGM before and during pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01788527 Registration Date: December 19, 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To compare overnight closed-loop and sensor-augmented pump therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes by combining data collected during free-living unsupervised randomized crossover home studies. Methods A total of 40 participants with type 1 diabetes, of whom 24 were adults [mean ± standard deviation (s.d.) age 43 ± 12 years and glycated haemoglobin ( HbA1c) 8.0 ± 0.9%] and 16 were adolescents (mean ± s.d. age 15.6 ± 3.6 years and HbA1c 8.1 ± 0.8%), underwent two periods of sensor-augmented pump therapy in the home setting, in combination with or without an overnight closed-loop insulin delivery system that uses a model predictive control algorithm to direct insulin delivery. The order of the two interventions was random; each period lasted 4 weeks in adults and 3 weeks in adolescents. The primary outcome was time during which sensor glucose readings were in the target range of 3.9-8.0 mmol/l. Results The proportion of time when sensor glucose was in the target range (3.9-8.0 mmol/l) overnight (between 24:00 and 08:00 hours) was 18.5% greater during closed-loop insulin delivery than during sensor-augmented therapy (p < 0.001). Closed-loop therapy significantly reduced mean overnight glucose levels by 0.9 mmol/l (p < 0.001), with no difference in glycaemic variability, as measured by the standard deviation of sensor glucose. Time spent above the target range was reduced (p = 0.001), as was time spent in hypoglycaemia (<3.9 mmol/l; p = 0.014) during closed-loop therapy. Lower mean overnight glucose levels during closed-loop therapy were brought about by increased overnight insulin delivery (p < 0.001) without changes to the total daily delivery (p = 0.84). Conclusion Overnight closed-loop insulin therapy at home in adults and adolescents with type 1 diabetes is feasible, showing improvements in glucose control and reducing the risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of the Richmond family, with a particular focus on its involvement with the Shaker religious community in England and in Enfield, Connecticut. According to the author, the family's influence on the Shaker community has been overlooked by most scholars. Details on the relationship between the Richmond family and the Copley, Whiteley, and Tate families are also presented. Other topics include spiritualism, living arrangements within the Shaker community, and religious conversion.

This article examines the hitherto neglected history of the twelve women who studied law at Cambridge and Oxford in the years up to 1900. It concludes that the reason why so little has been written about them is, first, because women's experience has been routinely ignored in accounts of legal education (and in history generally) and, second, because their entry to the university law schools was accomplished with very little fuss or opposition. This in turn was due not only to the fact that the law professors were generally sympathetic to higher education for women but also because the women themselves did not challenge university traditions or the men's curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explicates Mary Austin's theory of citizenship and demonstrates her contribution to the larger literature on social democratic citizenship emerging in the early twentieth century. The primary text considered is her monograph, The Young Woman Citizen (1918) . In this piece, Austin reimagines the spatial and gender ordering of the polity to create an integrative and inclusive civic ideal. She employs the concepts of society and mind as a means of blurring the boundaries between the public and private and integrating the polity, while she turns to woman-thought, social capital, and the generative state to secure women's inclusion. Austin's work combines a unique form of the gender-difference argument for suffrage with progressive political philosophies in an effort to construct a model of the polity in which women share sovereignty with men, socially, culturally, and institutionally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE--To evaluate the effect of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on the frequency of severe hypoglycemia (SH) in patients with established hypoglycemia unawareness. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--We conducted a retrospective audit of 35 patients with type 1 diabetes and problematic hypoglycemia unawareness, despite optimized medical therapy (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion/multiple daily insulin injections), who used CGM for >1 year. RESULTS--Over a 1-year follow-up period, the median rates of SH were reduced from 4.0 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.75-7.25) episodes/patient-year to 0.0 (0.0-1.25) episodes/patient-year (P < 0.001), and the mean (±SD) rates were reduced from 8.1 ± 13 to 0.6 ± 1.2 episodes/year (P = 0.005). HbA[sub 1c] was reduced from 8.1 ± 1.2% to 7.6 ± 1.0% over the year (P = 0.005). The mean Gold score, measured in 19 patients, did not change: 5.1 ± 1.5 vs. 5.2 ± 1.9 (P = 0.67). CONCLUSIONS--In a specialist experienced insulin pump center, in carefully selected patients, CGM reduced SH while improving HbA[sub 1c] but failed to restore hypoglycemia awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TCR-gene-transfer is an efficient strategy to produce therapeutic T cells of defined antigen specificity. However, there are substantial variations in the cell surface expression levels of human TCRs, which can impair the function of engineered T cells. Here we demonstrate that substitutions of 3 amino acid residues in the framework of the TCR variable domains consistently increase the expression of human TCRs on the surface of engineered T cells.The modified TCRs mediate enhanced T cell proliferation, cytokine production and cytotoxicity, while reducing the peptide concentration required for triggering effector function up to 3000-fold. Adoptive transfer experiments in mice show that modified TCRs control tumor growth more efficiently than wild-type TCRs. Our data indicate that simple variable domain modifications at a distance from the antigen-binding loops lead to increased TCR expression and improved effector function. This finding provides a generic platform to optimize the efficacy of TCR gene therapy in humans. Increasing TCR cell surface expression can potentiate T cell responses to low-concentrations of antigen. Here the authors identify aminoacids in human TCR variable domains that impact its surface expression, and demonstrate how editing these residues can improve T cell activation and effector function without altering antigen specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Editor, David G Anderson, anderson@glen-net.ca A descendant of the Bethunes of Skye, traditional physicians to the Court of Scotland, John Bethune was educated at King's College, Aberdeen. He was ordained [...]