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The treatment or recovery of waste ink constitutes a significant process for the printing and packaging industries, particularly in the flexographic printing of packaging materials. This poses a substantial challenge in the field of waste management science. The application of waste ink recovery, ensuring a safe environment and human health, along with the recovery and sustainability of Earth's resources, has garnered significant global attention. The present research is solely devoted to creating innovative trends without technological barriers for synthesizing a tri-copolymer to be applied as an effective sorption system for waste ink. The Polyethyleneimine-Poly Glycidyl methacrylatepolyethylene glycol diacrylate tri-polymer (PEI-PGMA-PEGDA tri-polymer) was synthesized and thoroughly investigated using FTIR, TGA, and DSC to confirm its chemical structure, thermal stability, and the shift in melting point affected by radiation dose, respectively. SEM analysis showed significant morphological differences in PEI-PGMA-PEGDA tri-polymer samples before and after treatment with flexographic printing ink waste, offering effective strategies for adsorbing waste printing inks from organic solvents. These findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the investigated materials and their potential applications. Additionally, the kinetic study of the sorption efficiency of flexographic ink by two sets of tri-copolymers with doses of 20 and 40 kGy indicated that 40 kGy has a more efficient capacity. The highest sorption capacity, approximately 97.6%, was observed for a sample of GMA 15% irradiated by 40 kGy with a sorption amount of 2.5 g L-1. This suggests that the current new treatment strategy can be categorized as highly effective waste ink management and should be advocated for in such domains to ensure a safe environment and preserve Earth's resources. The treatment of printing ink for packaging materials is a crucial step towards achieving green printing technology, which must be supported and advanced through research and industrial application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an attempt to produce bio-composites that possess good physico-mechanical properties, polyamidoamine (PAMAM) was synthesized and characterized as a multi-nitrogen terminal biocompatible and nontoxic polymeric species. It was mixed at various ratios of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0% with polypropylene (PP) via Brabender-like apparatus. The prepared bio-composites were exposed to 20 kGy of gamma-irradiation to investigate the influence of ionizing radiation on the fabricated specimens. Parameters of mechanical for instance tensile strength (TS), modulus of elasticity (EM), elongation at break (%), and hardness (Shore D), of bio-composites, were considered. Moreover, the stress-strain curves of the fabricated samples were investigated. Furthermore, FTIR and thermal analysis including TGA and DSC have been investigated. The crystallinity % of all investigated samples was calculated on the basis of DSC measurements. Overall migration of prepared samples has been performed as an applicable study of food packaging. FTIR results revealed the disappearance of the absorption peak at 1730 cm−l of the carbonyl group of polyamidoamine after the formation of PP/PAMAM bio-composites, indicating a successful combination of the PP matrix with polyamidoamine. The incorporation of PAMAM resulted in a steady improvement of the melting temperature (Tm) of the native PP. The thermal stability of PP/PAMAM composition increases with increasing PAMAM and after being exposed to 20 kGy irradiation. Mechanical data revealed that TS of PP increased with PAMAM content up to 3.0%. The development in TS increased from 20 MPa of native PP to 45 MPa of PP/2% PAMAM bio-composites suggesting the superior interaction between the synthetic PAMAM and PP texture. Furthermore, the prepared bio-composite films displayed highly acceptable migration limits. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of gamma irradiation on acrylate‐based shape memory polymers (SMPs) when combined with various crosslinkers. The SMPs were synthesized using butyl acrylate (nBuA) and isobornyl acrylate (IBoA) with different crosslinkers, including polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), bisphenol A ethoxylated diacrylate (BPAEDA), and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). The photo‐initiation process utilized 2,2 dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone (DMPA), followed by gamma radiation crosslinking at absorbed doses ranging from 5 to 300 kGy. The degree of gelation depended on the copolymer composition and irradiation dose, with poly(IBoA‐nBuA)‐BPAEDA exhibiting the highest gelation degree (99%) and poly(IBoA‐nBuA)‐TMPTA showing the lowest (86%). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the copolymer structure, while thermal stability was assessed using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Dynamic mechanical analysis analysis of the copolymers revealed significant variations in mechanical properties based on the type of crosslinker, radiation dose, and copolymer composition. Furthermore, the shape memory behavior of the copolymers was examined, demonstrating temperature‐dependent storage and loss moduli for crosslinked poly(IBoA‐nBuA) copolymers at a radiation dose of 150 kGy. In summary, the findings highlight that gamma irradiation crosslinking and the choice of crosslinkers have a substantial impact on the properties of acrylate‐based SMPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear polyethyleneimine (L‐PEI)‐based nanoparticles were synthesized via hydrolysis of poly‐2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline (PMeOx), which was prepared by cationic ring‐opening polymerization of the oxazoline five‐membered ring. Herein, a kinetic study of the ring‐opening polymerization reaction is discussed. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of PMeOx verified the presence of repeating units and terminal groups in the polymer's structure. Molar ratios of PEI and PMeOx were characterized using size exclusion chromatography with low‐polydispersity polymer chains as the controlled polymerization reaction. PEI and PMeOx exhibited narrow particle size distribution with hydrodynamic radii of 89 and 67 nm, respectively, as determined via dynamic light scattering analysis. In addition, atomic forces and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the topography of the PEI thin films. Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) P(GMA) was grafted onto a PEI chain in the presence of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) as the crosslinking agent to synthesize the P(GMA–PEI–TMPTA) tripolymer via free radical polymerization using gamma irradiation. The thermal characterization of the P(GMA–PEI–TMPTA) tripolymer was conducted using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimeter. Generally, the thermal stability of the P(GMA–PEI–TMPTA) tripolymer was improved at low‐glycidyl methacrylate concentrations. The prepared tripolymer could be used as effective packaging materials for electronics industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A soft‐segment homopolymer of the monomer butyl acrylate was synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization to study the unique properties of poly(n‐butyl acrylate) [P(nBuA)] as flexible coating. The nanostructure and linear properties of P(nBuA) synthesized using radiation and radical polymerization techniques were investigated. The molar mass and particle size of the prepared P(nBuA) polymers were characterized using size‐exclusion chromatography and a particle‐size analyzer, respectively. Photo‐initiation of P(nBuA) was induced by 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone in the presence of the crosslinkers polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), bisphenol A ethoxylated diacrylate (BPAEDA), or trimethylpropane triacrylate (TMPTA), followed by crosslinking by ionizing radiation. The dynamic mechanical analysis parameters—tangent delta, storage modulus, and loss modulus—were determined for the three prepared crosslinked polymers of P(nBuA) and showed that P(nBuA‐BPAEDA), P(nBuA‐PEGDA), and P(nBuA‐TMPTA) are strong and flexible materials. Thermal gravimetric analysis was used to study the thermal behavior of the prepared elastic P(nBuA) polymers. Thermal gravimetric data revealed that the crosslinkers improved the thermal stability of P(nBuA). The favorable properties of the synthesized polymers indicate their potential to be used as flexible nanocoatings for packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: The polymer/multiwalled carbon nanotube [poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/carboxyethyl acrylate (CEA)]‐multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and its amino functionalized (PVA/CEA)‐MWCNT‐NH2 nanocomposite samples were successfully synthesized by the chemical method in the form of films. The samples were irradiated with gamma‐ray doses of 50 and 100 kGy and with ion beam fluence of 2.5 × 1018 and 3.75 × 1018 ions cm−2. The prepared nanocomposite samples were characterized using X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis confirm the existence of the chemical crosslinking occurred in the polymer compositions. The AC electrical conductivity, electrical modulus, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss in the frequency range 102–106 Hz are measured at room temperature. The electrical conductivity is increased with MWCNT doping, gamma‐irradiation, and by ion beam irradiation. A comprehensive analysis of the results revealed that dielectric properties are improved due to the induced physicochemical changes and conductive networks induced by ion beam irradiation. The behavioral effect of these embedded nanoparticles in a PVA matrix on the microstructural, dielectric, and electric properties is analyzed for possible device applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46647. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Dextrin, which is widely used throughout many industries for their functional properties, was selected for studying the influences of gamma irradiation on its viscosity, physicochemical properties and dextrin granule structure. The formation of radicals during irradiation process of dextrin in air condition was investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) showing the influence of irradiation and storage parameters on the nature and concentration of the free radicals. Two major radicals or groups of radicals are observed. The radicals show g-values varying among g =2.0102±0.0002 and g =2.0126±0.0006. Irradiation was observed to induce increases in the intensity of single. The material left behind after irradiation treatment was characterized using thermal analysis, TGA and DSC. A structural analysis was made using SEM and X-ray diffraction to investigate whether the partial hydrolysis had any influence on the granular structure and the crystallinity of the dextrin. The results show that dextrin undergoes oxidative degradation under the influence of gamma radiation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Glucoamylase (GA) had been covalently immobilized on polypropylene grafted poly-acrylamide (PP-g-P(AAm)) and polypropylene grafted poly-acrylic acid (PP-g-P(AAc)) fibers by the use of carbodiimide (CDI) as a coupling agent. The polymeric support for enzyme immobilization was prepared using radiation that induced graft copolymerization of acrylamide (AAm) and acrylic acid (AAc) monomers, individually, onto polypropylene fibers followed by chemical treatments. Effects of pH and temperature on the relative activity, as well as storage stability and reusability of the immobilized enzyme, were studied. The kinetic effect of immobilization was also studied to find that, the Km values for glucoamylase immobilized on PP-g-P(AAc) and PP-g-P(AAm) fibers are 3.4 and 5.88, respectively, i.e., higher than that for free glucoamylase of Km 1.6. An enhancement in the thermal stability of the glucoamylase is observed upon immobilization. The optimum temperature for the immobilized enzyme on both PP-g-P(AAc) and PP-g-P(AAm) was found to be shifted 5°C higher than that of the free enzyme at 55°C. Investigation of reusability of the immobilized enzyme showed that after 10 cycles the immobilized enzyme retained 60% and 45% of its original activity for PP-g-P(AAc) and PP-g-P(AAm) carriers, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn starch of different physical forms (solid and liquid) was irradiated with 60Co gamma rays and electron beam in the dose range of 50 Gy to 100 kGy to investigate the effect of ionizing radiation on its molecular weight (Mw). Degradation was observed for both solid and liquid states upon radiation. However, degradation of the starch in the liquid state was remarkably greater than that in the solid state. The free radicals that formed during water irradiation must be responsible for such degradation in the liquid form. Thermostated viscometer, rheometer and multi-angle static laser light scattering were employed to study the changes in the Mw of corn starch that occurred during irradiation at constant temperature and different concentrations. It was observed that electron beam irradiated corn starch has uniform decreasing in Mw and radius of gyration (Rg) in the range of (4.4×107-2.9×107 g mol-1) and (199.3-85.6 nm), respectively. The influence of gas atmosphere on the degradation process during gamma irradiation was studied to find that, the Mw and Rg values were in the range of (4.4×107-1.8×107 g mol-1) and (199.3-120.4 nm) for the oxygen saturated samples, while, they were (4.4×107-1.05×107 g mol-1) and (199.3-85.6 nm) for the argon saturated samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]