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Pediatric acute leukemia presenting with osteolytic lesions and hypercalcemia is an unusual and rare occurrence. We are reporting two such cases with atypical presentations. The first case involved a 10-year-old boy who complained of progressively worsening lower back pain. Physical examination revealed restricted flexion and extension of the back due to pain, while complete blood count and peripheral blood smear were normal. CT and MRI spine indicated osteolytic lesions in all vertebrae and pelvic bones. Biopsies from the bone marrow and vertebrae confirmed the presence of lymphoblasts, with flow cytometry results positive for B-ALL. The second case involved a 2-year-old boy who presented with chronic fever, cough, and pain in the left hip region. Physical examination was unremarkable, but chest X-ray and CT thorax revealed mediastinal widening and an anterior mediastinal mass. Skeletal X-rays showed osteolytic lesions in the humerus and femur. Peripheral blood smear was suggestive of acute leukemia. Upon presentation, the child had a serum calcium level of 17 mg/dL, initially managed with fluids and furosemide, but also required zoledronate and calcitonin. Both these cases highlight that osteolytic lesions alone or combined with hypercalcemia can be the sole presentation of leukemia in children. Such cases require a high index of suspicion to diagnose this life-threatening condition promptly and initiate timely treatment for optimal outcomes.

Abstract Intracellular infections by Gram-negative bacteria are a significant global health threat. The nuclear receptor Nur77 (also called TR3, NGFI-B, or NR4A1) was recently shown to sense cytosolic bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, the potential role for Nur77 in controlling intracellular bacterial infection has not been examined. Here we show that Nur77 protects against intracellular infection in the bladder by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the leading cause of urinary tract infections (UTI). Nur77 deficiency in mice promotes the formation of UPEC intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) in the cells lining the bladder lumen, leading to persistent infection in bladder tissue. Conversely, treatment with a small-molecule Nur77 agonist, cytosporone B, inhibits invasion and enhances the expulsion of UPEC from human urothelial cells in vitro, and significantly reduces UPEC IBC formation and bladder infection in mice. Our findings reveal a new role for Nur77 in control of bacterial infection and suggest that pharmacologic agonism of Nur77 function may represent a promising antibiotic-sparing therapeutic approach for UTI.

In the present work, the Inconel 625 material is utilized for processing on a wire electrical discharge machine. The zinc-coated brass wire is used as a tool electrode. The Taguchi mixed orthogonal L27 experimental design is developed to perform the experiments. The parameter was induced on normal and cryogenic material such as pulse on time (Ton), pulse off time (Toff), discharge current (Ip), wire feed (Wf), and wire tension (WT). The characteristics responses i.e., material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (Ra), and overcut (OC) were analyzed. The genetic algorithm (GA) was applied for the evaluation and measuring of fact, which determined its performance, and predicted facts were considered for particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique multiple objective problems. After the comparison, the facts predicted were analyzed for the response, which revealed the surface integrity and accuracy on the machined surface. The solution implied that applied PSO gives highly significant results on optimal setting parameters of WEDM machining. The 0.419 μm surface roughness has been obtained by a cryogenic process as compared to normal (0.880 μm). The material removal rate for the cryogenic process was found to have decreased in PSO by 21.18 % and in GA by 2.78 % in comparison to the normal process. The obtained results give the utmost measure for the suitability of time reduction and cost-cutting in productivity rate.

Background: The crucial aspect to consider during method development and validation, ensuring accurate, precise, and specific estimation of drug substances and drug products, is stability. Various factors, including environmental, instrumental, reagent, and human factors, can pose challenges in achieving suitable method development and validation. Objective: This work aimed to develop and validate a low flow rate, LCMS compatible, simple, and rapid reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for estimating efavirenz and its degradation products at different stress conditions. Materials and Methods: The HPLC system employed a Phenomenex Luna 5μ C18 (2) 100A (250 x 4.6 mm) column and a mobile phase of methanol: 20 millimolar ammonium formate solution (90:10) adjusted to pH 4 with formic acid. All analytes were separated within 15 minutes and detected at 247 nm. Method validation was carried out according to ICH guidelines, including linearity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness, robustness, LOD, and LOQ. Results and Discussion: The method was linear in the 10-90 μg/ml range, with a regression coefficient 0.999. Intra- and inter-day precisions, ruggedness, and robustness were within acceptable limits (≤2% RSD) with LOD and LOQ of 0.35 and 1.16 μg/ml, respectively. Degradation study indicates well resolution of the drug and degradants. Conclusion: Purposeful degradation of efavirenz resulted in different degradation products under various stress conditions, and the method demonstrated satisfactory resolution from its degradants.

Background: Substance use disorders (SUDs) are among the leading causes of morbidity in the population. In low- and medium-income countries like India, there is a wide treatment gap for SUD. A multicentric study on the care pathways for SUD in India can help to understand service provision, service utilization, and challenges to improve existing SUD care in India. Aim: We aimed to map pathways to care in SUD. We compared the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients who first consulted specialized services versus other medical services. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of consecutive, consenting adults (18–65 years) with SUD registered to each of the nine participating addiction treatment services distributed across five Indian regions. We adapted the World Health Organization’s pathway encounter form. Results: Of the 998 participants, 98% were males, 49.4% were rural, and 20% were indigenous population. Addiction services dominated initial (50%) and subsequent (60%) healthcare contacts. One in five contacted private for-profit healthcare. Primary care contact was rare (5/998). Diverse approaches included traditional healers (4–6%) and self-medication (2–8%). There was a 3-year delay in first contact; younger, educated individuals with opioid dependence preferred specialized services. Conclusion: There is a need to strengthen public healthcare infrastructure and delivery systems and integrate SUD treatment into public healthcare.

Introduction Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (ETS) is the standard practice in pituitary surgeries. The sellar exposure becomes the main factor which determines the residual disease in ETS. Not many studies can be found in the literature on the influence of anatomical variations of the sphenoid on intraoperative sella exposure.

Purpose: The enriched compost has good potential as an alternative source of nutrients. In particular, less work has been done on enriched compost for green leafy crops. Method:The current study intended to determine how enriched compost affected the horticultural characteristics of Palak. Three repetitions of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) were used to test ten combinations, i.e. T1-Recommended dosage of fertilizers (RDFs) + Farmyard manure (FYM) (85:30:0 N: P: K kg/ha + 20 t/ha); T2-50% RDFs + FYM 10 t/ha; T3-FYM 20 t/ha; T4-mineral (Rock Phosphate) enriched compost (MEC1) 5 ha-1; T5-microbial enriched compost (MEC2) 5 t/ha; T6-vermicompost (VC) 5 t/ha; T7-50% MEC1 + MEC2 +50%); T8-MEC1 + MEC2 (75% + 25%); T9-MEC1 + MEC2 (25% + 75%); T10-absolute control (no application) for two consecutive years. Results: The results for growth and yield parameters revealed that the application of MEC1 + MEC2 (50% + 50%) during cultivation were found statistically at par with treatment combination T1 RDF 100% (85:30:0 N: P: K kg/ha) + FYM (10 t/ha) and led to remarkable rise in height of plants, numbers of leaves, length of petiole, leaf area, petiole diameter, giving rise to the maximum Yield in contrast to other modules (105.71 q/ha). Regarding characteristics of quality, ascorbic acid (88.54 mg), total phenols (22.52 mg), minerals content, and antioxidant activity (4.46%) were recorded higher in the same treatment T7 due to organically nutrition availability. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the application of enriched compost (MEC1 + MEC2) results in a decreased use of chemical fertilizers, leading to increased growth and Yield and enhancing the quality of leafy vegetables for human consumption. Research Highlights • Enriched compost can improve leafy vegetable growth, productivity, and nutritional quality, promoting sustainable agriculture and enhancing environmental and human health. • Compared to conventional fertilizers, EC1 + EC2 (50 percent each) treatment significantly increased plant height, leaf number, and yield. • Furthermore, enhanced compost application improved leafy vegetable quality, such as moisture, ascorbic acid, total phenols, minerals, chlorophyll, and antioxidant activity, boosting nutritional value. • Overall, application-enriched manures reduce chemical fertilizer consumption and increase crop production, making them a sustainable alternative.

ABSTRACT In this study, atmospheric cold plasma (CP; voltage: 15–25 kV and time: 30–120 s) was applied to guar bean seeds (GBS) and then germinated for 5 days to understand the germination ability based on the germination parameters and chlorophyll content. After that, carbohydrate, protein, bioactive compounds, antinutritional factors, and in vitro protein digestibility of germinated GBS were analyzed. The results showed that CP treatment has significantly (p

Introduction. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), encompassing unstable angina, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), is a major global health concern due to its high morbidity and mortality. Research highlights a link between ACS and elevated acute phase reactants like C-reactive protein, emphasizing the role of inflammation and atherosclerosis. Serum fibrinogen, crucial in thrombus formation and an inflammatory marker, is significant in the coagulation process. This study investigates the predictive value of serum fibrinogen levels and the GRACE score for 3-month mortality in ACS patients. Aim. To examine the clinical profile of ACS patients and evaluate serum fibrinogen and GRACE score as prognostic markers for 3-month mortality. Methodology. A prospective observational study was conducted on 50 patients diagnosed with ACS at Saveetha Medical College Hospital. The study included adults over 18 with ACS, excluding those with severe comorbid conditions like end-stage liver disease or malignancy. Serum fibrinogen levels were measured at presentation and at 3 months using an automated coagulation analyzer. GRACE scores were calculated, and clinical assessments including ECG, cardiac markers, and ECHO were conducted. Data analysis involved IBM SPSS Statistics, utilizing descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, and Pearson's Correlation. Results. The study group had diverse demographics and a high prevalence of cardiovascular symptoms and comorbidities. The clinical profile of ACS showed a higher incidence of STEMI. Serum fibrinogen levels varied significantly across different Killip classes at presentation and at 3 months, with the highest levels in the more severe classes. Higher serum fibrinogen was linked to recurrent heart failure admissions and higher KILIPS class. However, there was no significant difference in fibrinogen levels between patients with and without interventions. The GRACE score was higher in STEMI patients, those with LV dysfunction, and correlated with higher serum fibrinogen. Lower FACIT F scores, indicating higher fatigue, were associated with higher fibrinogen levels and readmissions for heart failure. Conclusion. Higher serum fibrinogen levels and GRACE scores at presentation and at three months are indicators of severe myocardial infarction, increased heart failure readmission rates, and greater fatigue in ACS patients. These markers are valuable for evaluating morbidity in ACS and can aid in enhancing patient management strategies.

The unique properties of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted considerable attention, largely due to their dependence on the choice among three distinct phases: solid solution (SS), intermetallic compound (IM), or a blend of both (SS + IM). For this reason, precise phase prediction is key to identifying the optimal element combinations needed to develop HEAs with the required characteristics. Due to large compositional domain of HEAs is opportune to design new HEAs with desired output. A machine learning tool is exploited to discover and characterize high entropy alloys with satisfying targets. Herein, a method of designing substitutional high entropy alloys with optimization of input features and predict their phase formation, using different ML algorithms are proposed. The ML models such as multi layer precreptron MLP, Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting (GB), KNN, XGB nad SVM Classifier algorithm were used for the identifying the phase of HEAs. After assessing the accuracy and tuning of each model, an random forest classifier (accuracy = 0.914. precision = 0.916, ROC-AUC score = 0.97) model showed the best predictive capabilities for phase prediction. The new HEA was designed based on prediction and successfully validated with thermodynamic simulation. Data Availability: Data will be made available on request

Conventional breeding approaches have played a significant role in meeting the food demand remarkably well until now. However, the increasing population, yield plateaus in certain crops, and limited recombination necessitate using genomic resources for genomics-assisted crop improvement programs. As a result of advancements in the next-generation sequence technology, GABs have developed dramatically to characterize allelic variants and facilitate their rapid and efficient incorporation in crop improvement programs. Genomics-assisted breeding (GAB) has played an important role in harnessing the potential of modern genomic tools, exploiting allelic variation from genetic resources and developing cultivars over the past decade. The availability of pangenomes for major crops has been a significant development, albeit with varying degrees of completeness. Even though adopting these technologies is essentially determined on economic grounds and cost-effective assays, which create a wealth of information that can be successfully used to exploit the latent potential of crops. GAB has been instrumental in harnessing the potential of modern genomic resources and exploiting allelic variation for genetic enhancement and cultivar development. GAB strategies will be indispensable for designing future crops and are expected to play a crucial role in breeding climate-smart crop cultivars with higher nutritional value.

An experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) seasons of 2018 and 2019 at the ICAR-Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore, and Madhya Pradesh to study the impact of genotypic mixture on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] pest population. A total of 16 soybean genotypes and 4 genotypic mixtures were evaluated for relative efficacy in management of insect-pests of soybean. Among the 20 treatments, the plots with genotypic mixtures had lowest population of Spodoptera exigua Hubner and at par with each other. In case of Spodoptera litura Fabricius, tussock moth, blue beetle and grey weevil management, a mixture of the genotypes JS-9560, JS-20-34, MAUS-47 and MACS-1460 was found most effective treatment. The plots with the genotypic mixtures of NRC-37, JS-9752, RSC-1046 and RKS-113 supported the least population of semiloopers. However, lowest population of leaf miner and girdle beetle was recorded in plots of JS-20-34 while the least population of stem fly was recorded in RSC-1046. The differences observed due to the genotypic combinations may be used for developing inset-pest management programmes in soybean.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The coexistence of COPD and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (i.e., overlap syndrome) has been reported in several studies. Both disorders independently increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. Hence, there is a theoretical possibility that cardiovascular parameters may be worse in patients with overlap syndrome compared to those with only COPD. However, this has been sparsely assessed in the literature. This study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics, echocardiography, and sleep parameters amongst COPD patients with and without sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD). This observational, cross-sectional study included 30 patients with stable COPD. All participants underwent a detailed clinical evaluation, followed by level 1 polysomnography (PSG). Each participant underwent echocardiographic evaluation to estimate mean pulmonary artery pressure from right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP). Based on their PSG findings, participants were classified into non-SRBD and SRBD groups. Both groups were further compared with respect to clinical characteristics, echocardiographic, and PSG parameters. We found that most of the participants (93.3%) were male, and the mean age of the study population was 56±8.2 years. The only SRBD identified in this study was OSA, which was observed in 80% of participants. In this group, OSA was not associated with obesity. Systemic hypertension (50%) was the most common comorbidity, followed by diabetes mellitus (26.67%), but both were not significantly different between the groups. The mean RVSP was significantly higher amongst OSA patients than non-OSA patients (41.25±14.98 versus 30.83±5.84, respectively; p=0.01). OSA was seen in 80% of participants with stable COPD, even in the absence of obesity. The presence of OSA was associated with a higher RVSP in this patient group.

Background Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) contributes to approximately 20% of the admissions in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in our setting. Timely identification and treatment of raised ICP is important to prevent brain herniation and death in such cases. The objective of this study was to examine the role of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in detecting clinically relevant raised ICP in children.Methods A hospital-based observational analytical study in a PICU of a tertiary care institute in India on children aged 2–14 years. ONSD was measured in all children on three time points that is, day 1, day 2 and between day 4 and 7 of admission. ONSD values were compared between children with and without clinical signs of raised ICP.Results Out of 137 paediatric patients recruited, 34 had signs of raised ICP. Mean ONSD on day 1 was higher in children with signs of raised ICP (4.99±0.57 vs 4.06±0.40; p

Purpose. The perishable nature of the horticulture (fruits, vegetables, and flowers) industry makes it more complex to study. The higher return and nutritional benefits compared to traditional agricultural products expand the research scope for the stakeholders’ sustainable benefit. Nevertheless, despite limited research, this study explicitly examines additional facets of smallholder development beyond the traditional economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Methodology / approach. To fill this knowledge gap, we comprehensively reviewed 73 articles published between 2013 and 2022 in international scientific journals with an SJR (Scimago Journal & Country Rank) Q1 ranking. We followed the “Scientific Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews” (SPAR-4-SLR) protocol to identify different aspects of smallholders’ development. Literature from Web of Science and Scopus databases was analysed and organised using the TCCM (Theory, Context, Characteristics, and Methodology) framework. Results. The study identified important factors like infrastructure, commercialisation, market access, marketing, credit, policies, information, intervention, training, technology, and collaboration that could uncover crucial economic, political, social, psychological, ecological, cultural, physical and nutritional aspects of development in general. The study also suggests that implementation Agriculture 4.0 through advanced technologies like IoT, AI, and vertical and bio-fortification practices can help in sustainable livelihood development in horticulture. Originality / scientific novelty. The limited or lack of comprehensive studies on smallholders’ sustainable livelihood development with different dimensions makes this research a bridge to identify other dimensions instead of only focusing on the horticultural sector’s economic, social, and ecological aspects. It uses the Agricultural Innovation System and Farmer First theories, stating that the farmer is the first priority and must collaborate and interact to implement technology and innovations for smallholder livelihood development. Practical value / implications. This research will help in decision-making regarding smallholders’ livelihoods in all eight dimensions at all levels of government, private and other stakeholders, suggesting a triple-helix model.

Background Early identification of overweight and obesity with the help of simple anthropometric tests can prevent from development of metabolic complications in these children. Body mass index (BMI) is the most commonly used parameter but, measurements such as waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and wrist circumference (WrC) have also been studied and found to have a better correlation with visceral fat.Objective To correlate WC, WHtR and WrC with BMI among overweight and obese children. The secondary objective was to estimate the proportion of metabolic syndrome among obese and overweight children.Methods A single-centre, cross-sectional study involving 80 overweight and obese children aged 3–15 years. Anthropometric measures such as WC, WHtR and WrC of the study subjects were correlated with BMI and investigated for metabolic syndrome.Results Statistically significant and moderate positive correlation was found between BMI and WC, r (80)=0.45 and p

Ectopic thyroid, the presence of thyroid tissue in locations other than the normal anterior neck region between the second and fourth tracheal cartilages, is the most common form of thyroid dysgenesis. A 32-year-old female patient sought medical attention at the Otolaryngology Department with a foreign body sensation in her throat. To ensure an accurate diagnosis, hereby, the authors conducted a comprehensive diagnostic work-up, which included Technetium-99 (Tc-99m) scanning. Remarkably, the scanning results revealed radiotracer uptake in the base of the tongue while indicating an absence of uptake in the thyroid bed. By shedding light on present captivating case, the present report offers valuable insights into the usage of Technetium imaging in diagnosing doubtful Lingual Thyroid (LT) cases.

Voltage stability assessment (VSA) is invariably an essential step in the satisfactory operation of power system. For this, several Voltage Stability Indices (VSIs) based on 1) Existence of solution for voltage equations, 2) Maximum power transfer (MPT) through a line, 3) MPT theorem/maximum loadability limit, 4) P-V curve, 5) Energy function and 6) Jacobian matrix can be found in the literature. VSIs assist in identifying weak lines and buses, voltage collapse proximity, maximum loadability, voltage stability margin, and prompting countermeasures against voltage instability. This article examines 78 different VSIs based on their concepts, assumptions, thresholds, and formulae. Additionally, mathematical proofs for 29 indices have been elaborated upon so that researchers may familiarize themselves with the underlying concepts of the other existing indices and find newer indices in modern power systems composed of intermittent power generation and dynamic loads. Also, a novel qualitative comparative analysis of VSIs is tabulated. Further, a novel framework has been proposed to aid researchers in shortlisting VSIs for a particular application. This article intends to serve as a meaningful reference to various researchers and individuals working in domains like Distributed Generation (DG) placing and rating, Voltage Stability Assessment (VSA), and power system planning.

Abstract Plant materials are a rich source of polyphenolic compounds with interesting health-beneficial effects. The present study aimed to determine the optimized condition for maximum extraction of polyphenols from grape seeds through RSM (response surface methodology), ANFIS (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system), and machine learning (ML) algorithm models. Effect of five independent variables and their ranges, particle size (X 1: 0.5–1 mm), methanol concentration (X 2: 60–70% in distilled water), ultrasound exposure time (X 3: 18–28 min), temperature (X 4: 35–45 °C), and ultrasound intensity (X 5: 65–75 W cm−2) at five levels (− 2, − 1, 0, + 1, and + 2) concerning dependent variables, total phenolic content (y1; TPC), total flavonoid content (y2; TFC), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals scavenging (y3; %DPPH*sc), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) free radicals scavenging (y4; %ABTS*sc) and Ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential (y5; FRAP) were selected. The optimized condition was observed at X 1 = 0.155 mm, X 2 = 65% methanol in water, X 3 = 23 min ultrasound exposure time, X 4 = 40 °C, and X 5 = 70 W cm−2 ultrasound intensity. Under this situation, the optimal yields of TPC, TFC, and antioxidant scavenging potential were achieved to be 670.32 mg GAE/g, 451.45 mg RE/g, 81.23% DPPH*sc, 77.39% ABTS*sc and 71.55 μg mol (Fe(II))/g FRAP. This optimal condition yielded equal experimental and expected values. A well-fitted quadratic model was recommended. Furthermore, the validated extraction parameters were optimized and compared using the ANFIS and random forest regressor-ML algorithm. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy (LC–MS) analyses were performed to find the existence of the bioactive compounds in the optimized extract.

This work successfully demonstrates a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach for synthesizing Semal-ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) using the aqueous leaf extract of Bombax ceiba L. These NPs exhibit an absorption peak at approximately 390 nm in the UV-visible spectrum and an energy gap (Eg) of 3.11 eV. Detailed analyses of the morphology and particle size using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, XRD, FE-SEM with EDS, and HR-TEM reveal crystallographic peaks attributable to the hexagonal phase, with an average crystal size of 17 nm. The Semal-ZnO NPs also exhibit a notable photocatalytic efficiency for degrading methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) under sunlight in different water samples collected from diverse natural sources, indicating that they are promising photocatalysts for environmental remediation. The photocatalytic efficiency of the biofabricated Semal-ZnO NPs is impressive, exhibiting a photodegradation rate of up to 99% for MB and 79% for MO in different water samples under exposure to sunlight. The novel phytofabricated Semal-ZnO NPs are thus a beacon of hope for the environment, with their desirable photocatalytic efficiency, pseudo-first-order kinetics, and ability to break down noxious dye pollutants in various aquatic environments.

The present study describes an environmentally benign biological method for the production of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) by blending water-based leaf extract from a sustainable bio-source, the Arjuna tree, under ambient conditions. Aqueous leaf extract comprised of different reducing agents appeared as the precursor for phytofabrication, and zinc nitrate hexahydrate (ZnNO3·6H2O) acted as a zinc source. The phytofabricated Arjuna-ZnO NPs had a hexagonal shape with an average size of 31.14 nm, as revealed by HR-TEM, FE-SEM micrographs, and XRD patterns. The FESEM-EDS micrograph and the XRD patterns also revealed the elemental composition, phase purity, and crystalline nature of phytofabricated Arjuna-ZnO NPs. The initial formation of ZnO NPs was confirmed by absorption maxima at approximately 376 nm and Zn-O stretching vibrations at 520 cm−1 using UV–VIS and an FT-IR spectrophotometers, respectively. The aqueous extract of Arjuna leaf was also analysed using FT-IR spectrophotometer to identify the functional groups of bioactive substances that participated in the reduction and encapsulation processes. The efficacy of the Arjuna-ZnO NPs was assessed in terms of their ability to photocatalyzed on three noxious dyes, methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and congo red (CR), for high commercial and industrial usage. The phytofabricated Arjuna-ZnO NPs were photoactive and proved highly efficient and effective nano-photocatalysts for the photodegradation of three dyes, MB, MO, and CR, under natural sunshine, underscoring their potential for effective remediation of environmental pollutants. The degradation process adhered to pseudo-first-order kinetics in terms of adsorption kinetics.

Although rare, a Petrous Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) pseudoaneurysm is a possible complication following chronic otitis media. A 57-year-old woman was brought to the Emergency Department with multiple painless episodes of right ear bleeding and epistaxis over the last two months. Upon evaluation, bony dehiscence was observed over the petrous carotid’s first (proximal) genu, along with a pseudoaneurysm detected in the Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MR angiogram). The Balloon Occlusion Test (BTO) showed no cross-flow from the opposite side. Consequently, the patient was considered for high-flow bypass surgery between the external carotid artery and the M2 segment of the Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA), utilising a radial artery graft in the neurosurgery specialty. The present rare case report emphasises the significance of maintaining a high index of suspicion and implementing prompt intervention through a multidisciplinary approach. It also raises an open-ended question about whether the petrous carotid pseudoaneurysm is a complication of chronic otitis media or merely a co-incidence.

Natural photosensitizers (PS) are compounds derived from nature, with photodynamic properties. Natural PSs have a similar action to that of commercial PSs, where cancer cell death occurs by necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy through ROS generation. Natural PSs have garnered great interest over the last few decades because of their high biocompatibility and good photoactivity. Specific wavelengths could cause phytochemicals to produce harmful ROS for photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, natural PSs have some shortcomings, such as reduced solubility and lower uptake, making them less appropriate for PDT. Nanotechnology offers an opportunity to develop suitable carriers for various natural PSs for PDT applications. Various nanoparticles have been developed to improve the outcome with enhanced solubility, optical adsorption, and tumor targeting. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a phenomenon in which tumor cells develop resistance to a wide range of structurally and functionally unrelated drugs. Over the last decade, several researchers have extensively studied the effect of natural PS-based photodynamic treatment (PDT) on MDR cells. Though the outcomes of clinical trials for natural PSs were inconclusive, significant advancement is still required before PSs can be used as a PDT agent for treating MDR tumors. This review addresses the increasing literature on MDR tumor progression and the efficacy of PDT, emphasizing the importance of developing new nano-based natural PSs in the fight against MDR that have the required features for an MDR tumor photosensitizing regimen.

Introduction: The 2016 World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of tumours of the Central Nervous System (WHO CNS 2016 classification) is used to classify diffuse gliomas as astrocytoma, Oligodendroglioma (ODG), glioblastoma which are three prognostically distinct groups based on Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH1), alpha thalassaemia/mental retardation, x-linked (ATRX) mutations, p53 and 1p/19q co-deletion status. Although WHO CNS 2022 classification has been brought in use, it is based on molecular studies. In a resource limited setting like in many Indian diagnostic centres it’s difficult to apply the WHO CNS 2022 classification. It is felt that WHO CNS 2016 classification has not lost its utility. Aim: To investigate the Immunohistochemistry (IHC) status of IDH1, ATRX, p53 in diagnosis of diffuse glial tumours and to classify them according to WHO 2016. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India for two years and six months (July 2020 to December 2022). Thirty-two diffuse glioma cases and IHC markers IDH1, ATRX, p53 were evaluated. Ki-67 index was additionally done. Results: Total 32 cases were studied, 19 cases were male. Mean age of the patients was 40.13 years. Fourteen patients belonged to WHO Grade-II, 6 to Grade-III, and 12 to GradeIV. As per the IHC findings and histopathological features, there were 16 (50%) patients with diffuse astrocytoma, while 12 (37.5%) and 4 (12.5%) patients were diagnosed as glioblastoma and ODG respectively. Reclassification of these cases was done depending on IHC results where IDH1 was positive in 71.9% cases, ATRX was positive in 40.6% cases and p53 was positive in 15.6% cases. This result includes all the cases where these IHC markers showed reactivity. The diagnosis of four patients was modified based on findings of IHC markers. Conclusion: The study demonstrates subgrouping of gliomas based on IDH1, ATRX, p53. There was no significant association between grade of tumour and Ki-67 expression.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) represent widely expressed and evolutionarily conserved proteins crucial for governing signaling pathways and playing essential roles in mammalian male reproductive processes. These proteins facilitate the transmission of signals through phosphorylation cascades, regulating diverse intracellular functions encompassing germ cell development in testis, physiological maturation of spermatozoa within the epididymis, and motility regulation at ejaculation in the female reproductive tract. The conservation of these mechanisms appears prevalent across species, including humans, mice, and, to a limited extent, livestock species such as bovines. In Sertoli cells (SCs), MAPK signaling not only regulates the proliferation of immature SCs but also determines the appropriate number of SCs in the testes at puberty, thereby maintaining male fertility by ensuring the capacity for sperm cell production. In germ cells, MAPKs play a crucial role in dynamically regulating testicular cell-cell junctions, supporting germ cell proliferation and differentiation. Throughout spermatogenesis, MAPK signaling ensures the appropriate Sertoli-to-germ cell ratio by regulating apoptosis, controlling the metabolism of developing germ cells, and facilitating the maturation of spermatozoa within the cauda epididymis. During ejaculation in the female reproductive tract, MAPKs regulate two pivotal events—capacitation and the acrosome reaction essential for maintaining the fertility potential of sperm cells. Any disruptions in MAPK pathway signaling possibly may disturb the testicular microenvironment homeostasis, sperm physiology in the male body before ejaculation and in the female reproductive tract during fertilization, ultimately compromising male fertility. Despite decades of research, the physiological function of MAPK pathways in male reproductive health remains inadequately understood. The current review attempts to combine recent findings to elucidate the impact of MAPK signaling on male fertility and proposes future directions to enhance our understanding of male reproductive functions.

Introduction With the advances in critical care, the incidence of post intubation tracheal stenosis is increasing. Tracheal resection and anastomosis have been the gold standard for the management of grades III and IV stenosis. Scientific evidence from the literature on the determining factors and outcomes of surgery is not well described.

Background Patients with chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease (COPD) undergo bronchoscopy for various reasons, and are at relatively higher risk of complications. This study evaluated the efficacy of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and high-flow-oxygen-therapy (HFOT) compared with conventional-oxygen-therapy (COT) in patients with COPD undergoing bronchoscopy, to prevent hypoxia.Methods It was a triple-arm, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Ninety patients with COPD were randomly assigned into three intervention arms in 1:1:1 ratio. The incidence of hypoxia, lowest recorded oxygen saturation measured by plethysmography (SpO2), ECG, patient vitals and comfort levels were assessed.Results Mean age of the study population was 61.71±7.5 years. Out of 90 cases enrolled, 51, 34 and 5 were moderate, severe and very-severe COPD, respectively, as per GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) classification. Rest of the baseline characteristics were similar. SpO2 during flexible bronchoscopy (FB) was lowest in COT group (COT: 87.03±5.7% vs HFOT: 95.57±5.0% vs NIV: 97.40±1.6%, p

Molecular hybridization is one of the recent strategies to synthesize a novel hybrid compound by combining two or more pharmacophoric units. Being a linkage process, it focuses on the synthesis of hybrids which are less toxic and more potent than their parent units. Therefore, nowadays medicinal chemists look forwards for the synthesis of new novel drugs using molecular hybridization. Chalcones are a class of very important structural motifs in medicinal chemistry. Similarly, 1,2,3-triazoles are heterocyclic bio-isostere having vast spectrum of applications due to its ease of synthesis, hydrogen bond formation, inertness towards oxidizing and reducing agents, moderate dipole moment and good binding with several binding agents. In this review, we have summarized the research articles describing the medicinal application of synthetic chalcone-triazole derivatives. The structural-activity relationship has been discussed which may provide helpful guidelines for the future drug synthesis based on chalcone and triazole moieties.

Objectives: Suicide rates in India are amongst the highest in the world, resulting in an estimated 250,000 suicide deaths annually, and suicide rates in the state of Chhattisgarh are more than double the national average. Responsible media reporting is one of the few population-level suicide prevention interventions. To inform media interventions, the objective of our study was to assess the quality of newspaper reporting of suicide-related news in Chhattisgarh against World Health Organization (WHO) suicide reporting guidelines. Methods: We used content analysis to assess the quality of suicide reporting against WHO guidelines in the thirteen most highly read Hindi- and English-language daily newspapers in Chhattisgarh between February and July of 2019. Results: A total of 441 suicide articles were retrieved. The mean number of suicide articles per day per newspaper was 0.6 (range 0.2–1.1) and 33.3% of the articles were 10 sentences or less. The vast majority (97.8%) of articles primarily focused on reporting of specific suicide deaths and attempts. Harmful reporting practices were very common (for example, a detailed suicide method was reported in 38.7% of articles) while helpful reporting practices were rare (for example, just 0.5% gave contact details for a suicide support service). Conclusions: We observed that short and explicit articles covering suicide incidents was commonplace amongst newspapers in Chhattisgarh. Attempts should be made to devise context-specific strategies to boost the positive contribution that media can make to suicide prevention in Chhattisgarh.

Background: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is a rare autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder with a prevalence of 2 per million individuals. Activating mutation of ACVR1, a bone morphogenetic protein receptor causes ossification of extra-skeletal structures like ligaments, tendons, and aponeurosis. The characteristic findings are bilateral hallux valgus since birth and heterotopic ossification involving axial musculature beginning in the first decade of life. Diagnosis is based on the above clinical findings and radiographs or the identification of ACVR1 mutation by genetic analysis. There is no specific cure for Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva, hence prevention and treatment of flare-ups with corticosteroids, NSAID, COX2 inhibitors, and avoidance of intramuscular injections, biopsy, and surgery form the mainstay of management. Case presentation: We report 3 children a 11 year old boy, a 3 year girl and a 3 year boy with classical clinical and radiological features of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva, two of them were misdiagnosed initially which led to exacerbation. Conclusion: Good clinical knowledge and a high index of suspicion are essential to diagnose and manage this potentially lethal and disabling condition.

Abstract Background Orbital pseudolymphoma is one of the rare diseases affecting the ocular adnexa and causing various symptoms requiring histopathological evidence for diagnosis and appropriate treatment with oral steroids or immunosuppressive agents. However, there is less literature available on this disease, thus adding to it will help in the early diagnosis and treatment of the patients. Case presentation A 48-year-old female from a village in South India came to our tertiary care centre with the only complaints of right eye protrusion for 1 year. With a working diagnosis of intraorbital mass, radiological investigations like contrast-enhanced CT and MRI were taken. It showed well-capsulated mass involving the right inferior rectus extending into the intraconal space just abutting the optic nerve. Trans-antral endoscopic biopsy under general anaesthesia was taken and reported as pseudolymphoma proven with CD 3 and CD 20 immunohistochemistry markers. The patient was treated with oral corticosteroids and tapered over a period of 3 months. During the treatment period, the patient developed no diminution of vision or new complaints. Conclusion Orbital pseudolymphomas are benign lymphoproliferative diseases affecting the ocular adnexal tissue. Patients can present with painless ptosis, proptosis, diplopia, or eyelid swelling. Prompt diagnosis and treatment result in the remission of the disease.

In response to the environmental threat posed by xenobiotic aromatic pollutants in water, we have developed a compact device that integrates biosensor scaffolds with organic electronics. This innovative approach addresses the challenge of detecting these pollutants, which often lack easily detectable functional groups. Our sensor module is specifically designed for the rapid, economical, reliable, and ultra-sensitive detection of phenol, a common water pollutant. The key to our sensor’s functionality is the biosensing protein MopR, which we have coupled with an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). To ensure the effective integration of the MopR sensing scaffold, we have optimized graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets to serve as a host immobilization matrix. This MopR-GO immobilized sensor module is then used as the gate electrode in the OECT, with PEDOT:PSS serving as the organic semiconductor material. The resulting OECT sensor offers a conducive microenvironment for protein activity, thereby maintaining high specificity in pollutant detection. It has demonstrated the ability to exclusively detect phenol with minimal sensitivity loss (less than 5% error), even in complex pollutant mixtures and real environmental samples. This fabrication strategy, which effectively combines biological biosensors with organic electronics, holds significant potential for the detection of a wide range of emerging pollutants. It represents a promising step towards more effective environmental monitoring and sustainability.

Background: Psychiatric disorders are among the leading contributors to disability in India and worldwide. The pattern, prevalence, and distribution of psychiatric disorders in the country and its regions need to be assessed to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment. No study on the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders has been conducted in the Chhattisgarh state. This paper, as part of the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS), discusses the prevalence and pattern of psychiatric disorders in Chhattisgarh state. Methods: A stratified random cluster sampling technique and random selection based on probability proportional to size (PPS) at each stage were adopted. Participants were from three selected districts of Chhattisgarh, such as Janjgir-Champa, Kabirdham, and Raipur. Adults (aged ≥18 years) residing in selected households were interviewed using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (version 6.0), the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, the WHO-SEARO screening questionnaire for generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and screening tools for intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders. Results: A total of 2841 individuals were interviewed. The state’s lifetime and current prevalence of psychiatric disorders for adults were 14.06% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 13.83–14.29] and 11.66% (95% CI = 11.45–11.87), respectively. Prevalence of substance use disorders, tobacco use disorders, schizophrenia and related disorders, and mood disorders was 32.4% (95% CI = 32.09–32.71), 29.86% (95% CI = 29.56–30.16), 0.8% (95% CI = 0.75–0.86), and 4.44% (95% CI = 4.31–4.58), respectively. High risk for suicide was detected in 0.28% (95% CI = 0.25–0.31). Psychiatric disorders were twice more common in males than in females. Conclusions: The study gives authentic data on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Chhattisgarh. This shall pave the way for policymakers and planners to design state-specific plans for dealing with mental disorders and related issues.

Introduction The effects of COVID-19 infection persist beyond the active phase. Comprehensive description and analysis of the post COVID sequelae in various population groups are critical to minimise the long-term morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. This analysis was conducted with an objective to estimate the frequency of post COVID sequelae and subsequently, design a framework for holistic management of post COVID morbidities.Methods Follow-up data collected as part of a registry-based observational study in 31 hospitals across India since September 2020–October 2022 were used for analysis. All consenting hospitalised patients with COVID-19 are telephonically followed up for up to 1 year post-discharge, using a prestructured form focused on symptom reporting.Results Dyspnoea, fatigue and mental health issues were reported among 18.6%, 10.5% and 9.3% of the 8042 participants at first follow-up of 30–60 days post-discharge, respectively, which reduced to 11.9%, 6.6% and 9%, respectively, at 1-year follow-up in 2192 participants. Patients who died within 90 days post-discharge were significantly older (adjusted OR (aOR): 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.03), with at least one comorbidity (aOR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.31, 2.35), and a higher proportion had required intensive care unit admission during the initial hospitalisation due to COVID-19 (aOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.06) and were discharged at WHO ordinal scale 6–7 (aOR: 49.13 95% CI: 25.43, 94.92). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (at least one dose) was protective against such post-discharge mortality (aOR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.03).Conclusion Hospitalised patients with COVID-19 experience a variety of long-term sequelae after discharge from hospitals which persists although in reduced proportions until 12 months post-discharge. Developing a holistic management framework with engagement of care outreach workers as well as teleconsultation is a way forward in effective management of post COVID morbidities as well as reducing mortality.

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing is an advanced Additive Manufacturing (AM) method for developing thermoplastic-based parts. Researchers studied FDM-based 3D printing of PLA with whole biomass and biomass resources such as lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. These composites are environmentally friendly, sustainable and have wide applications in healthcare. There is scope for developing the 3D printing of biocomposite with medical surgical cotton fabric, where PLA is unique for such manufacturing. The development and characterisation of FDM 3D printed medical surgical cotton fabric- PLA biocomposite is the primary objective of this work. Experimental methods used for the development of biocomposites involve the use of three types of cotton fabric of pore sizes 0.6 mm x 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm x 0.8 mm, and 1.0 mm x 1.0 mm with three different 3D printing pore sizes 0.5 mm x 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm x 1.0 and 1.5 mm x 1.5 mm. The development of biocomposites is found feasible. Breaking strength, percentage extension, and water absorption capacity increased in 3D printing pore sizes and pore wall width for each fabric. The maximum 235.40 N and minimum 123.20 N breaking strength, maximum 2.288 % and minimum 1.506 % extension, and maximum 7.63 % and minimum 3.57 % absorption capacity have been observed for the developed biocomposite. The behaviours of these biocomposites are adequate for healthcare applications and may be used as a bandage in wound healing. The present work is limited to the feasibility study of the unique biocomposite. Analysis of other properties and testing of biocomposite on animals and humans may be carried out in future work.

Objective: This review aimed to systematically review the effectiveness of various irrigant activation techniques (IATs) on the penetration of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) into the lateral canals of mature permanent teeth. Methods: Electronic databases including MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, ProQuest, and Cochrane Library were searched to identify laboratory studies evaluating the penetration of NaOCl into lateral canals following the use of apical negative pressure irrigation (ANP), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), sonic irrigation (SI), and/or manual dynamic activation (MDA) techniques. Meta-analysis was performed for individual IATs in comparison with CNI into the lateral canals of both straight and curved root canals. On the basis of the previous literature and parameters, the risk of bias of the selected studies was evaluated with the help of a customized tool. Results: Of the 983 records screened, 12 studies were selected to include in the systematic review, and 10 studies were selected for the meta-analysis. The total quality assessment across the included studies indicated a high quality (83.3%). Overall, the meta-analysis demonstrated IATs had significant improvement in the penetration of NaOCl into the lateral canals of straight canals (34.3%) over CNI. The subgroup analysis of individual IATs demonstrated PUI (60.9%) to be superior in the penetration into lateral canals of straight canals. Conclusions: IATs improved the irrigant penetration into lateral canals and therefore their use during routine endodontic practice is recommended. In straight canals, PUI is the most effective IAT followed by ANP, SI, and MDA techniques.

Abstract Background Estimating age is essential in both the analysis of human skeletal remains and assessing live persons. The third molar develops over a longer period and is hence used in age estimation for subadults. Since dental age correlates with chronological age better than other growth markers, this study aims to assess the reliability of dental age assessed using the University of Texas (UT) age estimation method and modified Cameriere’s method. Methods It is a retrospective cross-sectional study in which the development and maturation of mandibular third molars were examined in 600 orthopantomograms (264 males and 336 females) of South Indian individuals (16–23 years). Dental age was estimated by using an Indian-specific formula based on maturity index value and the UT-age estimation software program. The results were evaluated using the Student’s t-test for both methods and Pearson’s correlation test to compare chronological age with estimated dental age. Results Positive correlation was noted between chronological age and estimated dental age for males, females, and the total sample with highly statistically significant differences (p = 0.000). Modified Cameriere’s method underestimated dental age in samples ranging from less than 1 year to more than 2 years. UT-age estimation method underestimated age in samples above 20 years and overestimated age in samples below 20 years. The predictive classification of utilizing the maturity index was 79.17% accurate. Conclusions Dental age was negligibly over and underestimated in UT software method whereas it was overestimated in the modified Cameriere's method. To evaluate the reliability of these two methods, studies with larger sample sizes and population-specific data sets should be performed. Graphical Abstract

In the present study, 31 male lines and three females, were crossed in Line × Tester mating design and 93 hybrids were produced to assign these lines to three testers viz., 104A, 401A and M31-2A. Analysis of variance exhibited significant gca and sca effects for grain yield, indicating that significant breeding progress could be achieved using both inbreeding and hybridization. Heterotic grouping based on combining ability for grain yield would be useful in planning crosses in breeding programmes. In the current study, combining ability based heterotic grouping methods such as HSGCA and SCA-PY classified sorghum lines into four groups. Further, six different potential parental combinations were determined based on the HSGCA method. These combining abilities based heterotic grouping study is an additional tool that breeders could use to identify the best parents for superior hybrids development. Among the three testers, M31-2A followed by 104A was found to be the best testers.

Background: During October 2020, Delta variant was detected for the first time in India and rampantly spread across the globe. It also led to second wave of pandemic in India which affected millions of people. However, there is limited information pertaining to the SARS-CoV-2 strain infecting the children in India. Methods: Here, we assessed the SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in the pediatric population of India during the second wave of the pandemic. Clinical and demographic details linked with the nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs (NPS/OPS) collected from SARS-CoV-2 cases (n = 583) aged 0–18 year and tested positive by real-time RT-PCR were retrieved from March to June 2021. Results: Symptoms were reported among 37.2% of patients and 14.8% reported to be hospitalized. The E gene CT value had significant statistical difference at the point of sample collection when compared to that observed in the sequencing laboratory. Out of these 512 sequences 372 were VOCs, 51 were VOIs. Most common lineages observed were Delta, followed by Kappa, Alpha and B.1.36, seen in 65.82%, 9.96%, 6.83% and 4.68%, respectively in the study population. Conclusion: Overall, it was observed that Delta strain was the leading cause of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Indian children during the second wave of the pandemic. We emphasize on the need of continuous genomic surveillance in SARS-CoV-2 infection even amongst children.

We use the q-homotopy analysis Shehu transform method in this article to obtain analytical and numerical solutions to time fractional partial differential equations. We also give analytical solutions to two problems, as well as a comparison study in terms of absolute error with homotopy perturbation transform method, homotopy analysis transform method, and residual power series method to verify the suggested technique’s effectiveness and correctness. The numerical and graphical solutions achieved by the proposed method show that it is computationally accurate and may be used to obtain and investigate solutions to time fractional partial differential equations.

Eagle’s syndrome refers to unilateral or bilateral elongation of the styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament, along with other symptoms, such as dysphagia, otalgia, tinnitus, and globus pharyngeus. A styloid process is considered elongated or abnormal when it exceeds a normal length of 25-27 mm. However, elongation of the ossified styloid ligament is insufficient for diagnosing Eagle’s syndrome. Instead, a constellation of symptoms in history, as mentioned above, and physical and radiographic examinations contribute to diagnosis. This disorder has long been a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Hence, it is essential for dentists to have a superior knowledge of this relatively rare entity and its anatomic base. This report presents a case of classical Eagle’s syndrome in a 47-year-old woman with symptomatic bilateral elongation of the styloid process. The lengths of the right and left styloid processes were 60.5 mm and 70.74 mm, respectively, which is one of the longest ever reported.

The genetic study was conducted among 68 genotypes comprising restorers and maintainers on milo and maldandi cytoplasm. Among the lines, IS 12735, DSMR-8, IS 33353 and IS 24175 exhibited full restoration on milo and DSMR- 4 and DSMR-8 on maldandi. The lines viz., IS 30383, IS 29335, IS 29914, IS 8012 and IS 12308 exhibited perfect maintainer reaction on both milo & maldandi. High heritability and genetic advance were observed for most of the traits. G x E interaction was also found to be high for the majority of the traits. A high amount of genetic variability among the population indicated an increased opportunity for the selection of restorers, maintainers as the variation is heritable.

Primary healthcare caters to nearly 70% of the population in India and provides treatment for approximately 80–90% of common conditions. To achieve universal health coverage (UHC), the Indian healthcare system is gearing up by initiating several schemes such as National Health Protection Scheme, Ayushman Bharat, Nutrition Supplementation Schemes, and Inderdhanush Schemes. The healthcare delivery system is facing challenges such as irrational use of medicines, over- and under-diagnosis, high out-of-pocket expenditure, lack of targeted attention to preventive and promotive health services, and poor referral mechanisms. Healthcare providers are unable to keep pace with the volume of growing new scientific evidence and rising healthcare costs as the literature is not published at the same pace. In addition, there is a lack of common standard treatment guidelines, workflows, and reference manuals from the Government of India. Indian Council of Medical Research in collaboration with the National Health Authority, Govt. of India, and the WHO India country office has developed Standard Treatment Workflows (STWs) with the objective to be utilized at various levels of healthcare starting from primary to tertiary level care. A systematic approach was adopted to formulate the STWs. An advisory committee was constituted for planning and oversight of the process. Specialty experts' group for each specialty comprised of clinicians working at government and private medical colleges and hospitals. The expert groups prioritized the topics through extensive literature searches and meeting with different stakeholders. Then, the contents of each STW were finalized in the form of single-pager infographics. These STWs were further reviewed by an editorial committee before publication. Presently, 125 STWs pertaining to 23 specialties have been developed. It needs to be ensured that STWs are implemented effectively at all levels and ensure quality healthcare at an affordable cost as part of UHC.

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi (Fop) is an important disease and major obstacle to pea production, causing huge losses to growers. The focus of this study was on isolation followed by morphological, molecular characterization and analyzing the growth of the casual agent under variable temperature, pH and Nitrogen levels. The morphological features of radial growth, sporulation, pigmentation and mycelial characterization were examined and the variability of all isolates was presented. Molecular characterization of the fungus by ITS rDNA sequencing revealed that all 13 isolates belong to Fusarium oxysporum species. Six isolates were tested for temperature, pH and nitrogen dosage optimization studies. Seven different temperatures, viz., 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33°C and pH values, having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 pH, as well as nitrogen dosage levels of 0 g, 3 g, 5 g, 7 g, 9 g, 11 g, and 13 g were tested against all six isolates, respectively. The results showed that all isolates exhibited the highest growth at a temperature of 25°C and the optimal temperature range for growth of Fusarium oxysporum was 23–27°C. All isolates showed the highest growth at pH5. Change in the nitrogen doses of the base ended in formation of thick, dense, fluffy mycelium of the casual agent. Six isolates were used for combination studies with seven different levels of temperatures, pH levels and nitrogen dosages. The density plots revealed the variations in the growth of the isolates with changes in temperature, pH and nitrogen levels, which can lead to mutations or genetic changes in the pathogens that could potentially introduce new threats to pea cultivation.

In this work, we have synthesized an iron based metal organic framework for removal of azo-dyes from textile industry wastewaters. The metal organic framework is comprised of two ligands, terephthalic acid and iminodiacetic acid chelated with iron. The chemical composition, surface morphology and diffraction pattern of the synthesized binary metal organic framework was confirmed with FT-IR, FE-SEM and XRD. Interaction with the model azo dye (methyl orange) has resulted in re-structuring of the native metal organic framework original shape (hexagonal nanorods to smaller octahedron structures). Under optimized conditions (time, and pH), the metal organic framework has a maximum methyl orange adsorption capacity of ∼ 280 mg per g. In presence of major salts as co-existing ions and two non-azo dyes, the methyl orange removal ability of metal organic framework significantly remained intact. The metal organic framework has displayed its practical applicability by efficiently removing two azo dyes (yellow and pink) from local textile industry wastewaters.

Summary: Background: The hormonal profile varies considerably with age, gender, ethnicity, diet or physiological state of an individual. Limited population-specific studies have studied the variations in hormonal parameters among apparently healthy women. We aimed to analyse the biological reference interval for various hormonal parameters in the reproductive-aged healthy Indian women. Methods: Out of 3877 participants that were clinically evaluated, 1441 subjects were subjected to laboratory investigations. All participants underwent a detailed clinical, biochemical and hormonal profiling. The hormone analysis was carried out at a single centre using a uniform methodology. Among the participants evaluated for biochemical and hormonal parameters, subjects that presented any abnormal profile or had incomplete investigations (n = 593) were excluded for further analysis. Findings: The mean age (±SD) of the subjects retained in the final analysis (n = 848) was 29.9 (±6.3) years. In the present study, the biological reference interval (2.5th–97.5th centile) observed were: serum T4: μg/dL (5.23–12.31), TSH: μg/mL (0.52–4.16) and serum prolactin: ng/mL (5.13–37.35), LH: mIU/mL (2.75–20.68), FSH: mIU/mL 2.59–15.12), serum total testosterone: ng/mL (0.06–0.68), fasting insulin: mIU/mL (1.92–39.72), morning cortisol: μg/dL (4.71–19.64), DHEAS:μg/dL (50.61–342.6) and SHBG: nmol/L (21.37–117.54). Unlike T4, TSH, LH, and E2, the biological reference interval for prolactin, FSH, testosterone, C-peptide insulin and DHEAS varied when the subjects were stratified by age (p