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The phenomenon of political evasiveness in the genre of a political interview has been the focus of several discourse studies employing conversation analysis, critical discourse analysis and the social psychology approach. Most of the above-mentioned studies focus on a detailed qualitative analysis of political discourse identifying a wide range of communication strategies that permit politicians to ambiguate their agency and at the same time boost their positive face. Since these strategies may change over time and also be subject to a culture specific environment, the aim of this paper is to discover a) which evasive communicative strategies were employed by Slovak politicians in 2012–2016, b) which lexical substitutions were most frequently used by them to avoid negative connotations of face-threatening questions, and finally, c) which cognitive frames formed a frequent conceptual background of their evasive political argumentation. The paper will draw on a combination of quantitative and qualitative approach to the analysis of non-replies devised by Bull and Mayer (1993) and critical discourse analysis in the sample of five Slovak radio interviews aired on the Rádio Express. The selection of interviews was not random- in each interview the politician was asked highly conflictual questions about bribery, embezzlement or disputes in the coalition. Based on qualitative research of Russian-Slovak political discourse (2009) by Dulebová it is hypothesized that a) the evasive strategy of 'attack' on the opposition and 'attack on the interviewer' would occur in our sample with the highest prominence in the speech of the former Prime Minister Fico, and b) the politicians accused of direct involvement in scandals would be the most evasive ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Analyte distribution constants between aqueous and phosphonium ionic liquid phases. [•] First time use of CMC determination of cationic micelle based on system peaks in CE. [•] CMC determination by system peaks provide good results but is time demanding. [•] Higher distribution constants were obtained using [P14444]OAc than [P14444]Cl. [•] The retention mechanism covers other than hydrophobic interaction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

CE has matured into a well-known and much used separation technique, with applications covering more or less all types of samples. EKC, which originally was developed for the separation of uncharged compounds, is still today under much development, with main focus on finding the perfect or ideal carriers (pseudo-stationary phase) for a broad range of analytes. In this review, the use of lipid dispersions as pseudostationary phases in EKC performed in capillaries and microchips, in addition to CE frontal analysis and partial filling EKC using lipid dispersions is discussed. Various types of lipid dispersions including liposomes, PEG-stabilized aggregates, proteoliposomes, lipid-based nanoparticles, and commercial lipid emulsions are described. The purpose of the review is to give the reader an overview of how EKC, CE frontal analysis, and partial filling EKC, have been applied to the study of interactions between analytes and lipid membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intravenous lipid emulsion is a recommended treatment for local anesthetic intoxication. The lipid sink theory hypothesizes that the mechanism behind the lipid treatment is the entrapment of toxic drugs in plasma, preventing them from reaching target receptors. Lipid sink treatment has also been used as a last refuge treatment for severe tricyclic antidepressant intoxication with seemingly beneficial results. We selected three drugs, i.e. amiodarone, ketamine, and amitriptyline, that can cause severe intoxication and compared their interactions with two commercial fat emulsions (Intralipid® and ClinOleic®) and one synthetic liposome (80:20 mol% phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylglycerol) dispersion. The interaction studies were carried out by capillary electrokinetic chromatography and the retention factors and distributions constants of the drugs were calculated. The results demonstrate that there is stronger interaction between the drugs and the synthetic liposome dispersion than with the commercial emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

fast and accurate micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) method was developed for monitoring N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) exposure. Baseline separation of NMP and its main metabolites: 5-hydroxy- N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5HNMP), N-methylsuccinimide (MSI), 2-hydroxy- N-methylsuccinimide (2HMSI), and 2-pyrrolidone (2P) was obtained within 6 min in an uncoated fused silica capillary using 5 mM phosphate buffer and 140 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (pH 7.1) as background electrolyte (BGE). On-line UV-detection was performed at 200 nm and the applied electric field was 400 V cm. Possible interference of BGE-induced system peaks on separation was investigated by computer simulation and no such interference was observed. The developed MEKC method combined with solid phase extraction for sample preparation was successfully applied to the analysis of urine of rats exposed to NMP. The urinary excretion was determined in 0-6 h and 6-24 h specimens collected after an intragastic administration of 308 mg NMP / kg rat body weight. The results of NMP disposition kinetics in rat urine are reported for NMP and metabolites. [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior of seven hydroxy anthraquinone derivatives was studied by capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. The effects of buffer pH (6.5-10.8) and sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration (10-20 mmol L-1) on the effective mobilities of the analytes and their separation were tested. A comparison of the two optimized separation systems showed that micellar electrokinetic chromatography was superior as it permits separation of all the seven analytes within 15 min, using 15 mmol L-1 sodium dodecyl sulfate in 10 mmol L-1 tetraborate buffer, pH 8.5, at a voltage of 20 kV. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration range from 5.0 · 10-7 to 5.0 · 10-4 mol L-1 for most of the analytes, at a detection wavelength of 254 nm. LOD and LOQ values of the analytes were in the ranges of 2.10 · 10-7-1.28 · 10-6 mol L-1and 6.99 · 10-7-4.25 · 10-6 mol L-1, respectively. The proposed separation conditions were applied to determination of 1,2-dihydroxy anthraquinone (alizarin) and 1,2,4-trihydroxy anthraquinone (purpurin) in Rubia tinctorum aglycone and of the recently described 1-acetyl-2,4,5,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone and 1-acetyl-2,4,5,7,8-pentahydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone in the mycelium of fungi Geosmithia lavendula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric micelles of polystyrene-block-poly(methacrylic acid) with the shell containing various amounts of poly(2-vinylpyridine) chains were prepared by dialysis from 1,4-dioxane-rich mixtures into alkaline aqueous solutions. The structure of the polymeric nanoparticles was studied by light scattering, atomic force microscopy, fluorometry, and capillary zone electrophoresis. The presence of both weak polyacid and weak polybase in the corona allows the micelles to form fairly stable solutions in a broad pH range. Poly(methacrylic acid) blocks are dissociated in basic buffers, while poly(2-vinylpyridine) chains stabilize the micelles in acidic solutions. Besides the water-swollen shell, the inner parts of the micelles consist of the kinetically frozen polystyrene core and relatively rigid layer of poly(methacrylic acid) and poly(2-vinylpyridine) segments. An insufficient number of stabilizing polymer chain segments results in the aggregation of the micelles into clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like thapsigargin, which is undergoing clinical trials, trilobolide is a natural product with promising anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. Similar to thapsigargin, it has limited aqueous solubility that strongly reduces its potential medicinal applications. The targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs can be achieved using liposome-based carriers. Therefore, we designed a traceable liposomal drug delivery system for trilobolide. The fluorescent green-emitting dye BODIPY, cholesterol and trilobolide were used to create construct 6 . The liposomes were composed of dipalmitoyl-3-trimethylammoniumpropane and phosphatidylethanolamine. The whole system was characterized by atomic force microscopy, the average size of the liposomes was 150 nm in width and 30 nm in height. We evaluated the biological activity of construct 6 and its liposomal formulation, both of which showed immunomodulatory properties in primary rat macrophages. The uptake and intracellular distribution of construct 6 and its liposomal formulation was monitored by means of live-cell fluorescence microscopy in two cancer cell lines. The encapsulation of construct 6 into the liposomes improved the drug distribution in cancer cells and was followed by cell death. This new liposomal trilobolide derivative not only retains the biological properties of pure trilobolide, but also enhances the bioavailability, and thus has potential for the use in theranostic applications.

EKC and its sub-techniques, such as MEKC and microemulsion EKC, have attracted wide interest in recent years. Investigations on this topic have covered several analytical applications, but attention has also been paid more and more to basic studies. This review provides an overview of the different approaches to calculating retention factors, which express the ratio of the amount of sample component in the pseudostationary and mobile phases. Special attention is given to the selection of markers for the determination of the electrophoretic mobility or migration time of a marker describing the behavior of the pseudostationary phase in EKC. Introduction of a hydrophobic marker is by far the most common approach, but the use of a homologous series of compounds is also quite popular. In addition, other possible approaches found in the literature will be described.

Teicoplanin, teicoplanin aglycon, and methylated teicoplanin aglycon chiral stationary phases (CSPs) have been compared on the basis of the regression coefficients calculated from the linear free energy relationship (LFER) equation. The parameters have been obtained from the measurements of a set of 34 structurally diverse solutes. Influence of mobile phase composition - variation of methanol (MeOH) content - on the participation of different interactions types in the retention mechanism has been evaluated. Retention of the various interaction forces in analytes differs with both the CSP and the mobile phase composition. Hydrophobic interactions play a major role in mobile phases for high buffer contents. The more hydrophobic the CSP, the more important are they in the retention mechanism. With increase of MeOH contents in the mobile phase the major role in the interaction mechanism is shifted to more polar forces in which basicity and dipolarity/polarizability dominate. Although the LFER model does not address chiral aspects, we have attempted to explore the importance of the individual interactions in chiral discrimination of amino acids and their N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl derivatives.