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This text contains an analysis of a set of questions and options related to the weight of the written language, its learning and impact: from one side, on the development of cognitive capacities and, therefore, of the ideas and the scientific knowledge; and, from another side, given the prominence of the human beings' egotist ambitions, on the unavoidable creation of antagonisms, inequalities and oppressions from some on others, culminating on merciless class fights. So, although I have mainly written scientific papers in usual standardized molds, my option in this paper is to revindicate the freedom of writing out of those molds without, anyway, renouncing to the scientific reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the analysis of some exemplary cases referred to the field of packaging design, we want to investigate how the typeface generates identity figures that modify the status of fonts, making them play the role of images capable of activating processes of meaning and narratives consistent with the reference world of the product. This is what happens in the primary area of the packaging, on the facing of those packaged products which delegate the construction of their identity to a communication system based solely on the word - on the alphabetic element - thus acting on a verb-iconic register in which the two polarities (verbal and iconic) find a perfect fusion.

Copyright of Desacatos is the property of Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Brazilian graphic design, there is a growing movement that seeks to value manifestations of urban and popular graphics in search for its identity. An example is the popular lettering produced by professional letter painters and found in several cities across the country. To value them, it was developed a research that investigated its production in the Vitória's Wide Metropolitan Area (ES) to search and recognize local styles that can attest their graphic identity. In the history design studies' field, methodological procedures were adapted that enabled to its collection, cataloging, and analyzing its letters' formal aspects and style, as well as the investigation of techniques and working methods of its creators. The aim of this paper is to present the adaptation in the methodological way and how Information Design procedure were used to visualize the research data. With the research results, the main aspects of popular lettering in relation to technological, social and cultural issues were identified, providing discussions the promote the Brazilian Graphic Memory and capixaba's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of an increasing urge for standardisation, examples for executing utilitarian lettering appeared in the twentieth century. In the design world, standardisation was not uncontroversial: the customary opposition between commercial reality and the cultural elite. This article, partly based on archival research, examines the history and creation of NEN 3225, which is the best-known Dutch standard letter. The lettering project started in 1944, during the German occupation, and it was not until 1962 that this standard appeared in book form. The celebrated type designer J. van Krimpen was a member of the responsible committee. He had strong design ideals. Unlike the lowbrow German standard letter DIN 1451, NEN 3225 proved not to be easy to execute for less experienced craftspeople. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the restoration of democracy in Greece in 1974 a period of transition began, known as metapolitefsi, which saw deep political, social and economic changes. Progressive developments also occurred in art, culture and education. The rules of the new pedagogy affected the field of literature and more specifically children's illustrated books. Thus, writers departed from the old conservative models, dominated by protectionism and superficial idealism. Instead, they introduced political, social and environmental concerns, while the language became friendlier and modern. At the same time, illustrators such as Kyritsopoulos, Zarampouka, Fakinou, Maroulakis, Psaraki a.s.o., begin to move away from the dry literalness and naive realism of most of their predecessors. They draw on a wide range of sources, from cartoons to abstraction and from Art Nouveau to Pop Art, they experiment with techniques never before used in Greek book illustration, and use innovative symbolism to convey textual meanings. Their style becomes intimate, imaginative and humorous. Pictures are no longer a merely decorative accompaniment to the text which is particularly important. They often cover the entire surface of the page, and play a decisive role in the development of the story. In short, they become central to the experience of the book. It is no coincidence that the young illustrators of the 70s and 80s often wrote their own texts. Typography, too, escapes from strict rules. Handwritten lettering, previously unheard of in Greek books, is often used on covers and title pages. Overall, during the early years of the Greek metapolitefsi, children's illustrated books changed radically and caught up with international developments. The predictable layout and obvious didacticism of previous decades, especially during the military junta (1967-1974), gave way to sophistication, sensitivity and wit, fresh and intelligent ways of introducing children to real-life social and ethical issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Academy is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I chose to study the text of Constantin Diaconovici-Loga "Orthografia sau dreapta scrisoare pentru îndreptarea scriitorilor limbii românești, text printed at Buda in 1818. It was written using the Romanian Cyrillic script of the time and has a relative stability, higher than the Cyrillic script of previous centuries and much larger than that of the Latin lettering proposed by the various etymological orientations in the second half of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal of Science & Research Publishing is the property of Mussasat Al-Majallah Al-Arabiyah lil-Ulum Wa-Nashr Al-Abhath and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

What links Thomas More to Filippo Tommaso Marinetti? And how is the creativity of alphabets related to the cover art of vinyl records? And yet there is a common thread called lettering, which is variously articulated in the expressiveness of the typographic characters of the artists. There is a bi-planarity present in the letters of the alphabet: that of expression and that of content –signifier and signified meaning, but there is also an arbitrariness that does not connect, in any way, one to the other, the will of an alphabet to exist as an autonomous form of art. Lettering is perhaps the most appropriate area of graphics for experimenting, thinking, inventing, narrating and playing with elementary forms. Letters represent an extreme synthesis of the meanings of nature and of geometry and suggest unusual alphabets, prompting us to invent new stories. From the artistic avant-gardes of the 20th century, the playful revolution of lettering also invested the field of music with cover art. Many records are often first remembered, even more than for their music, for their cover art. The graphic design of the covers, moreover, often offers an intuition, at first glance, of the musical genre of the album and the personality of the artist. Today, the graphic design and the imaginative lettering of record covers have now become recognized as true forms of art.

In response to ongoing expansion of neoliberal ideology in democratic education, this essay details a classroom experiment that attempts to “redo,” or “recraft” democracy. Recrafting democracy, in this context, takes shape in active efforts to compose an agonistic public sphere through a specific kind of “lettering a public.” As described, intentionally inefficient student efforts to “care-fully” compose, revise, and mail democratic letters allowed a more reciprocal and felt form of democratic deliberation to unfold. The essay describes the “Dear Demos” course assignment and articulates how the experiment in doing democracy might work to contest neoliberal notions of efficient, technocratic models of self-governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the use of letterings and typefaces in the linguistic landscape through a comparison of hippie and punk concert posters. After a general introduction, some definitions and an overview on the hippie and punk movements and the posters they produced, the article introduces the methodology employed, which consisted of both an analysis of the lettering used in hippie and punk posters and a survey carried out among a sample of students at Universiti Malaya (Kuala Lumpur). This is followed by an analysis and a discussion of the data, which have led to two main findings: not only were the antithetical ideas behind these two youth movements portrayed through the specific lettering and fonts used, but the latter feature specific traits that may be linked to our mental processes and possibly our limbic system, the most primordial part of our brain.

Copyright of Documentación de las Ciencias de la Información is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the following study we enter into highlighting an art from the arts that developed Arabic calligraphy and highlighted an important aspect in its aesthetics through its use as a graphic element in artistic works based on abstract tendency. Its impact was felt by a group of Arab artists, and it also received attention with the attention of Western artists, thus raising several problems, perhaps the ability of the Arabic letterpress to create an aesthetic artistic effect in the plastic arts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of AmeSea International Journal is the property of Africa & Middle East Society for Education through Art and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Context-free grammars are not able to capture cross-serial dependencies occurring in some natural languages. To overcome this issue, Seki et al. introduced a generalization called m -multiple context-free grammars (m -MCFGs), which deal with m -tuples of strings. We show that m -MCFGs are capable of comparing the number of consecutive occurrences of at most 2 m different letters. In particular, the language { a 1 n 1 a 2 n 2 ⋯ a 2 m + 1 n 2 m + 1 | n 1 ≥ n 2 ≥ ... ≥ n 2 m + 1 ≥ 0 } is (m + 1) -multiple context-free, but not m -multiple context-free. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study's aims were to (a) evaluate preschoolers' use of private speech (overt talk to themselves) during spelling; and (b) study how it is affected by the nature of orthography. Participants were 197 Hebrew speaking Israeli preschoolers (109 girls and 88 boys) (M = 5.6 years). Children spelled 12 words (N =44 letters) that represented one of three phonological word structures in terms of their consonants (C) and vowels (V): CV.CVC, CV.CV.CVC, and CVC.CVC. Children's private speech during spelling was documented and analysed. In this paper, we report the private speech units most frequently produced when spelling the letters correctly—CV, CVC, and letter name. When using private speech, children succeeded in correctly spelling a greater number of letters (30.69%) than when not using private speech (17.64%). The private speech across word structures primarily contained CV units and letter names. Children used private speech mostly for words' first letters and for CV.CVC words. The structure and position of the letters (first, second, last) had a combined effect on the production of private speech. CV units were used mostly in the first letter of CV.CVC words, CVC units in the second letter of a CVC.CVC word, and letter names in the first letter of CV.CVC words. These findings suggest that preschoolers are aware of the features of the orthography, as exemplified by their internal thought process when spelling words. Adults can support children's understanding of the written language by encouraging them to use private speech during word writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a collection of several hundred letters sent to Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain in 1903. Written by British and colonial subjects from a wide range of different backgrounds and residing across the world, these letters addressed a variety of issues in the political, social, and imperial life of Edwardian British World. The collection offers a window into the minds and lives of a conscious and actively engaged sample of British and colonial subjects. The authors frequently wrote on the subject of British imperialism, sharing their ideas, feelings, and interactions with the empire with one of Britain's most outspoken imperialists. The letters demonstrate a broad consensus of support for and pride in the empire. The particular ways in which individual authors conceptualised and defined theirs and Britain's imperial relationships, however, show a variety of disagreements about the present and future of Britain's place in the world. Nevertheless, these authors recognised their nation was inextricably connected with the rest of the world and could not exist in isolation, and understood and articulated this connection through the language of imperialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates a discourse about billionaire philanthropy established in letters submitted by 187 of 209 signatories of the Giving Pledge. The philanthropy of the wealthy is gaining increasing public attention and is subject to growing criticism, which demands additional study of how the wealthy collectively explain their generosity. The mixed-method analysis finds a strong emphasis on education and health causes and identifies two distinct and coherent rationales for being generous. The majority of letters express a social–normative rationale, consisting of two prevailing explanations: an expressed gratitude and desire to "give back" (1) and references to family upbringing as a socializing force (2). A minority of letters articulate a personal–consequentialist rationale, highlighting three separate explanations: a large inheritance may harm offspring (1), giving as personal gratification (2), and an acknowledgment of excess wealth with no better use (3). An expressed desire to have impact and make a difference appears in both rationales. The overall dominance of a social–normative rationale projects a discourse emphasizing benevolence as well as a narrative in which billionaires are an exceptionally productive and grateful subset of society. While previous studies have primarily focused on identifying individual psychological motives, this study shows how the Giving Pledge letters reflect a philanthropic discourse among the wealthy going back to Andrew Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This compilation of the passages from Lloyd deMause's letters to his German colleague and translator Aurel Ende gives a view of deMause, at the end of the 1970s and beginning of the 1980s, in his relation to German psychohistory as well as to pre- and perinatal psychology, primal therapy, and psychoanalysis. The letters also touch upon deMause's instructions concerning psychohistorical research methods and reveal his position in his personal life. His self-image as the "poisonous fantasy-leader" during the pioneering psychohistory meetings testifies of subjective ambivalences inherent in group dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informal observation suggests that it is harder to notice the spelling mistake in "silencne" than "silencre." This concurs with current evidence that non-adjacent letter repetition in correctly spelled words makes these words harder to recognize. One possible explanation is provided by open-bigram coding. Words containing repeated letters are harder to recognize because they are represented by fewer bigrams than words without repeated letters. Building on this particular explanation for letter-repetition effects in words, we predicted that nonwords in a lexical decision task should also be sensitive to letter repetitions. In particular, we examined two types of nonwords generated from the same baseword: (1) nonwords created by repeating one of the letters in the baseword (e.g., silence => silencne); and (2) nonwords created by inserting a letter that is not present in the baseword (e.g., silencre). According to open-bigram coding, nonwords created by repeating a letter are more similar to their baseword than nonwords created by inserting a letter, and this should make it harder to reject letter repetition nonwords than letter insertion nonwords. We put these predictions to test in one on-line pilot study (n=31), one laboratory experiment (n=36), and one follow-up on-line experiment (n=40) where we manipulated the distance between repetitions (one, two, three, or four letters). Participants found it harder to reject repetition nonwords than insertion nonwords, and this effect diminished with increasing distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applied a "moves analysis" approach to examine job application letters written by 25 Malaysian graduates obtained from an outsourcing organisation in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The letters were analysed as to whether they adhered to the seven aspects of the "moves structure" used to analyse job applications (i.e. establishing credentials, introducing candidate, detailing advantages, enclosing relevant documents, ending appropriately, offering incentives, and using pressure tactics). Additionally, interviews were held with five human resource managers from five different organisations. From the interviews, the managers emphasised that it was important that job application letters should contain at least five of the seven moves from the framework. The findings obtained revealed that Malaysian graduates employed five out of the seven strategies from the moves structure and had covered the basic format of the job application letter. Most applicants omitted Move 5 (using pressure tactics), but the findings suggest that this variation did not hinder the communicative purpose of the letters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dirasat Tarbawiya is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The global precedence effect (GPE), originally referring to processing hierarchical visual stimuli composed of letters, is characterised by both global advantage and global interference. We present herein a study of how this effect is modulated by the variables letter and sex. The Navon task, using the letters "H" and "S," was administered to 78 males and 168 females (69 follicular women, 52 luteal women, and 47 hormonal contraceptive users). No interaction occurred between the letter and sex variables, but significant main effects arose from each of these. Reaction times (RTs) revealed that the letter "H" was identified more rapidly in the congruent condition both in the global and the local task, and the letter "S" in the incongruent condition for the local task. Also, although RTs showed a GPE in both males and females, males displayed shorter reaction times in both global and local tasks. Furthermore, luteal women showed higher d' index (discrimination sensitivity) in the congruent condition for the local task than both follicular women and hormonal contraceptive users, as well as longer exploration time of the irrelevant level during the global task than males. We conclude that, according to the linear periodicity law, the GPE is enhanced for compound letters with straight vs. curved strokes, whereas it is stronger in males than in females. Relevantly, luteal phase of the menstrual cycle seems to tilt women to rely on finer grained information, thus exhibiting an analytical processing style in global/local visual processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the significance of the Old English text of the fragment of a Passion narrative in the manuscript Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Broxbourne 90.28. The manuscript was part of the Broxbourne collection of book collector Albert Ehrman and his wife. It describes the letter-forms and scribal conventions used in the fragment. Also noted is the possibility that the text was part of a composite homily.

BACKGROUND Traditional letters of recommendation used for postgraduate medical training applications have multiple limitations, including a lack of clarity, inflated and overly flattering assessments, and low reliability between interpreting faculty. A micrographic surgery and dermatologic oncology (MSDO) standardized letter of recommendation (SLOR) was created to improve the efficiency, validity, and stratification of applicants to dermatology fellowship training programs. OBJECTIVE To analyze the MSDO SLOR for trends in grading based on letter-writer and applicant characteristics and to evaluate its ability to demonstrate differences between applicants. METHODS Standardized letter of recommendations received by 4 fellowship programs from the 2019 San Francisco Match application cycle were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Two hundred forty-nine SLORs were analyzed from 140 applicants. Grade inflation and limited variability in scores were evident. Higher scores correlated with the length of the relationships between letter-writers and applicants and with female letter-writer gender. There was no applicant gender or ethnicity bias detected. CONCLUSION Despite score inflation, the MSDO SLOR allows for differentiation between fellowship applicants. Future studies are needed to further evaluate the reliability of the SLOR and find ways to improve its content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practitioners and academics agree that packaging is a communication tool that impacts marketing success. This paper focuses on a specific cue incorporated in product packaging: the use of supplementary unconventional lettering, such as Arabic characters, on a product package with English. Building on the theory of Foreign Language Display, the use of unconventional lettering that is congruent with the product is expected to be favorable if it is interpreted as a quality cue. Additionally, familiarity with the product category moderates this relationship. This paper discusses empirical studies carried out in a developed economy and a developing economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“An embassy of the Zulus in Paris” has been chosen as a topic of discussion to prove its interpretation even in the problem itself. This arise the problems in relation to interpretation and other difficulties especially in the interpretation of literary creations. I have named this work as an “attempt for interpretation” for the reason that indirectly (in the figurative sence) and directly to deal with special essay connected to literature and its literary forms. It is an attempt to illuminateany from the many values this short and very concise story masterfully written by Konica has presenting him as a stylist and very rare author of albanian letters. This is also due to the fact that the interpretation has to do more with the “discovery” of the “dark” sides and “hidden values” an literary work contains. A writer like Faik Konica who can be “so bright” and “so dark” at the same time can provoke feelings, difficulties of interpretation and reinterpretation for some sensitive stylistic and linguistic issues that the story has in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dawid bar Pawlos' Letter on Dots is an eighth-century text that purportedly describes the introduction of some of the dots used in Syriac writing. It also sheds light on the life of a certain Rāmišoʿ of Beṯ Rabban, apparently the same man as the master of pointing named in MS BL Add. 12138. However, most studies of Syriac dots either neglect or completely discount this letter as a reliable source, since it suggests that Miaphysite scribes had a direct influence on East Syriac reading traditions. This article provides a more critical analysis of the letter, first examining the problematic state of its extant manuscripts, and then evaluating the text to determine its historical plausibility in the context of seventh-century northern Mesopotamia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the use of letterings and typefaces in the linguistic landscape through a comparison of hippie and punk concert posters. After a general introduction, some definitions and an overview on the hippie and punk movements and the posters they produced, the article introduces the methodology employed, which consisted of both an analysis of the lettering used in hippie and punk posters and a survey carried out among a sample of students at Universiti Malaya (Kuala Lumpur). This is followed by an analysis and a discussion of the data, which have led to two main findings: not only were the antithetical ideas behind these two youth movements portrayed through the specific lettering and fonts used, but the latter feature specific traits that may be linked to our mental processes and possibly our limbic system, the most primordial part of our brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Signa is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Visual word recognition is facilitated by the presence of orthographic neighbors that mismatch the target word by a single letter substitution. However, researchers typically do not consider where neighbors mismatch the target. In light of evidence that some letter positions are more informative than others, we investigate whether the influence of orthographic neighbors differs across letter positions. To do so, we quantify the number of enemies at each letter position (how many neighbors mismatch the target word at that position). Analyses of reaction time data from a visual word naming task indicate that the influence of enemies differs across letter positions, with the negative impacts of enemies being most pronounced at letter positions where readers have low prior uncertainty about which letters they will encounter (i.e., positions with low entropy). To understand the computational mechanisms that give rise to such positional entropy effects, we introduce a new computational model, VOISeR (Visual Orthographic Input Serial Reader), which receives orthographic inputs in parallel and produces an over-time sequence of phonemes as output. VOISeR produces a similar pattern of results as in the human data, suggesting that positional entropy effects may emerge even when letters are not sampled serially. Finally, we demonstrate that these effects also emerge in human subjects' data from a lexical decision task, illustrating the generalizability of positional entropy effects across visual word recognition paradigms. Taken together, such work suggests that research into orthographic neighbor effects in visual word recognition should also consider differences between letter positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing people's future orientation, in particular continuity with their future selves, has been proposed as promising to mitigate self-control–related problem behavior. In two pre-registered, direct replication studies, we tested a subtle manipulation, that is, writing a letter to one's future self, in order to reduce delinquent decisions (van Gelder et al., 2013, Study 1) and risky investments (Monroe et al., 2017, Study 1). With samples of n = 314 and n = 463, which is 2.5 times the original studies' sample sizes, the results suggested that the expected effects are either non-existent or smaller than originally reported, and/or dependent on factors not examined. Vividness of the future self was successfully manipulated in Study 2, but manipulation checks overall indicated that the letter task is not reliable to alter future orientation. We discuss ideas to integrate self-affirmation approaches and to test less subtle manipulations in samples with substantial, myopia-related self-control deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898) was one of the eminent lovers of Urdu literature, constantly striving for the continuity and evaluation of the Urdu language throughout his life. One of the most important and substantive aspects of his writing is letter writing. He wrote a number of letters to his colleagues, politicians and academics. Although the chronicle of letter writing in Urdu began with Ghulam Ghos Bekhabar (1824-1905), nevertheless Sir Syed Ahmad Khan caused a stir in the static sea of letter writing in Urdu literature. Because British barbarism had a profound impact on society after the War of Independence of 1857, letters written in Hindi and Urdu at that time really reflected Indian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of College of Education / Wasit is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Between 1945 and 1967, Josip Broz Tito, the Marshal and President of Yugoslavia, received 411,769 letters written by citizens of his country. Until 1964 he personally read most of the letters addressed to him and made decisions on requests and comments expressed in them. In this article we argue that Tito used the letters received to establish a direct link between himself and citizens. This was one of the key instruments of his power, as he used letters to conduct a permanent ‘anti-bureauratic revolution’ which would squeeze lower-level officials into a sandwich between him and ‘the people’. We focus on one particular letter, written by Dragomir Katić, a 27-year old unemployed person from Kraljevo, Serbia. The letter arrived in February 1967, and Tito used this occasion to personally meet Katić. Despite Tito’s promise, however, Katić’s problem could not be solved for more than two years, due to a power struggle between Tito and local officials in Serbia. This case sheds new light on the nature of Tito’s alleged absolute power in Yugoslavia. It tells us much about the attitude of dissatisfied individuals in Communist Yugoslavia, who cared much more about solving their personal problems than about changing the system, at least for as long as Tito was alive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June 2017, a new letter was officially introduced into the German language: the capital eszett . Following a suggestion of the Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung (Council for German Orthography), the letter was included in the revised version of the official spelling rules, and also the new 2017 edition of the Duden mentions the capital eszett. The present article investigates the reasons underlying this orthographic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Akademik Sanat is the property of Ankara Haci Bayram Veli University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art & Communication is the property of Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art & Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper examines Keats' early poems and letters from a particular perspective to demonstrate how love found its way in his poetic career. The study depicts his philosophy of love in his relations with women, his relatives and other groups of people. The primary source of this study comprises of John Keats' first volume of poems, sonnets, and letters and scattered pieces published in 1817. The research showed that Keats' view on the concept of love is partly different from both Romantic and Neo-Classical treatment of love. It also proved that his treatment of love has played a significant role in his poetry and life. It also revealed that the concept of love, as a universal force, is conveyed in different ways and the poet attempts to reflect an ideal world in which love is materialized and fulfilled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compilation of the Qur'an, it is one of the important subjects in the history of the Qur'an and Qiraat. Scholars speaking in the context of the text of revelation, have examined the compilation of the Qur'an which has different information on the Qur'an in the light of different narratives. Rumors about the compilation of the Qur'an, which attracted the attention of orientalists, sources in a rather voluminous way. In fact, discussions on the nature of the concept of compilation with different definitions and dimensions have necessitated large diameteraddressing this question. Suyuti, which includes both the relevant narratives about the subject matter and his personal evaluations, holds an important place in the literature in this context. As a resource benefiting, Suyuti has been an important reference for both orientalists and Muslims. In this respect, in this study, Suyuti's view of the Qur'an's compilation issue, which deals with different narratives, will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Musicology of Lithuania / Lietuvos muzikologija is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Music & Theatre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of College of Education is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the consideration of comic books as literature. The author states that one of the obstacles with considering comic books as literature is that the readerly experience of comics is antithetical to literary or aesthetic concerns. The author believes that English language comic books are structured as a form of correspondence between the artist and reader. The article uses the Canadian graphic novel "Louis Riel: A Comic-Strip Biography" by Chester Brown as a reference. Subjects of the article also include the letters page in comic books, the lettering of comics, and the panel structure of comics.

In his latest novel Cox oder Der Lauf der Zeit (2016), Christoph Ransmayr, best known for his Ovid-pastiche Die letzte Welt (1988), depicts eighteenth Century China. While the famous English clockmaker James Cox (1723–1800) is at its centre, the book is not a historical novel, but rather a piece of fanciful fiction, based on facts, about the strategic, political and philosophical significance of time itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of College of The Great Imam University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents a commentary on three unpublished letters written by Giovanni Berchet to Niccolò Tommaseo. After dating and describing the features of these letters, the author further outlines a reconstruction of their historical context and literary meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]