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We study the magneto-optical properties of Dirac semimetal (DSM) slabs with particular emphasis on Cd 3 As 2 through electron–photon–phonon interactions, focusing on the magneto-optical absorption coefficient (MOAC) and full-width at half maximum (FWHM). Studying the Landau level (LL) energy of DSMs in the (x y) plane and the z -direction revealed a unique deviation from the square root dependence on the magnetic field, distinguishing DSMs from other semiconductors. At high magnetic fields, the electron–hole symmetry in the LL spectrum is broken, indicating a topological phase in DSMs. For undoped DSMs, MOAC is driven by interband transitions, with peaks from one-photon absorption being smaller and positioned to the left of two-photon ones. Increasing the magnetic field increases peak values. FWHM for one- and two-photon processes increases with the magnetic field and follows a T dependence on temperature. In doped DSMs, both intraband and interband transitions occur, with new interband peaks emerging at higher temperatures near the Fermi energy. Increased electron density shifts the peak position slightly toward higher energy. Peaks from optical phonon emission are consistently higher and located to the right of those from optical phonon absorption, indicating a stronger emission process. The FWHM data allow for the estimation of electron mobilities, and using a reasonable broadening parameter, our predicted mobility values agree with experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Landau levels (LLs) and magneto-optical responses in the AA-stacked bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides in the presence of an exponentially decaying magnetic field are investigated. Sixteen separate Landau levels are predicted in the numerical results, which are the result of the spin, valley, and layer degeneracy lifting induced by the spin Zeeman field. Interestingly, we find that the ∇ B drift velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field gradient is τ ⋅ s -degenerate and independent of the layer index and the strength of the spin Zeeman field. Based on the linear-response theory, the magneto-optical conductivity is derived as a function of photon energy where only the intraband transition associated with the incident light in the THz regime is considered. Our result reveals that the merit of absorption peaks in the real part of longitudinal conductivity under the nonuniform magnetic field is influenced by the combined effect of the optical transition selection rule and the mixing rule of Landau states. Moreover, the response of optical conductivity is significantly modified when the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field, i.e., ξ 0 , is varied. Furthermore, the position of optical response is found to shift toward the high magneto-excitation frequency as ξ 0 increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moiré systems featuring flat electronic bands exhibit a vast landscape of emergent exotic quantum states, making them one of the resourceful platforms in condensed matter physics. Tuning these systems via twist angle and the electric field greatly enhances our comprehension of their strongly correlated ground states. Here, we report a technique to investigate the nuanced intricacies of band structures in dual-gated multilayer graphene systems. We utilize the Landau levels of a decoupled monolayer graphene to extract the electric field-dependent bilayer graphene charge neutrality point gap. Then, we extend this method to analyze the evolution of the band gap and the flat bandwidth in twisted mono-bilayer graphene. The band gap maximizes at the same displacement field where the flat bandwidth minimizes, concomitant with the emergence of a strongly correlated phase. Moreover, we extract integer and fractional quantum Hall gaps to further demonstrate the strength of this method. Our technique paves the way for improving the understanding of electronic band structures in versatile flat band systems. This is an experimental tool involving transport measurements to carefully estimate electronic band structures. The Landau levels in a decoupled monolayer graphene are used as probes to measure the band gap and bandwidth in multiple graphene systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the magnetic Laplacian in a two-dimensional exterior domain with Neumann boundary condition and uniform magnetic field. For the exterior of the disk we establish accurate asymptotics of the low-lying eigenvalues in the weak magnetic field limit. For the exterior of a star-shaped domain, we obtain an asymptotic upper bound on the lowest eigenvalue in the weak field limit, involving the 4 -moment, and optimal for the case of the disk. Moreover, we prove that, for moderate magnetic fields, the exterior of the disk is a local maximizer for the lowest eigenvalue under a p -moment constraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current article investigates the band structure in the presence and absence of spin‐orbit coupling (SOC), examines the Z2 invariants, and investigates the detailed angle‐dependent magneto‐transport of up to 10 T (Tesla) and down to 2 K for the bismuth crystal. The out‐of‐plane field‐dependent magnetoresistance (MR) is positive and is huge to the order of ≈104% at 2 K and 10 T. On the contrary, the longitudinal (in‐plane) field‐dependent MR is relatively small and is negative. The thermal activation energy is also estimated by using the Boltzmann formula from resistivity versus temperature measurement under applied transverse magnetic fields. The topological nature of Bi is confirmed by Z2 invariant calculation using density functional theory (DFT). PBESol bands show trivial but hybrid functional (HSE) bands show non‐trivial topology being present in Bismuth. This article comprehensively studies the dependence of MR oscillations upon the angle between the applied field and the current. The observed oscillations fade away as the angle is increased. This article is an extension of our previous work on bismuth (J. Sup. Novel Mag. 2023, 36, 389), in which a comprehensive analysis of its structural and micro‐structural properties is conducted along with its transport behavior in an applied transverse magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the relativistic and nonrelativistic Landau levels for Dirac fermions in the cosmic string spacetime in the context of rainbow gravity in (3+1)-dimensions, where we work with the curved Dirac equation with minimal coupling in cylindrical coordinates. Using the tetrads formalism of General Relativity, we obtain a second-order differential equation. Solving this differential equation, we obtain a generalized Laguerre equation as well as the relativistic Landau levels for the fermion and antifermion, where such energy levels are quantized in terms of the quantum numbers n, mj and ms, and explicitly depends on the rainbow functions f(ε) and g(ε), charge parameter σ, cyclotron frequency ωc, curvature parameter α, and on the square rest energy m02 and square z-momentum kz2, respectively. Posteriorly, we study the nonrelativistic limit of the system, where we obtain the nonrelativistic Landau levels. In both cases (relativistic and nonrelativistic), we graphically analyze the behavior of Landau levels for the three-rainbow gravity scenarios as a function of the magnetic field B and of the curvature parameter α. In addition, we also compared our problem with other works, where we verified that our results generalize several particular cases in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the necessary conditions for achieving high thermoelectric (TE) performance is the large longitudinal (Sxx) and transverse thermopower (Syx), which are closely related to the Fermi level position and the energy‐dependent density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level. Herein, it is demonstrated that HfTe5 has both high‐mobility induced significant quantum oscillations with an ultra‐low quantum limit of 2.7 T, and a significant Lifshitz transition where the Fermi level shows strong temperature dependence. The Landau levels yielded by the magnetic field distort the DOS with many equally‐spaced delta functions and significantly enhance the Sxx and Syx. The drastically enhanced magneto‐longitudinal and transverse TE performance in HfTe5 is achieved under an ultra‐low magnetic field of 1.4 T, which can be easily realized by a permanent magnet. Moreover, the Lifshitz transition further modulates its TE and magneto‐TE performance. Ultimately, the peak values of magneto‐longitudinal and transverse power factors (PF) reach 64 µW cm−1 K−2 at 150 K and 0.9 T and 19 µW cm−1 K−2 at 80 K and 1.4 T, respectively, which are comparable to the best TE materials such as Bi2Te3. This work provides novel methods and significant guidance for the development of TE and magneto‐TE materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landau levels, previously proposed and verified in condensed matter systems, are conventionally achieved by introducing an external magnetic field that interacts with electrons. In phononic systems, people have proposed the method of applying strain to structures to form artificial synthetic magnetic fields, which in turn induces the emergence of Landau levels. While most of the current implementations about Landau levels are based on three-dimensional (3D) Weyl systems, the experimental realization of chiral Landau levels in two-dimensional (2D) Dirac acoustic systems remains an open and interesting topic. In this work, we present an innovative approach to generate the chiral Landau levels within a 2D acoustic system by introducing an in-plane artificial pseudomagnetic field. Through breaking the spatial parity symmetry and opening the Dirac cones, we introduce position-dependent effective mass terms to Hamiltonian and confirm the existence of chiral Landau levels by simulations and experiments. Furthermore, We verify the strong robustness of the zeroth Landau level to different kinds of defects. This work provides a feasible way to realize chiral Landau levels in 2D acoustic systems and suggests potential applications in other 2D artificial structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physics of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field, disordered potential, and spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is very rich. It touches upon numerous fundamental concepts such as Anderson localization, the integer quantum Hall effect, and random matrix ensembles (Gaussian, unitary, and symplectic). At strong magnetic field the system is extensively studied. It is characterized by isolated Landau levels wherein the energy is linear with the magnetic field and the corresponding wave functions are extended, while between two Landau levels, the corresponding wave functions are localized. In most cases, for strong magnetic field, pertinent calculations are based on the projection of a single Landau level. The first topic to be discussed below is the Anderson localization at weak magnetic field and strong, albeit uniform SOC. In fact, the physics at weak magnetic field seems to be even richer than that at strong magnetic field. Indeed, projection on a single Landau level is not justified, since the energy distance between adjacent levels compares with the strength of disorder and the SOC energy. The second topic to be discussed below is the Anderson localization in a strong magnetic field and with random SOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compute the one-loop vacuum energy in 10-dimensional (10D) super Yang–Mills theory compactified on |$\mathbb {R}^{1,3}\times (\mathbb {T}^2)^3$| in the presence of the Abelian magnetic fluxes. Regularization of the infinite Kaluza–Klein (KK) sum is achieved by the use of Barnes |$\zeta$| -functions, which can be applied to the case in which the KK mass spectrum has the Landau level structure. We apply the technique to two different models of the 10D super Yang–Mills theory: One is to introduce the magnetic flux background to the 10D super Yang–Mills action. The other is to first embed the 10D super Yang–Mills action into 4D |$\mathcal {N}=1$| superspace and to introduce magnetic fluxes. The two models built result in different KK mass spectra as well as tree level potentials, and we compute the one-loop vacuum energy of each case. Nevertheless, both of the KK mass spectra have the Landau level structure and we can apply the regularization method in the same way. It turns out that the former model shows UV finite one-loop vacuum energy whereas the latter shows UV divergent one-loop potential that vanish when 4D |${\cal N}=1$| supersymmetry is not broken by magnetic fluxes. We discuss the origin of the differences from a higher-dimensional-supersymmetry viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By introducing first-order quantum phases as topological invariants, recent symmetry analysis-based theories have reinvigorated magnetic quantum oscillations as a versatile quantum probe for unfolding the Fermi surface topology along with the geometry information, i.e., topo-Fermiology. Here, we demonstrate the comprehensive topo-Fermiology of high-mobility Rashba two-dimensional electron gases with ultragate tunability of spin-orbit coupling parameter in few-layer black arsenic. The remarkable consistencies with the key theoretical predictions of period doubling in quantum oscillations, gate-tunable aperiodic beating patterns, and the symmetry-enforced Landau level crossing phenomena controlled by the competition between Rashba coupling and the Zeeman interaction, which ultimately manifests as all odd-filling factor integer quantum Hall effect with superb sensitivity to quantum phases, establish topo-Fermiology as an indispensable methodology for studying topological quantum matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In graphite, a moderate magnetic field confines electrons and holes into their lowest Landau levels. In the extreme quantum limit, two insulating states with a dome-like field dependence of the their critical temperatures are induced by the magnetic field. Here, we study the evolution of the first dome (below 60 T) under hydrostatic pressure up to 1.7 GPa. With increasing pressure, the field-temperature phase boundary shifts towards higher magnetic fields, yet the maximum critical temperature remains unchanged. According to our fermiology data, pressure amplifies the density and the in-plane effective cyclotron mass of hole-like and electron-like carriers. Thanks to this information, we verify the persistent relevance of the BCS relation between the critical temperature and the density of states in the weak-coupling boundary of the dome. In contrast, the strong-coupling summit of the dome does not show any detectable change with pressure. We argue that this is because the out-of-plane BCS coherence length approaches the interplane distance that shows little change with pressure. Thus, the BCS-BEC crossover is tunable by magnetic field and pressure, but with a locked summit. A large magnetic field induces a metal-insulator transition in graphite, which manifests as a dome in the phase diagram. Ye et al. show that this dome is an example of an electron-hole pair BCS-BEC crossover, tuneable by hydrostatic pressure with a locked summit temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the quantum transport properties of (Two‐dimensional) 2D perovskite heterostructures is key to interpreting their electronic performance and promoting optoelectronic devices. Here, it is shown that clear Shubnikov‐de Hass oscillation appears in the heterostructure of monocrystalline 2D perovskites and graphene, thanks to the clean interface. An efficient charge transfer between perovskite nanosheets and graphene is found, facilitating the separation of electrons and holes at the interface. The relation between the charge transfer efficiency and microscopic interface structures is quantitatively described. The evidence of photo‐assisted transport from the photo‐response of magnetoresistance is revealed, which happens between Landau levels of two graphene layers mediated by hot carriers in the perovskite layer, overcoming the barrier from the organic layers in the Ruddlesden‐Popper perovskite phase. These results provide a picture to understand the transport behavior of 2D perovskite/graphene heterostructure and a reference for the controlled design of interfaces in perovskite optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we extend the self-consistent quasi-particle model proposed by Zong et al. [Phys. Lett. B 711, 65 (2012)] to the case of finite magnetic field. The vacuum infinity zero-point energy is successfully eliminated by introducing a classical thermo-magnetic background field B (T , e B) in the effective Lagrangian based on Zong's method. By considering relativistic Landau energy levels, we have applied the improved quasi-particle model to the case of a two-flavor quark gluon plasma. We obtain a finite partition function and calculate the energy density, pressure and entropy density at zero chemical potential. These results are qualitatively consistent with the results of previous literature works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topological two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have a wide range of promising applications and are the subject of intense basic scientific research. Due to the existence of a direct optical bandgap, nano-optics and nano-optoelectronics employing monolayer TMDs are at the center of the development of next-generation devices. Magneto-resonant Raman scattering (MRRS) is a non-destructive fundamental technique that enables the study of magneto-electronic levels for TMD semiconductor device applications and hitherto unexplored optical transitions. Raman intensity in a Faraday backscattering configuration as a function of the magnetic field B, laser energy, and the circular polarization of light reveals a set of incoming and outgoing resonances with particular spin orientations and magneto-optical interband transitions at the K- and K'-valleys of the Brillouin zone. This fact unequivocally allows for a straightforward determination of the important band parameters of TMD materials. A generalization of the MRRS theory is performed for the description of the magneto-polaron (MP) effects in the first-order light scattering process. It shows how strongly the simultaneous presence of the conduction and valence bands modifies the MP energy spectrum. The resonant MP Raman intensity reveals three resonant splitting processes of double avoided-crossing levels reflecting the electron-hole pair energy spectrum. The scattering profile allows for quantifying the relative contribution of the conduction and valence bands in the formation of MPs. Many avoided-crossing points due to the electron-phonon interaction in the MP spectrum, a superposition of the electron and hole states in the excitation branches, and their impact on Raman scattering are exceptional features of monolayer TMDs. Based on this, the reported theoretical studies open a pathway toward MRRS and resonant MP Raman scattering characterization of two-dimensional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is concerned with the relativistic quantum dynamics of a self-interacting neutron in the presence of an external ultra-strong electromagnetic (EM) field in a cylindrical inertial frame. We first regard the Dirac–Pauli (DP) Lagrangian to study the planar dynamics of a neutron polarized along the z-axis subjected to a confining external static EM field composed of a homogeneous magnetic field in the z-direction and a linear radial electric field in the polar plane. The corresponding discrete Landau energy levels are found. As a nonlinear (NL) example model, we introduce a 1-flavor Nambu Jona–Lasinio (NJL) mass term into the DP Lagrangian. The continuous ground-state Landau levels are determined. We readily obtain modified Maxwell's equations associated with these levels. We consider a simple application of the model related to the dynamics of neutrons in the presence of strong-QED fields inside the surface of aligned neutron stars. We briefly comment on possible classical solitonic solutions of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We revisit the interaction between a point charge and an inhomogeneous magnetic field that yields the magnetic quantum dot system. This magnetic field is defined by filling the whole space, except for a region of radius r 0 . Then, we assume that there is an impenetrable potential wall located at r 0 and discuss the quantum effects of screw dislocation topology and the missing magnetic flux. We first show that Landau levels can be achieved even though there is the presence of an impenetrable potential wall. We go further by discussing the confinement of a point charge to a cylindrical wire. In both cases, we show Aharonov–Bohm-type effects for bound states can be obtained from the influence of the screw dislocation topology and the missing magnetic flux. Later, we discuss the influence of the screw dislocation topology and the missing magnetic flux on the magnetization and the persistent currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional topological semimetals are typically characterized by the vorticity of gapless points, and can be classified according to the band representations. However, the topological properties involving the distribution of the Berry curvature in the entire Brillouin zone are often overlooked. In this study, we investigate a two-band two-dimensional topological semimetal protected by C4zT magnetic symmetry, exhibiting a two-fold band degeneracy at the Γ(0, 0) and M(π, π) points. Due to the presence of C4zT symmetry, the Brillouin zone is divided into two patches characterized by half-quantized Berry curvature fluxes with opposite signs. In multi-band case, the half-quantization deviates, indicating the fragile nature. The semimetal presents counter-propagating half-edge channels, accompanied by power-law decaying and oscillating edge currents. The band topology leads to unconventional Landau levels featuring anisotropic edge modes. Each massless Dirac cone, associated with the half-quantized Berry curvature flux, exhibits an integer quantum Hall conductance. Additionally, we calculate the local orbital magnetization with open boundary conditions in both the x and y directions. This reveals isolated magnetization islands, highlighting an experimentally observable magnetic phenomenon in this topological semimetal. A two-dimensional semimetal is featured by its low energy physics near the degeneracy points, while the topology over the whole Brillouin zone is rarely studied. The authors find that the Brillouin zone of the C4zT symmetric semimetal is partitioned into two patches characterized by half quantized Berry curvature fluxes with opposite signs, accompanied by the topological transport phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of the two-dimensional motion of a charged particle with constant mass in the presence of a uniform constant perpendicular magnetic field features in several undergraduate and graduate quantum physics textbooks. This problem is very important to studies of two-dimensional materials that manifest quantum Hall behavior, as evidenced by several major discoveries over the last few years. Many real experimental samples are more complicated due to the anisotropic mass of the electrons. In this work, we provide the exact solution to this problem by means of a clever scaling of coordinates. Calculations are done for a symmetric gauge of the magnetic field. This study allows a broad audience of students and teachers to understand the mathematical techniques that lead to the solution of this quantum problem. Editor's note: The behavior of an electron confined to move in two dimensions in the presence of a perpendicular magnetic field underlies the quantum Hall effect. This is also an analytically solvable problem, so it is valuable to quantum mechanics pedagogy. This paper reviews the solution and then shows a neat trick for solving the problem when the electron's effective mass is anisotropic, a situation that is fairly common in solid-state systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum Hall effect, the quantized transport phenomenon of electrons under strong magnetic fields, remains one of the hottest research topics in condensed matter physics since its discovery in 2D electronic systems. Recently, as a great advance in the research of quantum Hall effects, the quantum Hall effect in 3D systems, despite its big challenge, has been achieved in the bulk ZrTe 5 and Cd 3 As 2 materials. Interestingly, Cd 3 As 2 is a Weyl semimetal, and quantum Hall effect is hosted by the Fermi arc states on opposite surfaces via the Weyl nodes of the bulk, and induced by the unique edge states on the boundaries of the opposite surfaces. However, such intriguing edge state distribution has not yet been experimentally observed. Here, we aim to reveal experimentally the unusual edge states of Fermi arcs in acoustic Weyl system with the aid of pseudo-magnetic field. Benefiting from the macroscopic nature of acoustic crystals, the pseudo-magnetic field is introduced by elaborately designed the gradient on-site energy, and the edge states of Fermi arcs on the boundaries of the opposite surfaces are unambiguously demonstrated in experiments. Our system serves as an ideal and highly tunable platform to explore the Hall physics in 3D system, and has the potential in the application of new acoustic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states are exotic quantum many-body phases whose elementary charged excitations are anyons obeying fractional braiding statistics. While most FQH states are believed to have Abelian anyons, the Moore–Read type states with even denominators – appearing at half filling of a Landau level (LL) – are predicted to possess non-Abelian excitations with appealing potential in topological quantum computation. These states, however, depend sensitively on the orbital contents of the single-particle LL wavefunctions and the LL mixing. Here we report magnetotransport measurements on Bernal-stacked trilayer graphene, whose multiband structure facilitates interlaced LL mixing, which can be controlled by external magnetic and displacement fields. We observe robust FQH states including even-denominator ones at filling factors ν = − 9/2, − 3/2, 3/2 and 9/2. In addition, we fine-tune the LL mixing and crossings to drive quantum phase transitions of these half-filling states and neighbouring odd-denominator ones, exhibiting related emerging and waning behaviour. The fractional quantum Hall effect offers a potential platform to harness non-Abelian anyons. Here, the authors report fractional quantum Hall states in trilayer graphene and drive quantum phase transitions between neighbouring states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extremely large magnetoresistance (XMR) is highly applicable in spintronic devices such as magnetic sensors, magnetic memory, and hard drives. Typically, XMR is found in Weyl semimetals characterized by perfect electron–hole symmetry or exceptionally high electric conductivity and mobility. Our study explores this phenomenon in a recently developed graphene moiré system, which demonstrates XMR owing to its topological structure and high-quality crystal formation. We investigate the electronic properties of three-dimensional intertwined twisted graphene spirals (TGS), manipulating the screw dislocation axis to achieve a rotation angle of 7.3°. Notably, at 14 T and 2 K, the magnetoresistance of these structures reaches 1.7 × 107%, accompanied by a metal–insulator transition as the temperature increases. This transition becomes noticeable when the magnetic field exceeds a minimal threshold of approximately 0.1 T. These observations suggest the possible existence of complex, correlated states within the partially filled three-dimensional Landau levels of the 3D TGS system. Our findings open up possibilities for achieving XMR by engineering the topological structure of 2D layered moiré systems. Twisted graphene spirals are emerging material structures that may host topological phenomena. Here, the authors demonstrate extremely large magnetoresistance and a metal-insulator transition in twisted graphene spirals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new magnetic-atmosphere model code for obtaining synthetic spectral fluxes of hydrogen-rich magnetic white dwarfs. To date, observed spectra have been analyzed with models that neglect the magnetic field's effects on the atomic populations. In this work, we incorporate state-of-art theory in the evaluation of numerical densities of atoms, free electrons, and ions in local thermodynamical equilibrium under the action of a magnetic field. The energy distribution of atoms is rigorously evaluated for arbitrary field strength. This energy pattern includes going from tightly bound states to metastable or truly bound, highly excited states embedded in the continuum, that is, over the first Landau level. Finite nuclear mass effects and the coupling between the internal atomic structure and the motion of the atom across the magnetic field are also considered. Synthetic fluxes are generated with integrations of numerical solutions of polarized radiative transfer over the visible stellar disk using a spherical t-design method. The atmosphere code is tested with observations from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey for a group of known magnetic white dwarfs. Physical stellar parameters are obtained from least-squares fits to the observed energy distribution and compared with results of previous works. We show that the use of zerofield ionization equilibrium in spectral analyses can lead to underestimated effective temperatures for highly magnetic white dwarfs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In graphene on transition metal dichalcogenides, two types of spin–orbit coupling (SOC)—Rashba and spin–valley Zeeman SOCs—can coexist that modify graphene's electronic band differently. Herein, it is shown that the Landau levels (LLs) are also affected by these SOCs distinctively enough to estimate their relative strengths from the Landau fan diagram. A simple theoretical model is used to calculate the LL spectra of graphene for different SOC strengths, revealing that when the total SOC is strong enough (i.e., when it is comparable to the half of the energy gap between the LLs of an intrinsic graphene), the corresponding LLs will split and cross with others depending sensitively on the relative strengths of the SOC terms. To demonstrate how one can use it to estimate the relative SOC strengths, the four key features that are well separated from the complex background are first identified and compared with experiment to show that in the sample investigated, the Rashba SOC is stronger than the spin–valley Zeeman SOC consistent with other spectroscopic measurements. The study therefore provides a simple and practical strategy to analyze the LL spectrum in graphene with SOC before carrying out more in‐depth measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] It has recently been shown that the non-Hermitian skin effect can be suppressed by magnetic fields. In this work, using a two-dimensional tight-binding lattice, we demonstrate that a pseudomagnetic field can also lead to the suppression of the non-Hermitian skin effect. With an increasing pseudomagnetic field, the skin modes are found to be pushed into the bulk, accompanied by the reduction of skin topological area and the restoration of Landau level energies. Our results provide a time-reversal invariant route to localization control and could be useful in various classical wave devices that are able to host the non-Hermitian skin effect but inert to magnetic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excitons, pairs of electrons and holes, undergo a Bose-Einstein condensation at low temperatures. An important platform to study excitons is double-layer two-dimensional electron gases, with two parallel planes of electrons and holes separated by a thin insulating layer. Lowering this separation (d) strengthens the exciton binding energy, however, leads to the undesired interlayer tunneling, resulting in annihilation of excitons. Here, we report the observation of a sequences of robust exciton condensates (ECs) in double bilayer graphene twisted to ~ 10° with no insulating mid-layer. The large momentum mismatch between two graphene layers suppresses interlayer tunneling, reaching a d ~ 0.334 nm. Measuring the bulk and edge transport, we find incompressible states corresponding to ECs when both layers are in half-filled N = 0, 1 Landau levels (LLs). Theoretical calculations suggest that the low-energy charged excitation of ECs can be meron-antimeron or particle-hole pair, which relies on both LL index and carrier type. Our results establish a novel platform with extreme coupling strength for studying quantum bosonic phase. Previous studies of exciton condensates in moire heterostructures have been limited to large layer separation or one carrier type. Here the authors report a complete sequence of exciton condensates at both electron and hole fillings in large-angle twisted double bilayer graphene without a spacer layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collective spin-wave excitations, magnons, are promising quasi-particles for next-generation spintronics devices, including platforms for information transfer. In a quantum Hall ferromagnets, detection of these charge-neutral excitations relies on the conversion of magnons into electrical signals in the form of excess electrons and holes, but if the excess electron and holes are equal, detecting an electrical signal is challenging. In this work, we overcome this shortcoming by measuring the electrical noise generated by magnons. We use the symmetry-broken quantum Hall ferromagnet of the zeroth Landau level in graphene to launch magnons. Absorption of these magnons creates excess noise above the Zeeman energy and remains finite even when the average electrical signal is zero. Moreover, we formulate a theoretical model in which the noise is produced by equilibration between edge channels and propagating magnons. Our model also allows us to pinpoint the regime of ballistic magnon transport in our device. Quantum Hall ferromagnets can host magnons, collective spin-wave excitations, which have possible uses in spin-wave based information processing. Detecting these excitations electrically can be challenging. Here, Kumar, Srivastav, Roy, Park and coauthors demonstrate a noise-based approach to detecting magnons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magneto-optical measurements are fundamental research tools that allow for studying the hitherto unexplored optical transitions and the related applications of topological two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). A theoretical model is developed for the first-order magneto-resonant Raman scattering in a monolayer of TMD. A significant number of avoided crossing points involving optical phonons in the magneto-polaron (MP) spectrum, a superposition of the electron and hole states in the excitation branches, and their manifestations in optical transitions at various light scattering configurations are unique features for these 2D structures. The Raman intensity reveals three resonant splittings of double avoided-crossing levels. The three excitation branches are present in the MP spectrum provoked by the coupling of the Landau levels in the conduction and valence bands via an out-of-plane A 1 -optical phonon mode. The energy gaps at the anticrossing points in the MP scattering spectrum are revealed as a function of the electron and hole optical deformation potential constants. The resonant MP Raman scattering efficiency profile allows for quantifying the relative contribution of the conduction and valence bands in the formation of MPs. The results obtained are a guideline for controlling MP effects on the magneto-optical properties of TMD semiconductors, which open pathways to novel optoelectronic devices based on 2D TMDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of materials science, a fascinating class of substances known as topological nodal line semimetals have garnered significant attention. These materials possess distinctive quantum states, characterized by topologically nontrivial conduction and valence bands that intricately intersect with the Fermi level. Such unique band structures give these materials a plethora of surprising properties, including the emergence of flat Landau levels and the appearance of long‐range Coulomb interactions. Notably, certain bulk materials, namely PbTaSe2, ZrSiS, PtSn4, and Cu2Si, exhibit these intriguing topological nodal lines. However, the theoretical investigation pertaining to CuSe and its Dirac nodal line properties remains relatively limited. In this work, we have employed simulations on CuSe to elucidate its distinctive physical properties such as a Dirac matter. There exist Dirac bands and band inversion in the vicinity of Fermi levels, and Fermi surface holds a Horn‐like structure. We pointed out the occurrence of mirror reflection symmetry‐protected Dirac nodal line fermions in copper selenide (CuSe) that make CuSe a candidate for Dirac nodal line fermion started by the Se 4p and Cu 3d orbitals. The nontrivial topological edge states further verify our proposal of the mirror reflection symmetry is broken by spin‐orbit coupling. These findings provide a new perspective that advances our comprehension of the remarkable properties exhibited by these materials, thereby paving the way for the development of high‐speed and low‐dissipation devices in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nodal link semimetals as a type of topological semimetals are characterized by the nodal link rings in the Brillouin zone. The magneto-optical conductivity of nodal link semimetals is investigated numerically based on a system with a magnetic field. We find that in the system, the Landau levels (LLs) and magnetic field show a relationship of three halves power, which can lead to an intricate curved LLs. Due to the rich structure of LLs, we divided the LLs into four different regions to calculate the magneto-optical conductivity. We calculated the absorption peaks of longitudinal and Hall conductance of a neutral system and with different chemical potential. We find that the absorption peaks of longitudinal conductance are in a curved background in the whole range of magnetic field. When chemical potential is tuned to pass through the LLs, there are not only the intraband transition but also weak redistributed peaks in the low frequency. From the transition peaks of Hall conductance, we can find that there are several negative peaks because of the striking LLs spectrum structure. This will provide a feasible way to distinguish nodal link semimetals from other materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrinsically broken symmetries in the bulk of topological insulators (TIs) are manifested in their surface states. Despite particle–hole asymmetry in TIs, it has often been assumed that their surface states are characterized by a particle–hole symmetric Dirac energy dispersion. In this work, we demonstrate that the effect of particle–hole asymmetry is essential to correctly describe the energy spectrum and the magneto-optical response in TIs thin-films. In thin-films of TIs with a substantial degree of particle–hole symmetry breaking, such as Sb 2 Te 3 , the longitudinal optical conductivity displays absorption peaks arising from optical transitions between bulk and surface Landau levels for low photon energies. The transition energies between the bulk and surface Landau levels exhibit clearly discernable signatures from those between surface Landau levels due to their distinct magnetic field dependence. Bulk contributions to the magneto-optical conductivity in a TI thin-film are enhanced via one type of doping while being suppressed by the other. This asymmetric dependence on the type of doping aids in revealing the particle–hole asymmetry in TI thin-films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The band inversion of topological materials in three spatial dimensions is intimately connected to the parity anomaly of 2D massless Dirac fermions, known from quantum field theory. At finite magnetic fields, the parity anomaly reveals itself as a non‐zero spectral asymmetry, i.e., an imbalance between the number of conduction and valence band Landau levels, due to the unpaired zero Landau level. This work reports the realization of this 2D Dirac physics at a single surface of the 3D topological insulator (Hg,Mn)Te. An unconventional re‐entrant sequence of quantized Hall plateaus in the measured Hall resistance can be directly related to the occurrence of spectral asymmetry in a single topological surface state. The effect should be observable in any topological insulator where the transport is dominated by a single Dirac surface state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by recent experimental observations of opposite Chern numbers in R-type twisted MoTe2 and WSe2 homobilayers, we perform large-scale density-functional-theory calculations with machine learning force fields to investigate moiré band topology across a range of twist angles in both materials. We find that the Chern numbers of the moiré frontier bands change sign as a function of twist angle, and this change is driven by the competition between moiré ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity. Our large-scale calculations, enabled by machine learning methods, reveal crucial insights into interactions across different scales in twisted bilayer systems. The interplay between atomic-level relaxation effects and moiré-scale electrostatic potential variation opens new avenues for the design of intertwined topological and correlated states, including the possibility of mimicking higher Landau level physics in the absence of magnetic field. The band topology of twisted 2D systems is a key factor behind their fascinating physics. Here, the authors demonstrate the role of polarization in driving the band topology evolution in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide homobilayers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superconformal 'type B' quantum mechanical sigma models arise in a variety of interesting contexts, such as the description of D-brane bound states in an AdS2 decoupling limit. Focusing on N = 2B models, we study superconformal indices which count short multiplets and provide an alternative to the standard Witten index, as the latter suffers from infrared issues. We show that the basic index receives contributions from lowest Landau level states in an effective magnetic field and that, due to the noncompactness of the target space, it is typically divergent. Fortunately, the models of interest possess an additional target space isometry which allows for the definition of a well-behaved refined index. We compute this index using localization of the functional integral and find that the result agrees with a naive application of the Atiyah-Bott fixed point formula outside of it's starting assumptions. In the simplest examples, this formula can also be directly verified by explicitly computing the short multiplet spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a time-dependent functional involving the relative entropy and the P H1 seminorm, which decreases along solutions to the spatially homogeneous Landau equation with Coulomb potential. The study of this monotone functional sheds light on the competition between dissipation and nonlinearity for this equation. It enables us to obtain new results concerning regularity/ blowup issues for the Landau equation with Coulomb potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Landau problem and harmonic oscillator in the plane share a Hilbert space that carries the structure of Dirac's remarkable s o (2 , 3) representation. We show that the orthosymplectic algebra o s p (1 | 4) is the spectrum generating algebra for the Landau problem and, hence, for the 2D isotropic harmonic oscillator. The 2D harmonic oscillator is in duality with the 2D quantum Coulomb–Kepler systems, with the o s p (1 | 4) symmetry broken down to the conformal symmetry s o (2 , 3) . The even s o (2 , 3) submodule (coined Rac) generated from the ground state of zero angular momentum is identified with the Hilbert space of a 2D hydrogen atom. An odd element of the superalgebra o s p (1 | 4) creates a pseudo-vacuum with intrinsic angular momentum 1/2 from the vacuum. The odd s o (2 , 3) -submodule (coined Di) built upon the pseudo-vacuum is the Hilbert space of a magnetized 2D hydrogen atom: a quantum system of a dyon and an electron. Thus, the Hilbert space of the Landau problem is a direct sum of two massless unitary s o (2 , 3) representations, namely, the Di and Rac singletons introduced by Flato and Fronsdal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A popular physical picture of the mechanism behind the four-dimensional chiral anomaly is provided by the massless Dirac equation in the presence of constant electric and magnetic background fields. The magnetic field creates highly degenerate Landau levels, the lowest of which is gapless. Any parallel component of the electric field drives a spectral flow in the gapless mode that causes particles to emerge from, or disappear into, the Dirac sea. Seeking a similar picture for the gravitational contribution to the chiral anomaly, we consider the massless Dirac equation in a background spacetime that creates gravitational Landau levels. We find that in this case the resulting spectral flow, with its explicit particle production, accounts for only a small part of the anomalous creation of chiral charge. The balance is provided by the vacuum expectation charge arising from the spectral asymmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantum Hall effect under the influence of gravity and inertia is studied in a unified way. We make use of an algebraic approach, as opposed to an analytic approach. We examine how both the integer and the fractional quantum Hall effects behave under a combined influence of gravity and inertia using a unified Hamiltonian. For that purpose, we first re-derive, using the purely algebraic method, the energy spectrum of charged particles moving in a plane perpendicular to a constant and uniform magnetic field either (i) under the influence of a nonlinear gravitational potential or (ii) under the influence of a constant rotation. The general Hamiltonian for describing the combined effect of gravity, rotation and inertia on the electrons of a Hall sample is then built and the eigenstates are obtained. The electrons mutual Coulomb interaction that gives rise to the familiar fractional quantum Hall effect is also discussed within such a combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topological two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have a wide range of promising applications and are the subject of intense basic scientific research. Due to the existence of a direct optical bandgap, nano-optics and nano-optoelectronics employing monolayer TMDs are at the center of the development of next-generation devices. Magneto-resonant Raman scattering (MRRS) is a non-destructive fundamental technique that enables the study of magneto-electronic levels for TMD semiconductor device applications and hitherto unexplored optical transitions. Raman intensity in a Faraday backscattering configuration as a function of the magnetic field B, laser energy, and the circular polarization of light reveals a set of incoming and outgoing resonances with particular spin orientations and magneto-optical interband transitions at the K- and K′-valleys of the Brillouin zone. This fact unequivocally allows for a straightforward determination of the important band parameters of TMD materials. A generalization of the MRRS theory is performed for the description of the magneto-polaron (MP) effects in the first-order light scattering process. It shows how strongly the simultaneous presence of the conduction and valence bands modifies the MP energy spectrum. The resonant MP Raman intensity reveals three resonant splitting processes of double avoided-crossing levels reflecting the electron-hole pair energy spectrum. The scattering profile allows for quantifying the relative contribution of the conduction and valence bands in the formation of MPs. Many avoided-crossing points due to the electron–phonon interaction in the MP spectrum, a superposition of the electron and hole states in the excitation branches, and their impact on Raman scattering are exceptional features of monolayer TMDs. Based on this, the reported theoretical studies open a pathway toward MRRS and resonant MP Raman scattering characterization of two-dimensional materials.

The quantum limit in a Fermi liquid, realized when a single Landau level is occupied in strong magnetic fields, gives rise to unconventional states, including the fractional quantum Hall effect and excitonic insulators. Stronger interactions in metals with nearly localized f-electron degrees of freedom increase the likelihood of these unconventional states. However, access to the quantum limit is typically impeded by the tendency of f-electrons to polarize in a strong magnetic field, consequently weakening the interactions. In this study, we propose that the quantum limit in such systems must be approached in reverse, starting from an insulating state at zero magnetic field. In this scenario, Landau levels fill in the reverse order compared to regular metals and are closely linked to a field-induced insulator-to-metal transition. We identify YbB12 as a prime candidate for observing this effect and propose the presence of an excitonic insulator state near this transition. Metallic systems in magnetic fields enter the quantum limit when the cyclotron energy exceeds the Fermi energy. Here the authors introduce the analogue of the quantum limit for insulators, where the Zeeman energy exceeds the cyclotron energy, and show that it explains key features of the Kondo insulator YbB12. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unconventional behavior of the spin order in strongly correlated two-dimensional electron systems based on MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures has been detected in the quantum limit at the filling factors 1 ≤ ν ≤ 2. Under the variation of the filling factor and the orientation of a magnetic field, inelastic light scattering spectra exhibit characteristic transformations of collective spin excitations, which indicate qualitatively different rearrangements of the spin configuration in the system: smooth depolarization at 1 < ν < 3/2 with the formation of spin textures and sharp ferromagnetic instability at a certain filling factor in the range 3/2 < ν ≤ 2. Comparison with the magnetotransport experiments reported in [J. Falson, D. Maryenko, B. Friess, et al., Nature Phys. 11, 347 (2015)] shows that the disappearance of spin textures under the variation of the field tilt angle correlates with the appearance of an incompressible state at ν = 3/2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fractional quantum Hall effect was experimentally discovered in 1982. It was observed that the Hall conductivity σ y x of a two-dimensional electron system is quantized, σ y x = e 2 / 3 h , in the vicinity of the Landau level filling factor ν = 1 / 3 . In 1983, Laughlin proposed a trial many-body wave function, which he claimed described a "new state of matter"—a homogeneous incompressible liquid with fractionally charged quasiparticles. Here, I develop an exact diagonalization theory that allows one to calculate the energy and other physical properties of the ground and excited states of a system of N two-dimensional Coulomb interacting electrons in a strong magnetic field. I analyze the energies, electron densities, and other physical properties of the systems with N ≤ 7 electrons continuously as a function of magnetic field in the range 1 / 4 ≲ ν < 1 . The results show that both the ground and excited states of the system resemble a sliding Wigner crystal whose parameters are influenced by the magnetic field. Energy gaps in the many-particle spectra appear and disappear as the magnetic field changes. I also calculate the physical properties of the ν = 1 / 3 Laughlin state for N ≤ 8 and compare the results with the exact ones. This comparison, as well as an analysis of some other statements published in the literature, show that the Laughlin state and its fractionally charged excitations do not describe the physical reality, neither at small N nor in the thermodynamic limit. The results obtained shed new light on the nature of the ground and excited states in the fractional quantum Hall effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical properties and Landau quantisations in twisted bilayer graphene are investigated using a generalised tight-binding model that takes into account all interlayer and intralayer atomic interactions in the Moire superlattice. The system is a zero-gap semiconductor with double-degenerate Dirac-cone structures, and saddle-point energy dispersions appear at low energies for small twisting angles. The magnetic quantisation phenomena in this system are rich and unique, with Landau-level subgroups specified owing to specific Moire zone folding through modulation of the stacking angles. The Landau-level spectrum shows hybridised characteristics associated with those in monolayer, as well as AA and AB stackings. The detailed analysis explores the complex relations among the different sublattices on the same and different graphene layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past 5 years, there has been significant research interest in the intrinsic magnetic topological insulator family compounds MnBi2+2n Te4+3n (where n  = 0, 1, 2 ...). In particular, exfoliated thin films of MnBi2Te4 have led to numerous experimental breakthroughs, such as the quantum anomalous Hall effect, axion insulator phase and high-Chern number quantum Hall effect without Landau levels. However, despite extensive efforts, the energy gap of the topological surface states due to exchange magnetic coupling, which is a key feature of the characteristic band structure of the system, remains experimentally elusive. The electronic structure measured by using angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) shows significant deviation from ab initio prediction and scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements, making it challenging to understand the transport results based on the electronic structure. This paper reviews the measurements of the band structure of MnBi2+2n Te4+3n magnetic topological insulators using ARPES, focusing on the evolution of their electronic structures with temperature, surface and bulk doping and film thickness. The aim of the review is to construct a unified picture of the electronic structure of MnBi2+2n Te4+3n compounds and explore possible control of their topological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the quantum hall effect, we study N two dimensional interacting fermions in a large magnetic field limit. We work in a bounded domain, ensuring finite degeneracy of the Landau levels. In our regime, several levels are fully filled and inert: the density in these levels is constant. We derive a limiting mean-field and semi classical description of the physics in the last, partially filled Landau level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the relativistic and nonrelativistic energy spectra (fermionic Landau levels) for the noncommutative quantum Hall effect with anomalous magnetic moment in the conical Gödel-type spacetime in (2 + 1) -dimensions, where such spacetime is the combination of the flat Gödel-type spacetime with a cosmic string (conical gravitational topological defect). To analyze these energy spectra, we start from the noncommutative Dirac equation with minimal and nonminimal couplings in polar coordinates. Using the tetrads formalism, we obtain a second-order differential equation. Next, we solve exactly this differential equation, where we obtain a generalized Laguerre equation, and also a quadratic polynomial equation for the total relativistic energy. By solving this polynomial equation, we obtain the relativistic energy spectrum of the fermion and antifermion. Besides, we also analyze the nonrelativistic limit of the system, where we obtain the nonrelativistic energy spectrum. In both cases (relativistic and nonrelativistic), we discuss in detail the characteristics of each spectrum as well as the influence of all parameters and physical quantities in such spectra. Comparing our problem with other works, we verified that our results generalize several particular cases in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of one and two line defects are investigated with respect to the band structures and local density of states (LDOS) in armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs) under the quantum Hall effect (QHE) regime. The E–k diagrams for these systems with multiple line defects are compared with those of pristine systems. The Landau levels and the edge states are affected as the number of line defects increases, corroborated by the reduction in the transmission function. This is also reflected in the change observed in the local density of states (LDOS) and the Landau levels as the number of line defects increases. This work offers a strategy for controlling the magnetoresistance of AGNRs with intentionally invoked line defects for device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this manuscript, we design quasi optical Landau Lifshitz electromotive quasi microscales according to quasi frame. Thus, we establish optical binormal electromagnetic Landau Lifshitz microscales by using magnetic optimistic density in quasi Heisenberg space. Also, we receive binormal quasi optical Landau Lifshitz optimistic density in quasi Heisenberg space. Finally, we investigate electromagnetic Landau Lifshitz electromotive quasi microscales by optical quasi electroosmotic potentials in Heisenberg space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]