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The new experimental measurements of beam spin asymmetry were performed for the deeply virtual exclusive π0 production in a wide kinematic region with the photon virtualities Q2 up to 6.6 GeV2 and the Bjorken scaling variable xB in the valence regime. The data were collected by the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS12) at Jefferson Lab with longitudinally polarized 10.6 GeV electrons scattered on an unpolarized liquid-hydrogen target. Sizable asymmetry values indicate a substantial contribution from transverse virtual photon amplitudes to the polarized structure functions. The interpretation of these measurements in terms of the Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) demonstrates their sensitivity to the chiral-odd GPD E¯T, which contains information on quark transverse spin densities in unpolarized and polarized nucleons and provides access to the nucleon's transverse anomalous magnetic moment. Additionally, the data were compared to a theoretical model based on a Regge formalism that was extended to the high photon virtualities.

A multidimensional extraction of the structure function ratio σLT′/σ0 from the hard exclusive e→p→e′nπ+ reaction above the resonance region has been performed. The study was done based on beam-spin asymmetry measurements using a 10.6 GeV incident electron beam on a liquid-hydrogen target and the CLAS12 spectrometer at Jefferson Lab. The measurements focus on the very forward regime (t/Q2 ≪ 1) with a wide kinematic range of xB in the valence regime (0.17 < xB < 0.55), and virtualities Q2 ranging from 1.5 GeV2 up to 6 GeV2. The results and their comparison to theoretical models based on Generalized Parton Distributions demonstrate the sensitivity to chiral-odd GPDs and the directly related tensor charge of the nucleon. In addition, the data is compared to an extension of a Regge formalism at high photon virtualities. It was found that the Regge model provides a better description at low Q2, while the GPD model is more appropriate at high Q2.

We report a new measurement of the beam-spin asymmetry, Σ, for the γ→n→K+Σ− reaction using quasi-free neutrons in a liquid-deuterium target. The new dataset includes data at previously unmeasured photon energy and angular ranges, thereby providing new constraints on partial wave analyses used to extract properties of the excited nucleon states. The experimental data were obtained using the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS), housed in Hall B of the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab). The CLAS detector measured reaction products from a liquid-deuterium target produced by an energy-tagged, linearly polarised photon beam with energies in the range 1.1 to 2.3 GeV. Predictions from an isobar model indicate strong sensitivity to N(1720)3/2+, Δ(1900)1/2−, and N(1895)1/2−, which corroborates results from a recent combined analysis of all KΣ channels. When our data are incorporated in the fits of partial-wave analyses, one observes significant changes in γ-n couplings of resonances which have small branching ratios to the πN channel.

High-momentum configurations of nucleon pairs at short-distance are probed using measurements of the 12C(e,e′p) and 12C(e,e′pN) reactions (where N is either n or p), at high-Q2 and xB>1.1. The data span a missing-momentum range of 300–1000 MeV/c and are predominantly sensitive to the transition region of the strong nuclear interaction from a Tensor to Scalar interaction. The data are well reproduced by theoretical calculations using the Generalized Contact Formalism with both chiral and phenomenological nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction models. This agreement suggests that the measured high missing-momentum protons up to 1000 MeV/c predominantly belong to short-ranged correlated (SRC) pairs. The measured 12C(e,e′pN) / 12C(e,e′p) and 12C(e,e′pp) / 12C(e,e′pn) cross-section ratios are consistent with a decrease in the fraction of proton-neutron SRC pairs and increase in the fraction of proton-proton SRC pairs with increasing missing momentum. This confirms the transition from an isospin-dependent tensor NN interaction at ∼400 MeV/c to an isospin-independent scalar interaction at high-momentum around ∼800 MeV/c as predicted by theoretical calculation.

We report measurements of π+ and π0 meson photoproduction from longitudinally spin-polarised protons by an energy tagged (0.73-2.3 GeV) and linearly polarised photon beam. A close to complete solid angle coverage for the reaction products was provided by the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer at Jefferson Laboratory. The double-polarisation observable G is extracted from Maximum Likelihood fits to the data, enabling the first accurate determination for the reaction γ→p→→π+n, while also significantly extending the kinematic coverage for γ→p→→π0p. This large data set provides an important constraint on the properties and spectrum of excited nucleon states decaying to Nπ in the mass range from 1.4 to 2.2 GeV, as well as for background (non-resonant) photoproduction processes. The considerable improvement achieved in the description of the observable G within the SAID and Bonn-Gatchina approaches after implementation of our data, illustrates that the partial-wave analyses now significantly extend the knowledge on Nπ photoproduction amplitudes at W>1.8 GeV. A partial-wave analysis using the new high-precision data set has a large impact on the extracted properties of high-spin nucleon excited states.

The beam spin asymmetry of the exclusive pseudoscalar channel e→p→e′p′η was measured for the first time in the deep-inelastic regime (W>2 GeV/c2 and Q2>1 GeV2/c2) using a longitudinally polarized 5.78 GeV electron beam at Jefferson Lab with the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer. The data were accumulated in 144 four-dimensional bins of Q2, xB, −t and ϕ over a wide kinematic range, where ϕ is the azimuthal angle between the lepton and hadron scattering planes, The measured azimuthal dependence with large amplitudes of the sin⁡ϕ moments is a clear indication of a substantial contribution to the polarized cross-section from transversely polarized virtual photons. In the framework of generalized parton distributions (GPDs) this contribution is expressed via longitudinal-transverse interference between chiral-even and chiral-odd GPDs. The experimental results are compared to the existing theoretical models demonstrating the sensitivity to the product of chiral-odd and chiral-even GPDs and provide new constraints to the existing GPD parameterizations. Keywords: Nucleon structure, CLAS collaboration, Deeply Virtual Meson Production, Chiral-odd generalized parton distributions

We report the first experimental measurements of the nine 1-fold differential cross sections for the γp→π+π−p reaction, obtained with the CLAS detector at Jefferson Laboratory. The measurements cover the invariant mass range of the final state hadrons from 1.6 GeV

We report a measurement of a beam–target double-polarisation observable (E) for the γ→n→(p)→K+Σ−(p) reaction. The data were obtained impinging the circularly-polarised energy-tagged photon beam of Hall B at Jefferson Lab on a longitudinally-polarised frozen-spin hydrogen deuteride (HD) nuclear target. The E observable for an effective neutron target was determined for centre-of-mass energies 1.70≤W≤2.30 GeV, with reaction products detected over a wide angular acceptance by the CLAS spectrometer. These new double-polarisation data give unique constraints on the strange decays of excited neutron states. Inclusion of the new data within the Bonn-Gatchina theoretical model results in significant changes for the extracted photocouplings of a number of established nucleon resonances. Possible improvements in the PWA description of the experimental data with additional “missing” resonance states, including the N(2120)3/2− resonance, are also quantified.

We present precision measurements of the target and beam-target spin asymmetries from neutral pion electroproduction in deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) using the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) at Jefferson Lab. We scattered 6-GeV, longitudinally polarized electrons off longitudinally polarized protons in a cryogenic 14NH3 target, and extracted double and single target spin asymmetries for ep→e′π0X in multidimensional bins in four-momentum transfer (1.0

The cross section for coherent ω-meson photoproduction off the deuteron has been measured for the first time as a function of the momentum transfer t=(Pγ−Pω)2 and photon energy Eγ using the CLAS detector at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. The cross sections are measured in the energy range 1.4

We report on the first measurement of cross sections for exclusive deeply virtual pion electroproduction off the proton, ep→e′nπ+, above the resonance region at backward pion center-of-mass angles. The φπ⁎-dependent cross sections were measured, from which we extracted three combinations of structure functions of the proton. Our results are compatible with calculations based on nucleon-to-pion transition distribution amplitudes (TDAs). These non-perturbative objects are defined as matrix elements of three-quark-light-cone-operators and characterize partonic correlations with a particular emphasis on baryon charge distribution inside a nucleon. Keywords: TDA, Exclusive single pion, Eletroproduction, CLAS

Photon beam asymmetry Σ measurements for ω photoproduction in the reaction γ→p→ωp are reported for photon energies from 1.152 to 1.876 GeV. Data were taken using a linearly-polarized tagged photon beam, a cryogenic hydrogen target, and the CLAS spectrometer in Hall B at Jefferson Lab. The measurements obtained markedly increase the size of the database for this observable, extend coverage to higher energies, and resolve discrepancies in previously published data. Comparisons of these new results with predictions from a chiral-quark-based model and from a dynamical coupled-channels model indicate the importance of interferences between t-channel meson exchange and s- and u-channel contributions, underscoring sensitivity to the nucleon resonances included in those descriptions. Comparisons with the Bonn–Gatchina partial-wave analysis indicate the Σ data reported here help to fix the magnitudes of the interference terms between the leading amplitudes in that calculation (Pomeron exchange and the resonant portion of the JP=3/2+ partial wave), as well as the resonant portions of the smaller partial waves with JP=1/2−, 3/2−, and 5/2+. Keywords: Omega photoproduction, Polarization observable, Beam asymmetry

Measurements of the linearly-polarized photon beam asymmetry Σ for photoproduction from the proton of η and η′ mesons are reported. A linearly-polarized tagged photon beam produced by coherent bremsstrahlung was incident on a cryogenic hydrogen target within the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer. Results are presented for the γp→ηp reaction for incident photon energies from 1.070 to 1.876 GeV, and from 1.516 to 1.836 GeV for the γp→η′p reaction. For γp→ηp, the data reported here considerably extend the range of measurements to higher energies, and are consistent with the few previously published measurements for this observable near threshold. For γp→η′p, the results obtained are consistent with the few previously published measurements for this observable near threshold, but also greatly expand the incident photon energy coverage for that reaction. Initial analysis of the data reported here with the Bonn–Gatchina model strengthens the evidence for four nucleon resonances – the N(1895)1/2−, N(1900)3/2+, N(2100)1/2+ and N(2120)3/2− resonances – which presently lack the “four-star” status in the current Particle Data Group compilation, providing examples of how these new measurements help refine models of the photoproduction process. Keywords: Meson photoproduction, Eta photoproduction, Eta-prime photoproduction, Polarization observable, Photon beam asymmetry

The reaction γp→K⁎+Λ was measured using the CLAS detector for photon energies between the threshold and 3.9 GeV at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. For the first time, spin-density matrix elements have been extracted for this reaction. Differential cross sections, spin density matrix elements, and the Λ recoil polarization are compared with theoretical predictions using the BnGa partial wave analysis. The main result is the evidence for significant contributions from N(1895)1/2− and N(2100)1/2+ to the reaction. Branching ratios for decays into K⁎Λ for these resonances and further resonances are reported. Keywords: Baryon spectroscopy, Meson photoproduction, Polarization observables

The target and double spin asymmetries of the exclusive pseudoscalar channel e→p→→epπ0 were measured for the first time in the deep-inelastic regime using a longitudinally polarized 5.9 GeV electron beam and a longitudinally polarized proton target at Jefferson Lab with the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS). The data were collected over a large kinematic phase space and divided into 110 four-dimensional bins of Q2, xB, −t and ϕ. Large values of asymmetry moments clearly indicate a substantial contribution to the polarized structure functions from transverse virtual photon amplitudes. The interpretation of experimental data in terms of generalized parton distributions (GPDs) provides the first insight on the chiral-odd GPDs H˜T and ET, and complement previous measurements of unpolarized structure functions sensitive to the GPDs HT and E¯T. These data provide a crucial input for parametrizations of essentially unknown chiral-odd GPDs and will strongly influence existing theoretical calculations based on the handbag formalism.

This paper presents, for the first time, measurements of neutron transparency ratios for nuclei relative to C measured using the (e,e′n) reaction, spanning measured neutron momenta of 1.4 to 2.4 GeV/c. The transparency ratios were extracted in two kinematical regions, corresponding to knockout of mean-field nucleons and to the breakup of Short-Range Correlated nucleon pairs. The extracted neutron transparency ratios are consistent with each other for the two measured kinematical regions and agree with the proton transparencies extracted from new and previous (e,e′p) measurements, including those from neutron-rich nuclei such as lead. The data also agree with and confirm the Glauber approximation that is commonly used to interpret experimental data. The nuclear-mass-dependence of the extracted transparencies scales as Aα with α=−0.289±0.007, which is consistent with nuclear-surface dominance of the reactions.

This article presents a complex case of total pharyngoesophageal defect reconstruction in a patient with recurrent supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma.After failed attempts with free microsurgical techniques due to complications, a tubed myocutaneous pectoralis major flap was successfully employed. The procedure aimed to achieve alimentary continuity, speech, and swallowing functionality. Despite initial challenges and concerns about stenosis, the reconstruction of a total pharyngolarygectomy defect resulted in a good functional outcome, although minor deficits in neck mobility and aesthetic donor zone deformities were noted.The case highlights the broad armamentarium of reconstruction techniques that plastic and aesthetic surgery teams must be trained, namely the myocutaneous pectoralis major flap which in selected cases can be the end solution.

Different fluorescence fluctuation methods require specialized equipment and cannot be performed simultaneously. Here the authors present an implementation that includes many advanced fluorescence fluctuation techniques in a single analysis, by exploiting the fast and widely used Zeiss Airyscan detector.

BackgroundThe quality of care in labor and delivery is traditionally measured through the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems but less is known about the experiences of care reported by patients and caregivers on online sites that are more easily accessed by the public. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to generate insight into the labor and delivery experience using hospital reviews on Yelp. MethodsWe identified all Yelp reviews of US hospitals posted online from May 2005 to March 2017. We used a machine learning tool, latent Dirichlet allocation, to identify 100 topics or themes within these reviews and used Pearson r to identify statistically significant correlations between topics and high (5-star) and low (1-star) ratings. ResultsA total of 1569 hospitals listed in the American Hospital Association directory had at least one Yelp posting, contributing a total of 41,095 Yelp reviews. Among those hospitals, 919 (59%) had at least one Yelp rating for labor and delivery services (median of 9 reviews), contributing a total of 6523 labor and delivery reviews. Reviews concentrated among 5-star (n=2643, 41%) and 1-star reviews (n=1934, 30%). Themes strongly associated with favorable ratings included the following: top-notch care (r=0.45, P

The Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity landed in Gale crater (Mars) in August 2012. It has since been studying the lower part of the 5 km-high sedimentary pile that composes Gale’s central mound, Aeolis Mons. To assess the sedimentary record, the MSL team mainly uses a suite of imagers onboard the rover, providing various pixel sizes and fields of view from close to long-range observations. For this latter, we notably use the Remote Micro Imager (RMI), a subsystem of the ChemCam instrument that acts as 700 mm-focal length telescope, providing the smallest angular pixel size of the set of cameras on the Remote Sensing Mast. The RMI allows observations of remote outcrops up to a few kilometers away from the rover. As retrieving 3D information is critical to characterize the structures of the sedimentary deposits, we describe in this work an experiment aiming at computing for the first time with RMI Digital Outcrop Models of these distant outcrops. We show that Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry can successfully be applied to suitable sets of individual RMI frames to reconstruct the 3D shape and relief of these distant outcrops. These results show that a dedicated set of observations can be envisaged to characterize the most interesting geological features surrounding the rover.

Although the habitability of early Mars is now well established, its suitability for conditions favorable to an independent origin of life (OoL) has been less certain. With continued exploration, evidence has mounted for a widespread diversity of physical and chemical conditions on Mars that mimic those variously hypothesized as settings in which life first arose on Earth. Mars has also provided water, energy sources, CHNOPS elements, critical catalytic transition metal elements, as well as B, Mg, Ca, Na and K, all of which are elements associated with life as we know it. With its highly favorable sulfur abundance and land/ocean ratio, early wet Mars remains a prime candidate for its own OoL, in many respects superior to Earth. The relatively well-preserved ancient surface of planet Mars helps inform the range of possible analogous conditions during the now-obliterated history of early Earth. Continued exploration of Mars also contributes to the understanding of the opportunities for settings enabling an OoL on exoplanets. Favoring geochemical sediment samples for eventual return to Earth will enhance assessments of the likelihood of a Martian OoL.

Many bacterial natural products contain C-branched sugars, including components from the outer cell wall or antibiotically active metabolites. The enzymatic C-branching of keto sugars leading to longer side chains (≥C 2 ) is catalyzed by thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes. Chiral tertiary α-hydroxy ketones are formed in this process. The ThDP-dependent enzymes that catalyze C-branching reactions belong to one of three enzymatic superfamilies: decarboxylases, transketolases, and α-ketoacid dehydrogenases 2, but branching of keto sugars has only been demonstrated for decarboxylases. In this study, we showed that an α-ketoacid dehydrogenase is responsible for C-branching of the deoxyketo sugar amycolose in the biosynthesis of kibdelomycin in Kibdelosporangium sp. MA7385. In addition, we characterized an amino transferase in the same biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) that accepts a sterically demanding tertiary α-hydroxy ketone in a downstream reaction. Subsequently, we identified approximately 400 similar BGCs in silico, suggesting that there is a large diversity of possible ThDP-dependent enzymes catalyzing the C-branching of keto sugars and subsequent modifications., (© 2024 The Authors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-binding motif, characterized by the canonical GDG(X) 24-27 N sequence, is highly conserved among ThDP-dependent enzymes. We investigated a ThDP-dependent lyase (JanthE from Janthinobacterium sp. HH01) with an unusual cysteine (C458) replacing the first glycine of this motif. JanthE exhibits a high substrate promiscuity and accepts long aliphatic α-keto acids as donors. Sterically hindered aromatic aldehydes or non-activated ketones are acceptor substrates, giving access to a variety of secondary and tertiary alcohols as carboligation products. The crystal structure solved at a resolution of 1.9 Å reveals that C458 is not primarily involved in cofactor binding as previously thought for the canonical glycine. Instead, it coordinates methionine 406, thus ensuring the integrity of the active site and the enzyme activity. In addition, we have determined the long-sought genuine tetrahedral intermediates formed with pyruvate and 2-oxobutyrate in the pre-decarboxylation states and deciphered the atomic details for their stabilization in the active site. Collectively, we unravel an unexpected role for the first residue of the ThDP-binding motif and unlock a family of lyases that can perform valuable carboligation reactions., (© 2024 The Authors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

People living with obesity frequently have low self-esteem and a negative body image. Their relationship with their body is painful, which can lead them to dissociate themselves from it. This detachment is not conducive to lasting behavioural change. The "Awakening the Senses" programme offered to a group of patients at the Therapeutic Patient Education Unit combines aspects of cognitive behavioural therapy, mindfulness and art therapy. Its aim is to help patients reconnect with their bodies through sensory and creative experiences. This article presents the programme, the clinical observations made and the results of the various evaluations carried out., Competing Interests: Les auteurs n’ont déclaré aucun conflit d’intérêts en relation avec cet article.

Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment to improve metabolic health as long as behavioural changes are made. Opting for this therapeutic choice represents a real commitment on the part of patients which is complementary to the informative bariatric surgery consultation. After all, what practitioner has not been confronted with an urgent request from patients suffering from obesity who are over-investing in this operation? Therapeutic Patient Education offers the opportunity to work with patients to develop their status as committed actors through a new outpatient educational program. Increased feelings of self-efficacy and socio-cognitive conflict are ingredients that allow patients to invest in long-term changes., Competing Interests: Les auteurs n’ont déclaré aucun conflit d’intérêts en relation avec cet article.

The polarized cross-section ratio σ&#95;{LT^{'}}/σ&#95;{0} from hard exclusive π^{-}Δ^{++} electroproduction off an unpolarized hydrogen target has been extracted based on beam-spin asymmetry measurements using a 10.2  GeV/10.6  GeV incident electron beam and the CLAS12 spectrometer at Jefferson Lab. The study, which provides the first observation of this channel in the deep-inelastic regime, focuses on very forward-pion kinematics in the valence regime, and photon virtualities ranging from 1.5  GeV^{2} up to 7  GeV^{2}. The reaction provides a novel access to the d-quark content of the nucleon and to p→Δ^{++} transition generalized parton distributions. A comparison to existing results for hard exclusive π^{+}n and π^{0}p electroproduction is provided, which shows a clear impact of the excitation mechanism, encoded in transition generalized parton distributions, on the asymmetry.

Clostridium species are re-emerging as biotechnological workhorses for industrial acetone-butanol-ethanol production. This re-emergence is largely due to advances in fermentation technologies but also due to advances in genome engineering and re-programming of the native metabolism. Several genome engineering techniques have been developed including the development of numerous CRISPR-Cas tools. Here, we expanded the CRISPR-Cas toolbox and developed a CRISPR-Cas12a genome engineering tool in Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052. By controlling the expression of FnCas12a with the xylose-inducible promoter, we achieved efficient (25-100%) single-gene knockout of five C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 genes (spo0A, upp, Cbei&#95;1291, Cbei&#95;3238, Cbei&#95;3832). Moreover, we achieved multiplex genome engineering by simultaneously knocking out the spo0A and upp genes in a single step with an efficiency of 18%. Finally, we showed that the spacer sequence and position in the CRISPR array can affect the editing efficiency outcome., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) allows one to probe generalized parton distributions describing the 3D structure of the nucleon. We report the first measurement of the DVCS beam-spin asymmetry using the CLAS12 spectrometer with a 10.2 and 10.6 GeV electron beam scattering from unpolarized protons. The results greatly extend the Q^{2} and Bjorken-x phase space beyond the existing data in the valence region and provide 1600 new data points measured with unprecedented statistical uncertainty, setting new, tight constraints for future phenomenological studies.

We report results of Λ hyperon production in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering off deuterium, carbon, iron, and lead targets obtained with the CLAS detector and the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility 5.014 GeV electron beam. These results represent the first measurements of the Λ multiplicity ratio and transverse momentum broadening as a function of the energy fraction (z) in the current and target fragmentation regions. The multiplicity ratio exhibits a strong suppression at high z and an enhancement at low z. The measured transverse momentum broadening is an order of magnitude greater than that seen for light mesons. This indicates that the propagating entity interacts very strongly with the nuclear medium, which suggests that propagation of diquark configurations in the nuclear medium takes place at least part of the time, even at high z. The trends of these results are qualitatively described by the Giessen Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model, particularly for the multiplicity ratios. These observations will potentially open a new era of studies of the structure of the nucleon as well as of strange baryons.

Recently, cases of fortuitous discovery of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) during hospitalization for Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been reported. These patients did not show a monoclonal B cell expansion before COVID-19 but were diagnosed with CLL upon a sudden lymphocytosis that occurred during hospitalization. The (hyper)lymphocytosis during COVID-19 was also described in patients with overt CLL disease. Contextually, lymphocytosis is an unexpected phenomenon since it is an uncommon feature in the COVID-19 patient population, who rather tend to experience lymphopenia. Thus, lymphocytosis that arises during COVID-19 infection is a thought-provoking behavior, strikingly in contrast with that observed in non-CLL individuals. Herein, we speculate about the possible mechanisms involved with the observed phenomenon. Many of the plausible explanations might have an adverse impact on these CLL patients and further clinical and laboratory investigations might be desirable.

We report the first measurements of deep inelastic scattering spin-dependent azimuthal asymmetries in back-to-back dihadron electroproduction in the deep inelastic scattering process. In this reaction, two hadrons are produced in opposite hemispheres along the z axis in the virtual photon-target nucleon center-of-mass frame, with the first hadron produced in the current-fragmentation region and the second in the target-fragmentation region. The data were taken with longitudinally polarized electron beams of 10.2 and 10.6 GeV incident on an unpolarized liquid-hydrogen target using the CLAS12 spectrometer at Jefferson Lab. Observed nonzero sinΔϕ modulations in ep→e^{'}pπ^{+}X events, where Δϕ is the difference of the azimuthal angles of the proton and pion in the virtual photon and target nucleon center-of-mass frame, indicate that correlations between the spin and transverse momenta of hadrons produced in the target- and current-fragmentation regions may be significant. The measured beam-spin asymmetries provide a first access in dihadron production to a previously unexplored leading-twist spin- and transverse-momentum-dependent fracture function. The fracture functions describe the hadronization of the target remnant after the hard scattering of a virtual photon off a quark in the target particle and provide a new avenue for studying nucleonic structure and hadronization.

We present the first measurement of dihadron angular correlations in electron-nucleus scattering. The data were taken with the CLAS detector and a 5.0 GeV electron beam incident on deuterium, carbon, iron, and lead targets. Relative to deuterium, the nuclear yields of charged-pion pairs show a strong suppression for azimuthally opposite pairs, no suppression for azimuthally nearby pairs, and an enhancement of pairs with large invariant mass. These effects grow with increased nuclear size. The data are qualitatively described by the gibuu model, which suggests that hadrons form near the nuclear surface and undergo multiple scattering in nuclei.These results show that angular correlation studies can open a new way to elucidate how hadrons form and interact inside nuclei.

Background: The aim of the present paper was to summarize the role of dysphoria in the development of suicidality. We performed an exploratory study to evaluate dysphoria dimensions in inpatients suffering from borderline personality disorder (BPD), mood disorders, and schizophrenia spectrum disorders who were evaluated due to suicidal ideation or suicide attempt., Subjects and Methods: Subjects aged 18-70, diagnosed with BPD, mood disorders, or schizophrenia spectrum disorders according to the DSM-5 criteria who were hospitalized following suicidal ideation or suicidal attempt were recruited in the present study. Dysphoria was assessed by the Nepean Dysphoria Scale, Italian version (NDS-I), a 24-item auto-administered tool evaluating the different dimensions of dysphoria. Between-group comparisons were performed by means of the Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U test., Results: In the present sample (n=30), 15 (50%) subjects were admitted following a suicide attempt and 15 (50%) presented suicidal ideation. There were no significant differences in the NDS-I scores between subjects who performed a suicide attempt and those who presented suicidal ideation, neither for the total score nor for the subscales. Subjects suffering from BPD scored significantly higher at the NDS-I than those who were diagnosed with a mood disorder or a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. The result was replicated for the NDS-I subscales, except for the one analyzing discontent. When comparing subjects suffering from mood disorders to those with a diagnosis schizophrenia spectrum disorders, the two subgroups did not differ except for the irritability subscale, where subjects with mood disorders scored significantly higher., Conclusions: The dimension of dysphoria should be evaluated when assessing subjects who display high suicide risk. Dysphoria could be reconsidered a third affective pole representing psychopathological correlate of suicidality in subjects suffering from BPD.

Precipitation is among the most important meteorological variables for, e.g., meteorological, hydrological, water management and climate studies. In recent years, non-catching precipitation gauges are increasingly adopted in meteorological networks. Despite such growing diffusion, calibration procedures and associated uncertainty budget are not yet standardized or prescribed in best practice documents and standards. This paper reports a metrological study aimed at proposing calibration procedures and completing the uncertainty budgets, to make non-catching precipitation gauge measurements traceable to primary standards. The study is based on the preliminary characterization of different rain drop generators, specifically developed for the investigation. Characterization of different models of non-catching rain gauges is also included.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) G glycoprotein has recently reemerged as a vaccine antigen due to its ability to elicit potent neutralizing antibodies and ameliorate disease in animal models. Here we designed three constructs to display the G central conserved domain (Gcc) focused on inducing broad and potent neutralizing antibodies. One construct displaying Gcc from both RSV subgroups trimerized via a C-terminal foldon (Gcc-Foldon) was highly immunogenic in mice and in MIMIC, a pre-immune human in vitro model. To explore an optimal RSV vaccine, we combined the Gcc-Foldon antigen with a stabilized pre-fusion-F nanoparticle (pre-F-NP) as a bivalent vaccine and detected no antigenic interference between the two antigens in the MIMIC model. In RSV-primed macaques, the bivalent vaccine elicited potent humoral responses. Furthermore, both Gcc-Foldon and the bivalent vaccine conferred effective protection against RSV challenge in mice. This two-component vaccine could potentially provide effective protection against RSV infection in humans and warrants further clinical evaluation., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Sex differences were demonstrated in bipolar disorders (BD) concerning epidemiological, clinical, and psychopathological characteristics, but consensus is lacking. Moreover, data concerning the influence of sex on treatment response in BD is contrasting. The present cross-sectional study aimed to analyze sex differences in a population of BD subjects, with specific focus on psychopathological features and treatment response., Materials and Methods: Subjects diagnosed with BD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th version (DSM-5) were recruited. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were collected. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Mania Rating Scale (MRS), the brief version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa and San Diego-Münster version (briefTEMPS-M), and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 items (BIS-11) were used for psychopathological assessment. Treatment response was appraised with the Alda Scale. We performed bivariate analyses to compare socio-demographic, clinical, and psychopathological characteristics between men and women ( p < 0.05). A logistic regression was run to analyze features that were significantly associated with female sex., Results: Among the recruited 219 BD subjects, 119 (54.3%) were females. Women had a lower scholarity ( p = 0.015) and were less frequently employed ( p = 0.001). As for psychopathological features, a higher MRS total score ( p < 0.001) was detected among women, as well as higher BIS-11 total score ( p = 0.040), and briefTEMPS-M score for anxious temperament ( p = 0.006). Men showed higher prevalence of DSM-5 mixed features ( p = 0.025), particularly during a depressive episode ( p = 0.014). Women reported longer duration of untreated illness (DUI) ( p < 0.001). There were no sex differences in the Alda Scale total score when considering the whole sample, but this was significantly higher among men ( p = 0.030) when evaluating subjects treated with anticonvulsants. At the logistic regression, female sex was positively associated with longer DUI ( p < 0.001; OR 1.106, 95% CI 1.050-1.165) and higher MRS total score ( p < 0.001; OR 1.085, 95% CI 1.044-1.128) and negatively associated with employment ( p = 0.003; OR 0.359, 95% CI 0.185-0.698) and DSM-5 mixed features ( p = 0.006; OR 0.391, 95% CI 0.200-0.762)., Conclusions: The clinical presentation of BD may differ depending on sex. The severity of BD should not be neglected among women, who may also display worse treatment response to anticonvulsants., Competing Interests: GM has received travel grants from Janssen unrelated to the present work. NV has received financial support for CME activities and travel funds from Angelini, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Otsuka unrelated to the present work. AT has received research support from Lundbeck and served as speaker for Lundbeck and Angelini unrelated to the present work. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Menculini, Steardo, Sciarma, D'Angelo, Lanza, Cinesi, Cirimbilli, Moretti, Verdolini, De Fazio and Tortorella.)

"Loss of control, LOC" eating is a major contributor to the development of obesity. Dietary protein is known to promote satiety, but little attention has been paid to the ability of protein, consumed in close proximity to snacking (20 min), to reduce the intake of ultra-processed, low-protein snack foods. We hypothesized that a high-protein preload (HP, 8 g of protein) consumed in close proximity to eating an ultra-processed snack food would reduce intake of the snack food as compared to a low-protein preload (LP, 1.2 g of protein). Two laboratory test meals were conducted, and the intake of ice cream (1.99 kcal/gram) after consuming dairy-based liquid preloads was measured. Habitual physical activity, a potential modulator of satiety, was assessed by a self-reporting questionnaire. Thirty (responders) out of 50 participants reduced their intake of ice cream after the HP preload, with a significant difference in intake observed between the responders and non-responders (-30 ± 25 and 18 ± 18 g, F (1, 49) = 54.36, p < 0.001 for responders and non-responders, respectively). Our data demonstrate that protein consumed in close proximity to ultra-processed snack food can reduce caloric intake by ~60 kcal, which could potentially reduce body weight by at least 5 pounds per year.

High precision measurements of the polarized electron beam-spin asymmetry in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) from the proton have been performed using a 10.6 GeV incident electron beam and the CLAS12 spectrometer at Jefferson Lab. We report here a high precision multidimensional study of single π^{+} SIDIS data over a large kinematic range in Bjorken x, fractional energy, and transverse momentum of the hadron as well as photon virtualities Q^{2} ranging from 1-7  GeV^{2}. In particular, the structure function ratio F&#95;{LU}^{sinϕ}/F&#95;{UU} has been determined, where F&#95;{LU}^{sinϕ} is a twist-3 quantity that can reveal novel aspects of emergent hadron mass and quark-gluon correlations within the nucleon. The data's impact on the evolving understanding of the underlying reaction mechanisms and their kinematic variation is explored using theoretical models for the different contributing transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions.

Strange matter is believed to exist in the cores of neutron stars based on simple kinematics. If this is true, then hyperon-nucleon interactions will play a significant part in the neutron star equation of state. Yet, compared to other elastic scattering processes, there is very little data on Λ-N scattering. This experiment utilized the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) detector to study the Λp→Λp elastic scattering cross section in the incident Λ momentum range 0.9-2.0  GeV/c. These are the first data on this reaction since the 1970s. The new cross sections have significantly better accuracy and precision than the existing world data, and the techniques developed here can also be used in future experiments.

We present the first measurement of the timelike Compton scattering process, γp→p^{'}γ^{*}(γ^{*}→e^{+}e^{-}), obtained with the CLAS12 detector at Jefferson Lab. The photon beam polarization and the decay lepton angular asymmetries are reported in the range of timelike photon virtualities 2.25

The observation of beam spin asymmetries in two-pion production in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering off an unpolarized proton target is reported. The data presented here were taken in the fall of 2018 with the CLAS12 spectrometer using a 10.6 GeV longitudinally spin-polarized electron beam delivered by CEBAF at JLab. The measured asymmetries provide the first opportunity to extract the parton distribution function e(x), which provides information about the interaction between gluons and quarks, in a collinear framework that offers cleaner access than previous measurements. The asymmetries also constitute the first ever signal sensitive to the helicity-dependent two-pion fragmentation function G&#95;{1}^{⊥}. A clear sign change is observed around the ρ mass that appears in model calculations and is indicative of the dependence of the produced pions on the helicity of the fragmenting quark.

The quark structure of the f&#95;{2}(1270) meson has, for many years, been assumed to be a pure quark-antiquark (qq[over ¯]) resonance with quantum numbers J^{PC}=2^{++}. Recently, it was proposed that the f&#95;{2}(1270) is a molecular state made from the attractive interaction of two ρ mesons. Such a state would be expected to decay strongly to final states with charged pions due to the dominant decay ρ→π^{+}π^{-}, whereas decay to two neutral pions would likely be suppressed. Here, we measure for the first time the reaction γp→π^{0}π^{0}p, using the CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer detector at Jefferson Lab for incident beam energies between 3.6 and 5.4 GeV. Differential cross sections, dσ/dt, for f&#95;{2}(1270) photoproduction are extracted with good precision due to low backgrounds and are compared to theoretical calculations.

A first measurement of the longitudinal beam spin asymmetry A&#95;{LU} in the semi-inclusive electroproduction of pairs of charged pions is reported. A&#95;{LU} is a higher-twist observable and offers the cleanest access to the nucleon twist-3 parton distribution function e(x). Data have been collected in the Hall-B at Jefferson Lab by impinging a 5.498-GeV electron beam on a liquid-hydrogen target, and reconstructing the scattered electron and the pion pair with the CLAS detector. One-dimensional projections of the A&#95;{LU}^{sinϕ&#95;{R}} moments are extracted for the kinematic variables of interest in the valence quark region. The understanding of dihadron production is essential for the interpretation of observables in single-hadron production in semi-inclusive DIS, and pioneering measurements of single-spin asymmetries in dihadron production open a new avenue in studies of QCD dynamics.

Pectus excavatum is a common chest wall deformity with inward deviation of sternum and accompanying ribs. The depression can cause symptomatic cardiac compression, although the cardiopulmonary impact remains controversial. We present 2 cases of cardiac transplantation followed by modified minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair due to the hemodynamic consequences of the pectus deformity., (Copyright © 2021 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Candidiasis is a group of opportunistic infections caused by yeast of the genus Candida. The appearance of drug resistance and the adverse effects of current antifungal therapies require the search for new, more efficient therapeutic alternatives. Killer yeasts have aroused as suitable candidates for mining new antifungal compounds. Killer strains secrete antimicrobial proteins named killer toxins, with promissory antifungal activity. Here we found that the killer yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus Cf20 and its cell-free supernatant (CFS) inhibited six pathogenic strains and one collection strain of Candida spp. The inhibition is mainly mediated by secreted killer toxins and, to a lesser extent, by volatile compounds such as acetic acid and ethyl acetate. A new large killer toxin (>180 kDa) was purified, which exerted 70-74% of the total CFS anti-Candida activity, and the previously described glucanase KTCf20 was inhibitory in a lesser extent as well. In addition, we demonstrated that Cf20 possesses the genes encoding for the β-1,3-glucanases WaExg1 and WaExg2, proteins with extensively studied antifungal activity, particularly WaExg2. Finally, the 10-fold concentrated CFS exerted a high candidacidal effect at 37°C, completely inhibiting the fungal growth, although the nonconcentrated CFS (RCF 1) had very limited fungistatic activity at this temperature. In conclusion, W. anomalus Cf20 produces different low and high molecular weight compounds with anti-Candida activity that could be used to design new therapies for candidiasis and as a source for novel antimicrobial compounds as well., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The International Society for Human and Animal Mycology.)

We have measured beam-spin asymmetries to extract the sinϕ moment A&#95;{LU}^{sinϕ} from the hard exclusive e[over →]p→e^{'}nπ^{+} reaction above the resonance region, for the first time with nearly full coverage from forward to backward angles in the center of mass. The A&#95;{LU}^{sinϕ} moment has been measured up to 6.6  GeV^{2} in -t, covering the kinematic regimes of generalized parton distributions (GPD) and baryon-to-meson transition distribution amplitudes (TDA) at the same time. The experimental results in very forward kinematics demonstrate the sensitivity to chiral-odd and chiral-even GPDs. In very backward kinematics where the TDA framework is applicable, we found A&#95;{LU}^{sinϕ} to be negative, while a sign change was observed near 90° in the center of mass. The unique results presented in this Letter will provide critical constraints to establish reaction mechanisms that can help to further develop the GPD and TDA frameworks.

Esters are important flavor and fragrance compounds that are present in many food and beverage products. Many of these esters are produced by yeasts and bacteria during fermentation. While ester production in yeasts through the alcohol acyl transferase reaction has been thoroughly investigated, ester production through alcoholysis has been completely neglected. Here, we further analyze the catalytic capacity of the yeast Eat1 enzyme and demonstrate that it also has alcoholysis and thiolysis activities. Eat1 can perform alcoholysis in an aqueous environment in vitro , accepting a wide range of alcohols (C2-C10) but only a small range of acyl donors (C2-C4). We show that alcoholysis occurs in vivo in several Crabtree negative yeast species but also in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that overexpress Eat1 homologs. The alcoholysis activity of Eat1 was also used to upgrade ethyl esters to butyl esters in vivo by overexpressing Eat1 in Clostridium beijerinckii . Approximately 17 mM of butyl acetate and 0.3 mM of butyl butyrate could be produced following our approach. Remarkably, the in vitro alcoholysis activity is 445 times higher than the previously described alcohol acyl transferase activity. Thus, alcoholysis is likely to affect the ester generation, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in food and beverage production processes. Moreover, mastering the alcoholysis activity of Eat1 may give rise to the production of novel food and beverage products., (Copyright © 2020 Patinios, Lanza, Corino, Franssen, Van der Oost, Weusthuis and Kengen.)

Bacteriocins are peptides of ribosomal synthesis that are active against bacteria related to the producing strain. They have been widely used in the food industry as biopreservatives. The generation of hybrid peptides by combining the genes that encode two different bacteriocins has made it possible to study the mechanisms of action of the bacteriocins that compose them and also develop new peptides with improved biotechnological applications. Hybrid bacteriocins may be obtained in several ways. In our laboratory, by combining enterocin CRL35 and microcin V (Ent35-MccV), we obtained a broad-spectrum peptide that is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Ent35-MccV is sensitive to the action of intestinal proteases and is heat resistant, which makes it a good candidate for use as a biopreservative. For this reason, the peptide was tested in skim milk and beef burgers as food models. We also obtained more potent variants of the hybrid by modifying the central amino acid of the hinge region that connects the two bacteriocins. This review also discusses future applications and perspectives regarding the Ent35-MccV and other hybrid peptides.Key Points• Ent35-MccV is a new broad-spectrum bacteriocin.• The mechanism of action of bacteriocins can be studied using hybrid peptides.• Genetic engineering allows obtaining improved bacteriocin derivatives.• Hybrid peptides can be used in the food, pharmaceutical, and veterinary applications.

A stabilized form of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) protein has been explored as a vaccine to prevent viral infection because it presents several potent neutralizing epitopes. Here, we used a structure-based rational design to optimize antigen presentation and focus antibody (Ab) responses to key epitopes on the pre-fusion (pre-F) protein. This protein was fused to ferritin nanoparticles (pre-F-NP) and modified with glycans to mask nonneutralizing or poorly neutralizing epitopes to further focus the Ab response. The multimeric pre-F-NP elicited durable pre-F-specific Abs in nonhuman primates (NHPs) after >150 days and elicited potent neutralizing Ab (NAb) responses in mice and NHPs in vivo, as well as in human cells evaluated in the in vitro MIMIC system. This optimized pre-F-NP stimulated a more potent Ab response than a representative pre-F trimer, DS-Cav1. Collectively, this pre-F vaccine increased the generation of NAbs targeting the desired pre-F conformation, an attribute that facilitates the development of an effective RSV vaccine., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.)