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Nanostructured (Al, Ti, Si)N thin film coatings were synthesized by d.c. reactive magnetron sputtering, performed in an Ar/N2 gas mixture from a planar rectangular Al:Ti:Si=50:25:25 alloyed target. The mass flow of N2 reactive gas was strictly controlled in sputtering process. Conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique was used for microstructure investigation of the as deposited films. Cross-sectional cuts performed through the deposited films revealed distinct microstructure evolution for different samples. It was found that the variation of the reactive gas amount induced changes in film microstructure. The metallic AlTiSi film exhibited strong columnar growth with a crystalline structure. The addition of a small amount of nitrogen to the process gas leads to a crystallite refinement. Further increase of N concentration resulted in evolution of fine lamellae growth morphology consisting of hainlike pearls in a dendrite, clusters of very fine grains in close crystallographic orientation.

TiAlSiN thin film coatings were deposited by DC reactive magnetron sputtering of TiAlSi target with 40 at.% Ti, 40 at.% Al and 20 at.% Si, performed in N2-Ar gas mixture. The sputtering power used in these experiments was controlled for 400 W. The bias voltage of the substrates was kept at -20 V DC and the temperature at 500 °C. All the samples were prepared with a constant flow rate of Ar and different nitrogen flow rates, which were selected from 1.25 sccm to 4.0 sccm. Nanostructured TiAlSiN coatings were developed on Si(100) and HSS substrates. Microstructure investigation of the coatings was performed by transmission electron microscopy investigation, structure investigation was performed by XRD analysis, and the mechanical properties of the coatings have been tested by ball-on-disk tribological investigation and micro-Vickers hardness measurements. In this paper will be shown that for optimized nitrogen concentration the microstructure of TiAlSiN coating evolve from a competitive columnar growth to a dendritic growth one with very fine nano-lamellae like morphology. The developed nanostructured TiAlSiN coatings have hardness HV exceeding 40 GPa and show an increased abrasive wear resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dielectric barrier Xe discharge lamp producing vacuum-ultraviolet radiation with high efficiency was investigated theoretically and experimentally. The cylindrical glass body of the lamp is equipped with thin strips of metal electrodes applied to diametrically opposite sides of the outer surface. We performed a simulation of discharge plasma properties based on one-dimensional fluid dynamics and also assessed the lamp characteristics experimentally. Simulation and experimental results are analysed and compared in terms of voltage and current characteristics, power input and discharge efficiency. Using the proposed lamp geometry and fast rise-time short square pulses of the driving voltage, an intrinsic discharge efficiency around 56% was predicted by simulation, and more than 60?lm?W?1lamp efficacy (for radiation converted into visible green light by phosphor coating) was demonstrated experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quercus species are utilized for their durable wood, providing sustenance for wildlife, conserving biodiversity, and contributing ecological, medicinal, and esthetic benefits to ecosystems and landscapes. In this study, we aimed to use the bark of three Quercus species ( Q. dalechampi , Q. fraineto , and Q. petraea ) for the synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles (AgNPs and AuNPs). The aqueous extracts from the bark of Quercus sp. acted both as reducing and stabilizing agent, facilitating the rapid synthesis of AuNPs (AuQD, AuQF, and AuQP) and AgNPs (AgQD, AgQF, and AgQP). The obtained nanoparticles were characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, TEM, DLS, and FTIR. Characterizations revealed that the nanoparticles exhibited a variety of shapes, such as polygonal, triangular, and spherical forms, with sizes ranging between 14 and 24 nm for AuNPs and 45-70 nm for AgNPs. The total phenolic content was assessed through spectroscopic methods, while several individual phenolic compounds were identified and quantified using UPLC-PDA. Furthermore, we assessed the antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal capacities of AuNPs, AgNPs, and raw extracts. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for raw extracts, followed by AgNPs and AuNPs, while the most potent antibacterial and antifungal activity was observed in AgQP. Moreover, cytotoxicity was examined in a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). The results indicated no cytotoxic effects for AuNPs, while AgNPs and the raw extracts exhibited cytotoxic effects after 48 h of incubation. This research underscores the multifaceted utility of Quercus bark extracts in the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their subsequent bioactivity assessment, suggesting promising perspectives for their application in various fields while urging cautious consideration of their cytotoxic implications.

Nanoporous/nanotubular complex oxide layers were developed on high-fraction β phase quaternary Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta and Ti-Nb-Zr-Fe promising biomedical alloys with a low elasticity modulus. Surface modification was achieved by electrochemical anodization aimed at the synthesis of the morphology of the nanostructures, which exhibited inner diameters of 15-100 nm. SEM, EDS, XRD, and current evolution analyses were performed for the characterization of the oxide layers. By optimizing the process parameters of electrochemical anodization, complex oxide layers with pore/tube openings of 18-92 nm on Ti-10Nb-10Zr-5Ta, 19-89 nm on Ti-20Nb-20Zr-4Ta, and 17-72 nm on Ti-29.3Nb-13.6Zr-1.9Fe alloys were synthesized using 1 M H 3 PO 4 + 0.5 wt% HF aqueous electrolytes and 0.5 wt% NH 4 F + 2 wt% H 2 0 + ethylene glycol organic electrolytes.

Helicobacter pylori is a common pathogen causing gastric inflammation and malignancy. Fetuin-A is a multifunctional protein that is involved in the regulation of calcification, insulin resistance and inflammation. Reports on serum levels of fetuin-A in acute H. pylori infection are contradictory. We intended to see whether H. pylori post-infection status has a long-term effect on serum fetuin-A levels in a well-characterized series of systemic lupus erythematosus cases. In this cross-sectional study 117 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were enrolled. Helicobacter infection status and serum fetuin-A concentration were determined by ELISA and radial immunodiffusion, respectively. H. pylori positive patients had higher serum fetuin-A concentration than negative ones: 517 (456-603) vs. 476 (408-544) mg L-1, median (25-75% percentiles), P = 0.020. No other parameters differed between these groups. During univariate regression analysis fetuin-A levels were associated with Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), White blood cell count (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum total protein, albumin, and the SLEDAI index at the time of diagnosis but only serum albumin remained a significant determinant in multivariate regression study.

Real-time monitoring and optimization of production and logistics processes significantly improve the efficiency of production systems. Advanced production management solutions require real-time information about the status of products, production, and resources. As real-time locating systems (also referred to as indoor positioning systems) can enrich the available information, these systems started to gain attention in industrial environments in recent years. This paper provides a review of the possible technologies and applications related to production control and logistics, quality management, safety, and efficiency monitoring. This work also provides a workflow to clarify the steps of a typical real-time locating system project, including the cleaning, pre-processing, and analysis of the data to provide a guideline and reference for research and development of indoor positioning-based manufacturing solutions.

Artemisinin extracted from Artemisia annua has been used efficiently in malaria treatment since 2005. In this study, the variations in plant parameters (plant biomass, glandular trichome density, essential oil total chemical content, artemisinin production, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity) were tested under different soil types (Luvisol, Gleysol, Anthrosol and sterile peat) and cultivation conditions (potted plants in semi-open field, and open field experiments) for plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Rizophagus irregularis . Under semi-open field conditions, the AMF colonization of A. annua plant roots varied, and presented the highest percentage in Luvisol and sterile peat. The increase in the root colonization rate positively influenced some plant parameters (biomass, glandular trichome density, artemisinin concentration, essential oil quantity and composition), but no effects on PPO enzyme activity were detected. AMF fungus R. irregularis significantly increased the artemisinin content and essential oil yield of plants cultivated in Luvisol, Gleysol, Anthrosol and in peat. These soil types can offer appropriate conditions for A. annua cultivation and artemisinin production even on a smaller scale. Under open field conditions, low (about 5%) AMF colonization was observed. No differences in artemisin contents were detected, but essential oil yield significantly increased compared to control plants. AMF treatment increased beta-farnesene and germacrene D concentrations in Artemisia plants in the open field experiment., Competing Interests: All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Background Despite improved screening techniques, diagnosis of lung cancer is often late and its prognosis is poor. In the present study, in vitro chemosensitivity of solid tumours and pleural effusions of lung adenocarcinomas were analysed and compared with clinical drug response.Methods Tumour cells were isolated from resected solid tumours or pleural effusions, and cryopreserved. Three-dimensional (3D) tissue aggregate cultures were set up when the oncoteam reached therapy decision for individual patients. The aggregates were then treated with the selected drug or drug combination and in vitro chemosensitivity was tested individually measuring ATP levels. The clinical response to therapy was assessed by standard clinical evaluation over an 18 months period.Results Based on the data, the in vitro chemosensitivity test results correlate well with clinical treatment response.Conclusions Such tests if implemented into the clinical decision making process might allow the selection of an even more individualised chemotherapy protocol which could lead to better therapy response., Competing Interests: Competing interests: AS and JM-R: employees of Humeltis. JEP: received a grant and personal payments from Humeltis., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: The predominant metastatic site of lung cancer (LC) is the brain. Although outdated, conventional cisplatin treatment is still the main therapeutic approach for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), since targeted therapy that offers better tumor control is not always possible. In the present study brain metastasis associated cytokine expression was investigated in primary NSCLC adenocarcinoma (AC) tissues with known oncogenic mutations in the presence or absence of platina based and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) drugs., Methods: Primary lung tumor samples were isolated, DNA was sequenced and then the samples were grouped based on mutation. Experiments were also performed using KRAS mutant A549 and EGFR mutant PC-9 cells. Drug response was analyzed in three dimensional (3D) tissue cultures. We assessed drug response and IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine expression in relation to cellular invasion using ATP dependent cell viability, qRT-PCR analysis, cytokine bead array, and migration assay., Results: In 3D co-cultures, primary NSCLC derived cells harboring EGFR mutation responded better to erlotinib treatment than KRAS mutant or KRAS/EGFR wild type (WT) cancer cells. In contrast, under the same culture conditions KRAS/EGFR WT or KRAS mutant cancer cells are more sensitive to cisplatin than EGFR mutant cells. Drug response and pro-inflammatory cytokine production varied depending on the driver mutations. Cisplatin but not erlotinib increased both IL-6 and IL-8 secretion and only IL-6 increased cellular migration and proliferation., Conclusion: In vitro assays are available to determine the response to planned therapeutic approach of lung cancer subtypes. The sequence of administration of therapeutic drugs determines cytokine production and therefore therapeutic response.

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used in Pharmacy and Medicine. In particular, AgNPs synthesized and mediated by plant extracts have shown topossess several biological activities. In the present study, AgNPs were synthesized using Picea abies L. stem bark extract as reducing agent. Factors, such as metal ion solution, pH, and time, which play a role in the AgNPs synthesis, were assessed. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Further, the study has been extended to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of AgNPs. The broad peak obtained at 411-475 nm (UV-Vis spectroscopy), and the color change pattern, confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. TEM results showed spherical or rarely polygonal AgNPs with an average size of 44 nm at pH = 9. The AgNPs showed antioxidant activity and antibacterial effect against human pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results show that spruce bark extract is suitable for obtaining AgNPs, with antibacterial and antioxidant activity.

Green synthesis is one of the rapid and best ways for silver nanoparticles (AgNP) synthesis. In the present study, synthesis and bioactivity of AgNPs has been demonstrated using water beech ( Fagus sylvatica L.) bark extract. The physical and chemical factors such as time, metal ion solution, and pH, which play a vital role in the AgNPs synthesis, were assessed. The AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the obtained AgNPs was evaluated. AgNPs were characterized by color change pattern, and the broad peak obtained at 420-475 nm with UV-Vis confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. FT-IR results confirmed that phenols and proteins of beech bark extract are mainly responsible for capping and stabilization of synthesized AgNPs. TEM micrographs showed spherical or rarely polygonal and triangular particles with an average size of 32 nm at pH = 9, and 62 nm at pH = 4. Furthermore, synthesized AgNPs were found to exhibit antioxidant activity and have antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . These results indicate that bark extract of F L. is suitable for synthesizing stable AgNPs, which act as an excellent antimicrobial agent.. sylvatica L. is suitable for synthesizing stable AgNPs, which act as an excellent antimicrobial agent., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The work focuses on orosomucoid. First, the biological role and the development of this essential molecule is summarized, then the formation of its special molecular structure is introduced. After the summary of the specific characteristics and the physiological, pathophysiological as well as clinical properties of orosomucoid and sialic acid, their most important roles are also presented. Orosomucoid belongs to the family of lipocalins and the subfamily of immunocalins - this determines its immunological, anti-inflammatorical and transporting capacities. Another important quality of the molecule is that it is recognized by lectins. Orosomucoid is highly bioactive. More knowledge is increasing about its function and biological role. The clinical relations are summarised, too. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(8): 283-290.

A neutron polarizer using four successive reflections on m = 2.5 supermirrors was built and installed at the GINA neutron reflectometer at the Budapest Neutron Centre. This simple setup exhibits 99.6% polarizing efficiency with 80% transmitted intensity of the selected polarization state. Due to the geometry, the higher harmonics in the incident beam are filtered out, while the optical axis of the beam remains intact for easy mounting and dismounting the device in an existing experimental setup.

The main objective of this study was to investigate Artemisia annua plant property variations in terms of plant biomass, glandular trichome numbers, artemisinin production and Guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activity when plants are in mutualism with AMF. According to the results, A. annua mutualism with AMF significantly increased the most important and pharmaceutically relevant factors of fresh and dry plant biomass. This increase, especially in the biomass of plant herba (leaves), was 30% higher during the vegetation period and remained high (29% higher than for control) when plants were harvested at the end of the vegetation period. Similar differences in dry biomass were also detected. Glandular trichomas numbers increased by 40%, and the artemisinin content by 17% under AMF colonization. No effects due to AMF on chlorophyll variations were detected, while GPOX enzyme concentrations increased significantly under AMF colonization. Altogether the Artemisia plant properties with high pharmaceutically importance (fresh and dry biomass of leaves and artemisinin, number of trichomes and the artemisinin content) were significantly improved by AMF, the application in Artemisia cultivation can be an effective and cheap method. The high GPOX activity under AMF colonization indicate an enhanced oxidative stress alleviation, therefore a higher resistance to water deficiency, mechanisms important under climate conditions with low water supply where Artemisia is usually cultivated.

After clearing up the confusion in the previously used nomenclature, the paper discusses the family of small-leucin-rich glycoproteins. After mentioning the family and its role in the organisation of the ground substance and in the regulation of inflammation, one unique molecule of proteoglycans is presented. This molecule is the inter-α-trypsin inhibitor. It has turned out that this peculiar molecule originally contains glycosaminoglycan beside the neutral carbohydrates. After summarizing the numerous connections of the proteoglycan molecule, the "self-sacrificing" nature of the molecule is presented. It is noted that the functions of the ovaries are also controlled by this molecule. The unique structure and fundamental function of the CD44 is also analysed. The CD44 is a transmembrane proteoglycan receptor with diverse functions and actions. The organisation has intramolecular, transmembrane sections, a stalk and one globular part and contains glycosaminoglycan and oligosacharids, too. The construction contains sialic acid residues at end positions of the molecular chains, which hinder it from joining other sialic acid structures in terminal positions. Therefore, this molecule has to be separated to open up a way for the sequencing neutral molecule (e.g., hyaluronan) to be attached. CD44 is the most important, but not the only receptor of hyaluronan. It can form connections with a lot of constructions, e.g., blood cells, the human endothelial, adventitial and mesenchymal. Human extracellular matrix proteinases can change the receptor's structures. Both the molecular and the supramolecular complexes boast unique features. The giant hyaluronan chains can connect to hyaluronan-binding proteoglycans - particularly hyaladherins to hyaluronectins - to create supramolecular connections and networks. The molecular mass of the fragments of hyaluronan is in the range of some kDs, while the whole molecule weighs up to several million Ds. The fragments are independent masses and can form attachments by themselves. The fragments have important inflammatory effects. Previously unidentified proteoglycan fragments have also been identified. Five of the ten identified fragments are secreted after synthetizing and stored in the granula of human cells. These strange characteristics are connected to the features of chromogranins/secretogranins. Nevertheless, this is another system of the organism, the functional, molecular structures of which are synthetized in neuroendocrine cells. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(16): 620-627.

In addition to being immunomodulatory, Progesterone-Induced Blocking Factor (PIBF) plays a role in cell cycle regulation and invasion. The full length protein is associated with the pericentriolar satellites and as such, it is crucial for maintaining the integrity of spindle poles during mitosis. Another suggestive evidence for the involvement of PIBF in tumour progression is the fact that the PIBF gene has been identified on chromosome 13 in the region associated with breast cancer susceptibility. Earlier we showed that PIBF differentially regulates the invasiveness of trophoblast and tumour cell lines. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the role of PIBF in tumour development, using primary ovarian- (OC) and primary lung carcinoma (LC) cell cultures, and JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cell line. In the cultured cells PIBF was knocked down by siRNA treatment, and the impact of PIBF deficiency on MMP-9 activity and E-cadherin expression as well as on invasive and migratory capacity of the cells was tested. In conditioned media of PIBF-deficient JEG-3 cells, LC cells and OC cells MMP-9 activity was reduced to 36% 35%, and 65% respectively compared to controls. Though PIBF knock down did not affect migration, in JEG-3 cells, LC primary cells and OC primary cells PIBF deficiency resulted 20%, 50% and 50% decrease of invasion respectively. PIBF silencing resulted in increased E-cadherin expression, suggesting that by down regulating E-cadherin expression, PIBF might interfere with the cell-cell adhesion mechanisms and by increasing MMP activity induced extracellular matrix degradation, facilitates the invasion of tumour cells., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This paper investigates the fundamental knowledge, build-up, as well as essential structural and important features of the big family of chromogranins/secretogranins. Previously the different properties and the slightly diverging funcional relations of the two family members were in focus. Later on, it has been discovered that they are essentially two similar compounds with identical structures and functions, and they are chemically, biochemically related. From details discovered so far we can tell that they are long polypeptid chains formed from amino acids. Based on insights gained until now we can also state that these compounds are formed in Ca ++ containing environments with acidic pH. Among the compounds there are several molecules which have characteristic oligosacharid groups. This is especially interesting because oligosacharid chains with sialic acid in terminal position play an important role in the recognising and connectional processes. The chromogranins/secretogranins are mostly formed in neuroendocrine cells, but are also capable of building up in any cell type in the organism during pathological processes. Intracellular biogenesis takes place in the dense endoplasmatic reticulum across the mitochondrium, developing biogenetic granulums, followed by the stimulus-motivated secretum (exocytosis). The next stage of the molecular development is the specific break-up of the long polypeptid chains into shorter fragments. These fragments have individual effects. Some important clinical (diagnostic, prognostic) significance and connections are also touched upon in this paper, however, the cardiovascular, immunological systems and the tumors are mostly in focus. There are more immunological, cardiovascular and tumoral data. It is stated that as these molecules are in close connection with all of the organisms and systems of the body, a new chief organisator system has been identified. This chief organisator is closely connected with the central nervous system. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(28): 1092-1099.

Objectives: The overall prognosis of lung cancer is poor: Only every 8 patient survives 5 years after diagnosis. This outcome is partly attributable to late diagnosis. To implement a screening program for early diagnosis, selection of high-risk individuals is essential. Our aim was to construct a personalized lung cancer risk assessment tool using geographic localization to lead the high-risk individuals to the local health care provider., Methods: A smartphone application was created for Android and iOS mobile platforms using a risk assessment questionnaire. The software provides immediate classification into low, moderate and high-risk groups. The high-risk group is directed to the nearest screening centre based on GPS location. The complete test data set is recorded on a collection server database for further analysis., Results: The application was downloaded 13 890 times and completed by 89 500 persons over a period of 20 months. The mean age of the tested users was 36.91 years (9-93 years); the majority were men living in an urban area (62.3%). The test was completed by 38 850 active smokers and 26 710 persons who reported having already quit smoking, resulting in 30 072 moderate and 10 740 high-risk users., Conclusions: This free application is an active communication tool for most smartphone owners. It helps those who might need further medical attention. The affected users can be easily connected and localized via the smartphone, which helps recruit individuals into screening programs., (© The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. All rights reserved.)

Filtrates of a water extract of commercially available garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) were used for studying its possible bactericidal effect on Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the causative agent of swine dysentery, by agar-diffusion technique. Five of the six studied Brachyspira strains have proven to be sensitive and one moderately sensitive in the in vitro tests. It was concluded that water extract of garden thyme possesses inhibitory effects against B. hyodysenteriae. In vivo experiments are needed to check the validity of this conclusion.

Carbohydrate molecules connected mostly with covalent junctions to protein chains are called glycoproteins. These carbohydrate molecules are attached to the protein core in different qualities and order. When the protein core is connected with acidic components such as uronic acid or SO4 radicals, they are called proteoglycans. The currently used name "glycosaminoglycan" in this case is not entirely correct. In the living world polymannane structures occur, too. Glycoproteins do not only exceptionally hold acidic groups but they have neuraminic acid derivatives. Tissue, cellular and matrix structures, and mostly all serum "proteins" are mainly glycoproteins. In the everyday clinical practice glycoproteins are mentioned as proteins. Nevertheless, the inadequate use of the concept may cause errors in the attitudes, too. This paper aims to correct this notion, because the term of "glycobiology" has already been expanded to be an independent scientific field. The practical clinical consequences of recent knowledge in this field are also summarized including novel findings on glycoprotein structures and functions. The importance of the quantity of carbohydrates, and their structural arrangements are also presented. In short, significance of glycoprotein-carbohydrate structures, as well as their physiological and pathological roles are reviewed in order to introduce the field of "glycobiology". Orosomucoid and immunoglobulins are discussed separately. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(30), 1185-1192.

The liver is known to be the metabolic centre of the organism and is under the control of the central nervous system. It has a peculiar tissue structure and its anatomic localisation defines it as part of the immune system having an individual role in the defence of the organism. The determinant of its particular tissue build-up is the sinusoid system. In addition to hepatocytes, one cell row "endothelium", stellate cells close to the external surface, Kupffer cells tightly to its inner surface, as well as dendritic cells and other cell types (T and B lymphocytes, natural killer and natural killer T-cells, mast cells, granulocytes) are present. The multitudes and variety of cells make it possible to carry out the tasks according to the assignment of the organism. The liver is a member of the immune system having immune cells largely in an activated state. Its principal tasks are the assurance of the peripheral immune tolerance of the organism with the help of the haemopoetic cells and transforming growth factor-β. The liver takes part in the determination of the manner of the non-specific immune response of the organism. In addition to acute phase reaction of the organism, the liver has a role in the adaptive/specific immune response. These functions include retardation of the T and B lymphocytes and the defence against harmful pathogens. With the collaboration of transforming growth factor-β, immunoglobulins and their subclasses are inhibited just as the response of the T lymphocytes. The only exception is the undisturbed immunoglobulin A production. Particularly important is the intensive participation of the liver in the acute phase reaction of the organism, which is organised and guided by the coordinated functions of the cortico-hypothalamo-hypophysis-adrenal axis. Beside cellular elements, hormones, adhesion molecules, chemokines and cytokines are also involved in the cooperation with the organs. Acute phase reactants play a central role in these processes. Until recently the α2-macroglobulin was not considered as an acute reactant of the organism, but it is now functionally included in the acute phase reaction presumably due to its close connection with the transforming growth factor-β. Transforming growth factor-β has extraordinarily important roles in all phases of inflammation and in the specific immune response. The peripheral immune tolerance of the organism involves tightly coupled regulation of proliferation, differentiation and survival of lymphocytes.

In this review the author summarizes the knowledge related to structural elements of bone tissue. The process of bone reorganisation and knowledge about the special feature of bone metabolism in human are also discussed. It is noted that due to the reorganisation, there is a complete renewal of bone tissue in every 10 years, and this renewal lasts throughout the life. However, there are life periods when osteoclast activity is low, e.g. in childhood and the second decade of life when the gain of bone mass may be as much as 40% of the final bone mass. Overactivity of osteoclasts occurs at age 60 years in men and somewhat earlier in women. Reorganization of bone tissue is an elementary requirement for the physiological functions (locomotion, hemopoiesis, immune functions). The RANK-RANKL-osteoprotegerin axis plays an important role in the regulation of bone metabolism. Bone mass is dependent on osteocytes; osteoblasts are building up while osteoclasts are reabsorbing bone tissue. In this process transcription factors, hormone-like substances and a large number of cytokines are involved. In addition, the inflammatory process within the bone tissue as well as the defending, reparative inflammation and specific immune response are of great importance in bone reorganisation. This is particularly valid for α2-macroglobulin and transforming growth factor, although the exact role in bone reorganization has not been fully explored. It can be concluded that the elements, which participate in bone reorganization and in defending inflammatory and specific immunological processes, are essentially identical. Therefore, the existence of an osteo-immunological complex system has emerged.

In the aging lung, the lung capacity decreases even in the absence of diseases. The progenitor cells of the distal lung, the alveolar type II cells (ATII), are essential for the repair of the gas-exchange surface. Surfactant protein production and survival of ATII cells are supported by lipofibroblasts that are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)-dependent special cell type of the pulmonary tissue. PPARγ levels are directly regulated by Wnt molecules; therefore, changes in the Wnt microenvironment have close control over maintenance of the distal lung. The pulmonary aging process is associated with airspace enlargement, decrease in the distal epithelial cell compartment and infiltration of inflammatory cells. qRT-PCR analysis of purified epithelial and nonepithelial cells revealed that lipofibroblast differentiation marker parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor (PTHrPR) and PPARγ are reduced and that PPARγ reduction is regulated by Wnt4 via a β-catenin-dependent mechanism. Using a human in vitro 3D lung tissue model, a link was established between increased PPARγ and pro-surfactant protein C (pro-SPC) expression in pulmonary epithelial cells. In the senile lung, both Wnt4 and Wnt5a levels increase and both Wnt-s increase myofibroblast-like differentiation. Alteration of the Wnt microenvironment plays a significant role in pulmonary aging. Diminished lipo- and increased myofibroblast-like differentiation are directly regulated by specific Wnt-s, which process also controls surfactant production and pulmonary repair mechanisms., (© 2014 The Authors. Aging Cell published by the Anatomical Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The author summarizes the structure of the connective tissues, the increasing motion of the constituents, which determine the role in establishing the structure and function of that. The structure and function of the connective tissue are related to each other in the resting as well as inflammatory states. It is emphasized that cellular events in the connective tissue are part of the defence of the organism, the localisation of the damage and, if possible, the maintenance of restitutio ad integrum. The organism responds to damage with inflammation, the non specific immune response, as well as specific, adaptive immunity. These processes are located in the connective tissue. Sterile and pathogenic inflammation are relatively similar processes, but inevitable differences are present, too. Sialic acids and glycoproteins containing sialic acids have important roles, and the role of Siglecs is also highlighted. Also, similarities and differences in damages caused by pathogens and sterile agents are briefly summarized. In addition, the roles of adhesion molecules linked to each other, and the whole event of inflammatory processes are presented. When considering practical consequences it is stressed that the structure (building up) of the organism and the defending function of inflammation both have fundamental importance. Inflammation has a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and the unimpaired somato-psychological state of the organism. Thus, inflammation serves as a tool of organism identical with the natural immune response, inseparably connected with the specific, adaptive immune response. The main events of the inflammatory processes take place in the connective tissue.

Between 49 and 70 days of age, three groups of growing pigs (n = 10 each) were fed diets containing 0, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg T-2 toxin, respectively, for 21 days. The feed of another two groups of pigs (n = 10 each) contained 0.3 or 0.5 mg/kg T-2 toxin, respectively, plus a feed additive developed for splitting up the molecular structure of Fusarium toxins, in particular trichothecenes, by deepoxidation of the molecule, at 2 kg/tonne concentration. One group (n = 10) served as positive control; their feed was free from T-2 toxin but contained the feed additive at the above concentration. Toxin concentrations at these low dietary levels impaired the feed intake and growth rate of pigs. The feed additive alleviated the negative effects and justified its potential for prevention. Data of the present study indicated a 0.2 mg/kg feed no observed effect level (NOEL) of T-2 toxin in growing pig feeds.

The acute and chronic constitutional reactions of the organism elicited by sterile causes and pathogenic structures threatening the soundness of the organism are surveyed by the author. It is emphasized that depending on causes which can be very different, there are various syndromes occurring in the clinical practice. On the basis of multitudiness of pathogenic factors and individual differences, the infammatory reactions are clinically, pathologically and pathobiochemically can be hugely variable. The acute inflammatory response may be sterile. It is often difficult to recognize in these processes whether the inflammation is harmful or beneficial for the organism as a whole. It is possible that the inflammatory response itself is the defending resource of the individual. The non-sterile acute inflammation is evoked by pathogenic microorganisms. The variety of clinical syndromes are explained by the high diversity of pathogenic microbes, the individualities of the defending organisms, and the natural and adaptive immunity of the organism which may be intact or possibly defective. In the latter case the inflammation itself is the disease, as a consequence of a pathological process conducted by the cortico-hypothalamo-adernal axis. The acute inflammation is a defending, preventing and repairing process, constituting an important part of the natural innate immune response. It is inseparable from the natural innate immune response, which is in close cooperation with the adaptive, specific immune response with mutual effects on each of the other. The conductor and the response reactions of the two immune responses are also the same. There are alterations in serum proteins/glycoproteins synthesized mostly by the hepatocytes. Because the concentration of almost all proteins/glycoproteins may change, the use of the discriminative term "acute phase reactant" is hardly relevant. For example, the HDL molecule is a negative "acute phase reactant". On the gound of clinical, pathological and biochemical caracteristics, the chronic sterile inflammation is a very different entity. It has been established that atherosclerosis is one of the ab origine chronic inflammatory syndrome. It is a long-lasting pathological entity progressing, rather than resolving with different celerity, namely a unique vasculitis syndrome. We are speaking about risk factors instead of causes, which constitute larger or smaller groups to elicite the preventing reaction of the host. The propagations and final outcomes are quite different from that of the acute process. The disadvantages or benefits for the organism are scarcely predictable, albeit the chronic process may have roles in its prolonged nature.

The majority of lung cancers (LC) belong to the non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) type. The two main NSCLC sub-types, namely adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), respond differently to therapy. Whereas the link between cigarette smoke and lung cancer risk is well established, the relevance of non-canonical Wnt pathway up-regulation detected in SCC remains poorly understood. The present study was undertaken to investigate further the molecular events in canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling during SCC development. A total of 20 SCC and AC samples with matched non-cancerous controls were obtained after surgery. TaqMan array analysis confirmed up-regulation of non-canonical Wnt5a and Wnt11 and identified down-regulation of canonical Wnt signalling in SCC samples. The molecular changes were tested in primary small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) and various lung cancer cell lines (e.g. A549, H157, etc). Our studies identified Wnt11 and Wnt5a as regulators of cadherin expression and potentiated relocation of β-catenin to the nucleus as an important step in decreased cellular adhesion. The presented data identifies additional details in the regulation of SCC that can aid identification of therapeutic drug targets in the future.

Objective: There are contradictory data on chronic lung injury caused by marijuana, which is partially due to insufficient basic research. Anecdotic reports draw attention to an increased rate of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) among young marijuana smokers, suggesting a causative link., Methods: A retrospective analysis of 20 patients treated for PSP in our department in the last two years was performed. Demographics, treatment modality and outcome data were analysed. Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Fisher tests were applied for statistical evaluation. Gender distribution: 16 male, 4 female, age 23.95 ± 4,57 years: min: 18, max: 32. 13/20 patients admitted to be regular cannabis users (CU), among them 11 male, 2 female, age 24.54 ± 4.77 years. Altogether 7/20 patients had a history of previous pneumo-thorax, with a higher recurrence rate among CU (odds ratio 1.56)., Results: In the non-cannabis user group (NCU) 3/7 patients were managed with thoracic drainage alone. 4/7 NCH patients needed major surgery, VATS was performed on all 4 patients. 4/13 CU patients were managed with thoracic drainage, 9/13 patients needed thoracotomy (8 VATS, 1 open thoracotomy). We found a shorter drainage time among NCU patients (4.00 ± 1.00 days NCU vs 4.5 ± 1.73 days CU, p = 0.651). Operative treatment was needed more frequently among cannabis users (69.23% vs NCU 57.14%, p = 0.651) due to impaired lung expansion. Recurrence was detected in 2 patients after drainage, 1 CU, 1 NCU patients, respectively, both of them were managed with VATS. On histological examination there were no major differences between the two groups, 11/13 of operative cases had pulmonary emphysaema . Based on county demographical and clinical data, there's a higher risk for PSP among cannabis users (odds ratio 3.86)., Conclusions: Despite the small sample size, there seems to be a connection between marijuana use and PSP prevalence. It's unclear if marijuana directly contributes to the development of pneumothorax, or just aggravates a fundamentally fragile lung parenchyma condition. In this group of young patients a more aggressive surgical approach is recommended, considering underlying parenchymal impairment and higher recurrence rate.

Background: Hereditary angioedema is a potentially life-threatening disorder, because edema occurring in the mucosa of the upper airways can lead to suffocation. The management of HAE consists of avoiding the triggering factors, prophylaxis, and the acute treatment of edematous episodes. Medical procedures can also provoke edematous attacks, and therefore, short-term prophylaxis (STP) is recommended before such interventions. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of STP administered before medical procedures., Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis before and a prospective survey after establishing the diagnosis in a group of 137 (60 males, 77 females; 20 pediatric and 117 adult) patients with HAE. Both were implemented using questionnaires, patient diaries and hospital charts focusing on medical interventions provoking edematous attack, and the medicinal products (C1-INH concentrate, tranexamic acid, and danazol) administered for STP., Results: Comparing surgical interventions performed without pre-event STP (in 39/89 patients before HAE was diagnosed), or after STP (in 3/55 cases after diagnosis), we found a significant (P < 0.0001, Fisher's exact test) reduction in the number of edematous episodes. Evaluating the efficacy of the drugs administered for STP revealed that C1-INH concentrate (Berinert(®) , CSL Behring, Marburg, Germany) was significantly (P = 0.0096, Fisher's exact test) superior to orally administered drugs in reducing the instances of postprocedural edema. None of the medicinal products caused adverse events potentially related to STP., Conclusions: STP reduces the number of postprocedural edematous episodes. C1-INH concentrate is safe and effective for prophylaxis. When this agent is not available, danazol is a potential alternative for prophylaxis before elective medical interventions., (© 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.)

The presence of anti-C1-inhibitor (anti-C1-INH) autoantibodies is a hallmark of acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency. However, only scarce data are available on their prevalence, diagnostic value, and/or significance in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In a multicentre study, we determined the levels of autoantibodies to C1-inhibitor in sera from 202 patients with SLE and 134 healthy controls. Additional clinical and laboratory parameters, such as organ involvement, as well as anti-C1q, anti-double-stranded DNA antibody, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, C3 and C4 serum complement levels have been studied in patients. The level of anti-C1-INH IgG was significantly higher (p = 0.034) in SLE patients, than in the controls. A high anti-C1-INH level of > or =0.4 U/ml (mean of controls + 2 SD) was found in 17% of the patients, but in only 4% of the controls (p = 0.0003). The SLEDAI score was significantly higher (p = 0.048) and the duration of SLE was significantly longer (p = 0.0004) among patients with elevated anti-C1-INH levels compared with patients without this autoantibody (median disease duration 8 vs. 17 years, respectively). Anti-C1-INH level was not correlated with any other laboratory parameter or organ manifestation of the disease. These findings indicate that the anti-C1-INH level is higher in SLE patients than in healthy controls and furthermore, the anti-C1-INH level correlates with the duration and activity of the disease.

Background: Danazol is a drug most widely used for the prophylaxis of hereditary angioedema resulting from the deficiency of the C1-inhibitor. Potential hepatotoxic or liver tumor-inducing side effects of long-term danazol prophylaxis have been investigated during the follow-up of hereditary angioedema patients., Methods: Characteristic parameters of liver function (including bilirubin, GOT, GPT, gammaGT, total protein, ALP, LDH), as well as findings of viral serology screens and abdominal ultrasonography-determined during years 0 and 5 of follow-up of patient groups taking/not taking danazol-have been reviewed and analyzed comparatively., Results: From a population of 126 hereditary angioedema patients, 46 subjects taking danazol and another 46 not taking danazol fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Longitudinal follow-up did not reveal any clinically relevant difference between the liver function parameters determined in years 0 and 5 in the two groups. Abdominal ultrasound did not detect neoplastic or other potentially treatment-related alterations of the liver parenchyma. There were no discontinuations of treatment during the study., Conclusions: Our results clearly suggest that, administered at the lowest effective dose, danazol does not induce liver injury in hereditary angioedema patients.

Objective: We investigated the association between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and polymorphisms of interleukin-23 receptor (IL23R) gene, which was recently found to be associated with autoimmune diseases, including Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis., Subjects: We analysed 383 SLE patients and 253 controls for rs11805303, rs10889677, rs1004819, rs2201841, rs11209032, 11209026, rs10489629, rs7517847 and rs7530511 variants., Methods: The analysis was carried out using PCR-RFLP methods. Logistic regression analysis was used to compare the genotype distributions of the polymorphisms and haplotypes between the SLE patients and healthy controls., Results: We observed no significant difference of the examined variants between the patient and control groups., Conclusions: Our results suggest that neither single nucleotide variants nor haplotypes of IL23R indicate susceptibility to developing SLE in the Hungarian population.

Authors report a case of Castleman's disease (CD) with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein, skin change (POEMS) syndrome. According to the present knowledge, these two rare conditions are often induced by Human Herpes Vírus- 8 (HHV-8) or by Human Immunodefeciency Virus, separately or in combination. In this case, however, HHV-6 viral DNA had been detected in the blood and lymph node samples by PCR. The authors conclude that the modulation of immune functions by HHV-6 might be responsible for the development of CD and POEMS syndrome in the referred case.

The serum concentration of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is genetically determined by a series of allelic polymorphisms in the MBL2 gene. Since several polymorphisms of the MBL2 gene have been suggested to be risk locus for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we investigated MBL2 polymorphisms in 315 SLE patients from Hungary and 182 geographically matched healthy controls. Within the group of patients, we found that homozygotes for an MBL2 down-regulating promoter polymorphism at position -221 (YA to XA) (rs7096206) were significantly (p=0.017) younger at diagnosis than the other patients. The frequency of juvenile-onset SLE (

Background: C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) is a serine protease inhibitor regulating the complement, kinin-kallikrein, coagulation, and fibrinolytic systems. Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is caused by an inherited deficiency of C1-INH characterized by sudden, recurrent edematous swellings of the subcutaneous or submucosal tissues. The optional therapy for the acute management of HAE is administration of human C1-INH (hC1-INH) concentrate. However, hC1-INH is not available in many countries, in which case fresh frozen plasma is an alternative., Objective: To summarize our experience with hC1-INH concentrate in patients with HAE., Methods: Clinical and laboratory information on the effectiveness and safety of hC1-INH administered to relieve 468 acute edematous attacks in 61 patients with HAE was analyzed., Results: Severe abdominal or subcutaneous attacks and laryngeal edema were consistently relieved by the administration of 500 U hC1-INH concentrate. Symptoms improved within 15 to 60 minutes of administration. Progression of the attacks was never observed, and there were no recurrent attacks within 72 hours. hC1-INH concentrate requirements did not change after repeated use. hC1-INH concentrate proved effective in the management of 94 attacks in 22 children and 6 attacks in 4 pregnant women. Adverse reactions, viral infections, and antibody formation against the purified protein did not occur., Conclusion: The administration of hC1-INH concentrate in HAE is highly effective and safe for the treatment of acute attacks and short-term prophylaxis and in pediatric patients and pregnant women., Clinical Implications: Human C1-INH concentrate is effective and safe for the treatment of acute HAE attacks as well as for short-term prophylaxis.

Introduction: The objective of the study was to analyse the causes of injury, surgical approaches, outcome, and complications with vascular trauma in patients operated on over a period between 1986-2006., Material and Methods: In 128 patients with peripheral arterial injuries the mechanism was direct penetration in 90 cases and blunt injury in 30 cases. In 8 cases a chronic damage (false aneurysm, AV fistula) was observed. Isolated vascular trauma was present in 97 patients (75.8%), 31 cases (24.2%) were complicated by concomitant bone fractures,and nerve or soft tissue damage. Most frequently injured vessels were the superficial femoral (22.6%) crural (22.6%),and ulnar and radial (13.2%) arteries., Results: In 132 cases operation had to be performed. Direct suture 26, interposition in arterial injuries 26, interposition in venous injuries 5, end to end anastomosis in 12 cases, venous patches in 7 cases were the operation method. In 28 cases non-reconstructive operation was carried out, and there were 4 endovascular procedures. Five secondary amputations were performed and five patients died. The limb salvage rate was 95%., Discussion: Most vascular injuries of the extremities can be managed successfully unless associated with severe concomitant damage of the bones, nerves and soft tissues.

Background: Serum concentration of fetuin A/alpha2HS-glycoprotein (AHSG) is a good indicator of liver cell function and 1-month mortality in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. We intended to determine whether decreased serum AHSG levels are associated with long-term mortality and whether the follow-up of serum AHSG levels can add to the predictive value of the Child-Pugh (CP) and MELD scores., Methods: We determined serum AHSG concentrations in 89 patients by radial immunodiffusion. Samples were taken at the time of enrollment and in the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and the 12th month thereafter., Results: Forty-one patients died during the 1-year follow-up period, 37 of them had liver failure. Data of these patients were analysed further. Deceased patients had lower baseline AHSG levels than the 52 patients who survived (293 +/- 77 vs. 490 +/- 106 microg/ml, mean +/- SD, p < 0.001). Of all laboratory parameters serum AHSG level, CP and MELD scores showed the greatest difference between deceased and survived patients. The cutoff AHSG level 365 microg/ml could differentiate between deceased and survived patients (AUC: 0.937 +/- 0.025, p < 0.001, sensitivity: 0.865, specificity: 0.942) better than the MELD score of 20 (AUC: 0.739 +/- 0.052, p < 0.001, sensitivity: 0.595, specificity: 0.729). Initial AHSG concentrations < 365 microg/ml were associated with high mortality rate (91.4%, relative risk: 9.874, 95% C.I.: 4.258-22.898, p < 0.001) compared to those with > or = 365 microg/ml (9.3%). Fourteen out of these 37 fatalities occurred during the first month of observation. During months 1-12 low AHSG concentration proved to be a strong indicator of mortality (relative risk: 9.257, 95% C.I.: 3.945-21.724, p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that decrease of serum AHSG concentration was independent of all variables that differed between survived and deceased patients during univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that correlation of low serum AHSG levels with mortality was stronger than that with CP and MELD scores. Patients with AHSG < 365 microg/ml had significantly shortened survival both in groups with MELD < 20 and MELD > or = 20 (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0014, respectively)., Conclusion: Serum AHSG concentration is a reliable and sensitive indicator of 1-year mortality in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis that compares well to the predictive value of CP score and may further improve that of MELD score.

The author in connection with three properly observed female patients summarizes the clinical entity of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, its partly resembling partly dissociating features facing to other vascular congenital anomalies, and the most important aspects of vasculogenesis. Based on the observation, attention is distinctly called on the first case in whom the Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome presenting with multiple mesenchymal anomalies was associated with selective congenital IgA deficiency. The second was the daughter of this first patient, who also had the syndrome and a selective congenital IgA deficiency. The other daughter of the patient was free from both of the pathological conditions. The third case represented the features of the typical syndrome without verified immunodeficiency. The literary data do not speak about possible correlations between Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome and immunodeficiencies. The pathogenesis of the process and of its possible connections with immunodeficiencies remain to be investigated.

Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans have fundamental roles in the building up of the vascular walls. The research work of the correlations between glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis was since more decades proceeding. The prominent experts of the scope are paying more and more attention to the significant influence of the inflammation ongoing in the arterial vessel wall. Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans are equally contributing to the development, stopping or remaining, turning into chronic type of the inflammatory process. On the ground of all these this article makes an attempt to outline, using up the newest results of the investigations being in relation with the fundamental structures, the alterations in the composition, the occurrences, the essential functions of the glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans. Afterwards the diverse important roles of these molecular organizations played in the pathogenesis, in the progression of atherosclerosis, and in the arising of its complications are surveyed. Basing on the considerable data of the observations it can be established that glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans have determining importance in the individual, peculiar inflammation progressing in the arterial vessel wall, in the surviving of the special vasculitis, in the appearance of atherosclerosis, in the focal nature and progression of that and in the development of its complications. The knowledge becoming continuously more complete affords, a long-range expectation in relation to both the prevention and therapeutic intervention of that widespread disease.