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The development of metamaterials promises to enable smallscale, worldwide industry-wide acoustic, electromagnetic, mechanical, and solar energy harvesting. Engineered structures surpass natural material limitations, offering capabilities unattainable in traditional counterparts. This paper explores metamaterials' manipulation of acoustic, electromagnetic, mechanical, and solar energy. Mechanical metamaterials convert strain into electrical energy, applicable from interstellar travel to terrestrial infrastructure. Precision-configured acoustic metamaterials efficiently harness dispersed acoustic energy, improving renewable energy methodologies. Integration into photovoltaic cells showcases metamaterials' solar potential, with innovative designs enhancing solar energy conversion efficiency. “Metamaterials” is a word used to describe artificial structures whose properties are based on the aggregate expression of individual components. Acoustic metamaterials are the term used for such constructions intended for the manipulation of acoustic waves. Controlled wave propagation is made possible by acoustic metamaterials, which is frequently not possible with bulk materials created chemically. This indicates that the wave propagation in acoustic metamaterials is directed and produces desired acoustic effects, independent of the mass-density properties of the material. The distinct properties of acoustic metamaterials have paved the way for the creation of practical solutions for a variety of uses, such as passive destructive interference, acoustic cloaking, sound focusing, low-frequency sound insulation, and biomedical acoustics. The kind of sound modification determines the general properties of an acoustic metamaterial. The properties of several of the most promising acoustic metamaterials from passive to active are introduced in this work. In order to achieve a sustainable future, it is necessary to combine environmentally friendly technologies with renewable energy sources for their final application. This is demonstrated by highlighting both the fundamental concepts and the physical models that were assessed.

Background: Violence perpetrated by psychiatric inpatients is associated with modifiable factors. Current structured approaches to assess inpatient violence risk lack predictive validity and linkage to interventions. Methods: Adult psychiatric inpatients on forensic and general wards in three psychiatric hospitals were recruited and followed up prospectively for 6 months. Information on modifiable (dynamic) risk factors were collected every 1–4 weeks, and baseline background factors. Data were transferred to a web-based monitoring system (FOxWeb) to calculate a total dynamic risk score. Outcomes were extracted from an incident-reporting system recording aggression and interpersonal violence. The association between total dynamic score and violent incidents was assessed by multilevel logistic regression and compared with dynamic score excluded. Results: We recruited 89 patients and conducted 624 separate assessments (median 5/patient). Mean age was 39 (s.d. 12.5) years with 20% (n = 18) female. Common diagnoses were schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (70%, n = 62) and personality disorders (20%, n = 18). There were 93 violent incidents. Factors contributing to violence risk were a total dynamic score of ⩾1 (OR 3.39, 95% CI 1.25–9.20), 10-year increase in age (OR 0.67, 0.47–0.96), and female sex (OR 2.78, 1.04–7.40). Non-significant associations with schizophrenia-spectrum disorder were found (OR 0.50, 0.20–1.21). In a fixed-effect model using all covariates, AUC was 0.77 (0.72–0.82) and 0.75 (0.70–0.80) when the dynamic score was excluded. Conclusions: In predicting violence risk in individuals with psychiatric disorders, modifiable factors added little incremental value beyond static ones in a psychiatric inpatient setting. Future work should make a clear distinction between risk factors that assist in prediction and those linked to needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background There are well over a million homeless people in Western Europe and North America, but reliable estimates of the prevalence of major mental disorders among this population are lacking. We undertook a systematic review of surveys of such disorders in homeless people. Methods and Findings We searched for surveys of the prevalence of psychotic illness, major depression, alcohol and drug dependence, and personality disorder that were based on interviews of samples of unselected homeless people. We searched bibliographic indexes, scanned reference lists, and corresponded with authors. We explored potential sources of any observed heterogeneity in the estimates by meta-regression analysis, including geographical region, sample size, and diagnostic method. Twenty-nine eligible surveys provided estimates obtained from 5,684 homeless individuals from seven countries. Substantial heterogeneity was observed in prevalence estimates for mental disorders among the studies (all Cochran's [chi square] significant at p < 0.001 and all [I.sup.2] > 85%). The most common mental disorders were alcohol dependence, which ranged from 8.1% to 58.5%, and drug dependence, which ranged from 4.5% to 54.2%. For psychotic illness, the prevalence ranged from 2.8% to 42.3%, with similar findings for major depression. The prevalence of alcohol dependence was found to have increased over recent decades. Conclusions Homeless people in Western countries are substantially more likely to have alcohol and drug dependence than the age-matched general population in those countries, and the prevalences of psychotic illnesses and personality disorders are higher. Models of psychiatric and social care that can best meet these mental health needs requires further investigation., Introduction Around 380,000 individuals in the United Kingdom [1] and 740,000 individuals in the United States [2] are reported to be homeless at any given time. Although most live in [...]

With the subspecialisation of psychiatry in the UK, clinicians may encounter problems at the interface between specialties. This article focuses on the interface between general adult psychiatry and behavioural neurology/neuropsychiatry. Important interface issues include the identification of psychiatric symptoms in patients with organic brain pathology and the remit and organisation of general and specialist services. Options for optimum cooperation are presented alongside practical examples of clinical issues of neuropsychiatric relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the development and pilot testing of a novel, web-based, violence risk monitoring instrument for use in community patients with psychoses. We describe the development of the tool, including drawing on systematic reviews of the field, how item content was operationalized, the development of a user interface, and its subsequent piloting. Sixty-eight patients were included from three English counties, who had been discharged from forensic psychiatric services. Over 12 months, 310 questionnaires were completed on the sample by professionals from several disciplines and qualitative feedback collected relating to the use of the tool using an electronic survey. Strengths of this approach for risk assessment, and potential limitations and areas for future research, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]