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Background: Low back pain (LBP) is One of the most common conditions in clinical medicine. It affects the region that is between the gluteal folds and the lower rib cage. the lumbar region is the most often affected location. Between 65 and 80 percent of people are predicted to suffer from LBP at some point in their lives. It is also the second most common cause to see a doctor and the third most common reason for surgery. There are many reasons that can cause the low back pain, in that obesity also is the main reason for the low back ache Sedentary lifestyles and obesity are risk factors that lead to the development of persistent low back ache. Obesity is defined as a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or higher. In the adult population worldwide, 13% of people over the age of 18 were obese in 2016 (11% of men and 15% of women). Between 1975 and 2016, the prevalence of obesity nearly tripled world-wide. Obesity and overweight are linked to higher overall mortality as well as death. The For people who are obese and have chronic low back pain, it's often hard to stay active and manage pain in everyday life because of physical challenges and discomfort. (LBP). Regular exercise has a good impact on a number of variables, such as body composition, functional capacity, QOL, musculoskeletal discomfort, and feelings of disability from pain. Several exercise regimens, including yoga-Pilates, resistance training, aerobics, manual therapy, thermotherapy, electrotherapy used to reduce pain. current study was compared the effects of aquatic exercises and land-based exercises for low back pain obese patients. Methods: comparative study was undertaken on 40 obese patients with back pain based on gender differentiation, age group was 30 to 60, class I obesity BMI is 30.0 to 34.9, and depends on site of pain. Aquatic group has 20 patients, land-based group has 20 patients both groups were received their exercise program for 6 weeks Analysis of data with in group and between the groups of the pre and post treatment values of function and pain was done using pair t test and independent t test. Results: Both groups showed significant improvement in Oswestry low back disability questionnaire and visual analogue scale but group A i.e. aquatic group shows effective results then group B (land based) in the statistical analysis. there was a significant difference between the two groups (group A and group B) i.e. p < 0.005. Conclusion: Group A displayed greater progress than Group B. When compared to the baseline, all outcome markers revealed statistically significant gains in both groups. In terms of physical function, role limitations brought on by physical functioning, and the modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability scale, the water exercise group shown more improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disorder that significantly impairs daily functioning and quality of life. Exercise therapy, particularly core stabilization exercises and Back School programs, are commonly used interventions for CLBP management. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of these two exercise programs in reducing pain, improving functional disability, and enhancing lumbar spine range of motion in patients with CLBP. Methods: This randomized controlled trial included 40 participants with CLBP, aged 35 to 60 years, from the physiotherapy outpatient department of Deccan Hospital, Hyderabad. Participants were randomly assigned to Group A (Back School program) or Group B (core stabilization exercises), with 20 participants in each group. Both interventions were administered four times a week over a 4-week period. Outcome measures, including the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), and lumbar spine range of motion (TROM), were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Data analysis included paired and independent t-tests, with significance set at p≤0.05. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in all outcome measures. Group A's mean VAS score decreased from 7.4 to 5.52, RMDQ score from 16.65 to 9.45, and TROM increased from 1.585 degrees to 2.09 degrees. Group B demonstrated greater improvements, with VAS decreasing from 7.2 to 2.4, RMDQ from 16.6 to 6.75, and TROM increasing from 1.53 degrees to 2.51 degrees. Group B's improvements were significantly greater across all measures (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Core stabilization exercises resulted in superior outcomes compared to the Back School program, suggesting they may be a more effective intervention for managing CLBP. These findings support the use of core stabilization exercises as a primary therapeutic approach in CLBP management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neck pain is very common these days as lifestyle changes from active to sedentary. Occupational changes such as increase in IT sector jobs have been skyrocketed as technology enters into every sector. People mostly are into desk jobs working on pc, laptops etc. and bowed down for long hours which caused short and tight neck muscles. The incidence of neck pain is drastically increased to about 71%. Despite following ergonomic measures and various to cope up with disability no criteria has been decided for neck pain. Many conservative measures has been developed in recent advancement out of which isometric training is commonly compiled with mostly every method and past studies demonstrated the efficacy of isometric exercise in reducing pain and disability. Through this study we will focus on increasing efficacy and accuracy of isometric exercises with compiling it with theraband. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead halide perovskites have prompted great interest, offering impressive photovoltaic performances. Most fundamental investigations and cell optimizations focus on solution‐based solar cells, which are not easily extended to larger scales. Commonly in these cells, losses in the open‐circuit voltage are attributed to arise primarily from interface recombination, and therefore the most studies have focused on optimization of the surface to eliminate defects states. In contrast, thermal evaporation is an alternative, solvent‐free, and scalable method to deposit lead halide perovskites that is gaining attention. However, the number of reports showing high‐efficiency solar cells (> 20%) prepared using thermal evaporation is still small. Here, the origins of non‐radiative charge carrier recombination are investigated in perovskite cells that are deposited via thermal co‐evaporation. This is done through a combination of photoluminescence spectroscopy, current‐voltage characterization, and simulations. It is found that the non‐radiative recombination in these cells is caused equally by bulk and interface defects. In general, it is advocated to perform a dual analysis of the photoluminescence spectroscopy of both the film and the photovoltaic device, in conjunction with current‐voltage measurements. It is emphasized that such a dual analysis is needed to enable the identification of improvements and to unlock further advancements in this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defining and classifying nymphomania has been a challenge for clinicians. It is characterized by an unquenchable urge to engage in repeated sexual contact with many partners without a deep emotional involvement. The sexual drive is unvarying, voracious, impetuous, and unrestrained. The case report describes a young female who presented with increased sexual desires and engaging in excessive sexual activity leading to divorce and marital disharmony in her second marriage. There was a history of childhood sexual abuse. Women developed nymphomania out of engagement in the behavior due to a genetic predisposition or from an environmental stressor such as trauma or sexual abuse. Since sex addiction is not a recognized disorder in DSM-5 or ICD-11 , women who have this disorder have difficulty receiving treatment. Proper diagnosis and treatment of such patients will lead to better functioning and quality of life.

Thermally induced degradation of organic photovoltaic devices hinders the commercialization of this emerging PV technology. Thus, a precise understanding of the origin of thermal device instability, as well as identifying strategies to circumvent degradation is of utmost importance. Here, it investigates thermally‐induced degradation of state‐of‐the‐art PBDB‐T‐2F (PM6):BTP (Y6) bulk heterojunction solar cells at different temperatures and reveal changes of their optical properties, photophysics, and morphology. The open‐circuit voltage and fill factor of thermally degraded devices are limited by dissociation and charge collection efficiency differences, while the short‐circuit current density is only slightly affected. Energy‐resolved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements reveal that thermally degraded samples exhibit a higher energy barrier for the charge‐transfer state to charge‐separated state conversion. Furthermore, the field dependence of charge generation, recombination, and extraction are studied by time‐delayed collection field and transient photocurrent and photovoltage experiments, indicating significant bimolecular recombination limits device performance. Finally, coupled optical‐electrical device simulations are conducted to fit the devices' current‐voltage characteristics, enabling us to find useful correlations between optical and electrical properties of the active layers and device performance parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comparative prospective study's objective was to assess the effectiveness of physical therapy treatments for lateral epicondylitis. There were two groups made (A and B), and while Group B also received an experimental therapy, Group A just received routine care. The primary performance indicator, grip strength, was assessed. The research lasted a full year and involved people who had received physiotherapy referrals from secondary hospitals. Both groups' grip strength greatly increased, proving the efficacy of the treatments. However, there were no appreciable differences in the post-grip assessments across the groups.The study concludes that more research is needed to investigate potential changes in treatment modalities while also demonstrating the usefulness of physical therapy in improving grip strength in lateral epicondylitis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The ankle joint and foot both are complex areas that consist of multiple joints. It gives flexibility which helps in movement. Flexibility in the ankle joint is necessary because it provides a connection point between the ground and the body. There are many joints in the foot and they are playing a role in multiple functions during activity Methodology: This is a comparative study of effectiveness of ultrasound and exercises vs mobilization and exercises in ankle injury. The sample size is 30 Group B aged 18-50 years, and the outcome measures include VAS & Goniometry. Results: The results showed a significant improvement in pain and activities of daily living from day 0 to 30th day and 30th day to 67th day (end of 9th week) in both Group A and Group B. Discussion & Conclusion: Both treatment protocols significantly improved patients, with a greater improvement observed in Group B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low back pain (LBP)" originates in the paraspinal area and the lumbar-sacral spinal area which circumscribes in the upper thigh and the buttocks so, it's accepted as it is a typical issue that occurs in adults. The rate of occurrence of low back pain is considered the biggest public problem that affects economic, physiologic, and psychological costs. The estimated rate of incidence of low back pain ranges from 60%-80% of adults at some point in their lifetime and the estimated annual worldwide low back pain incidence in adults is 15%. Aim and Objective: To analyze the result of thoracolumbar fascia activation with McKenzie exercises, to analyze the effect of only McKenzie exercises in patients with low back pain and to compare the effectiveness of thoracolumbar fascia activation with McKenzie exercises v/s only McKenzie exercises for those who suffer from backache. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 participants individuals aged 18 to 50 years were taken in this study having symptoms of chronic low back pain with inclusion criteria 1. Age - 18-50 years, 2. Back pain (more than 2 weeks), 3. Positive special test Postural low back pain and 4. The degenerative origin with or without radiation. Participants taken in the study were convenient sampling in to two different group, designated as group-A and group-B Result and conclusion: The distribution of outcome overall 't' value for the level of thirst between Group A & Group B was 0.917 which was highly significant at p<0.001 Group A's mean was 0.60 whereas in group B was 0.80 and their mean difference was 0.200 which had greater improvement than other parameters. It is concluded that thoracolumbar fascia activation with McKenzie exercises was highly effective in reducing pain among patients with low back pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cervical radiculopathy is a nerve root malfunction in the cervical spine that causes radicular symptoms such as pain, paresthesia, weakness, and numbness in the upper extremities. The annual incidence of cervical radiculopathy has been reported to be 107.3 per 100,000 for males and 63.5 per 100,000 for women. Cervical disc lesions and osteophyte invasion are the most prevalent causes of cervical radiculopathy, which results in nerve root or spinal nerve impingement or inflammation that causes adhesion around the nerve root and tissue which is a major cause of radiculopathy along with recurrent spasm in and around associated tissues. There is so many electrotherapy modalities for better outcome with physical treatment and Extra corporal shockwave therapy is one of finest tool with new upgradations which claims high success rate and complement the healing process. Aerion Arthron shockwave therapy system is FDA Approved equipment made for better outcome in pain management with physical condition like radiculopathy and spasm. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Areion Arthron shockwave therapy along with strengthening exercise in patients with cervical radiculopathy. Methodology: A total of 15 patients of cervical radiculopathy were included in the study. All patients were treated with strengthening exercise and Shock wave therapy (S.W.T). Patients were treated 5 time per week with twice sessions of Areion Arthron shockwave therapy along with strengthening exercise for period of 6 weeks. Treatment duration was 20 to 40 minutes per session. Result: This study showed significant improvement in patients after treatment. This study showed pretest ROM Neck Flexion Mean ± SD was 39.0 ± 3.5 and improve to 47.2 ± 2.1 in post-test. Neck ROM Extension pre-test Mean ± SD was 69.1 ± 8.1 improve to 78.0 ± 2.0 in post-test. ROM Rotation Right Side Pre-test Mean ± SD was 73.8 ± 2.7 and improve to 78.9 ± 0.9 in post-test. Rotation to left side pretest Mean ± SD was 73.8 ± 2.7 and improve to 78.9 ± 0.9 in post-test. Data Analysis of VAS Scale also signified after treatment. Pre-test Mean ± SD was 7.2 ± 1.3 and reduced to 2.6 ± 1.0 in post-test. Conclusion: Studies have shown that Areion Arthron Shockwave Therapy, strengthening exercise improve the functional range of neck in the patient of cervical radiculopathy and also score of VAS scale is decrease in number in patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Frozen shoulder is a condition that affects your shoulder joint. It usually involves pain and stiffness that develops gradually, gets worse and then finally goes away. It affects women slightly more often than men. With frozen shoulder, the capsule becomes so thick and tight that it's hard to move. Bands of scar tissue form and there's less of a liquid called synovial fluid to keep the joint lubricated. These things limit motion even more. Patients presenting with frozen shoulder will often report an insidious onset with a progressive increase in pain, and a gradual decrease in active and passive range of motion. Most patients are still managed by physiotherapy in primary care, and only the more refractory cases are referred for specialist intervention various treatment approaches help to reducing the pain, stiffness like Myofascial release, trigger point therapy, ultrasound, mobilization, cold therapy, heat therapy stretching etc. Objective: The objective of this study is to find out the effectiveness of myofascial release with mobilization vs ultra sound with mobilization on patients who suffer from frozen shoulder. Methodology: A total of 15 patients of frozen shoulder were included in the study. All patients were treated with myofascial release with mobilisation and ultra sound with mobilization. Patients were treated 4 times per week for the 12 weeks treatment duration was individually 15 to 20 minutes per session included rest time. Result & Conclusion: The results of this study indicates that there is a significant difference between effect of myofascial release with mobilization and ultrasound with mobilization in patients with frozen shoulder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Low back pain is a prevalent health issue. Pharmacotherapy, surgery, and exercise therapy are all forms of treatment. The risk factors for Low back pain include lack of exercise, smoking, changing lifestyles, and a poor quality of life Magnesium is a crucial nutrient that helps to regulate pain by controlling the NMDA receptors, which in turn relaxes the muscles. Methodology: This study compares using transdermal magnesium oil sprays versus not using them, coupled with exercises and electrotherapy, to treat low back pain. The sample size is 30 people between the ages of 24 and 40, and the end measures include pain, Mg RBC levels, and daily living activities. Results: Both Group A and Group B experienced a marked reduction in discomfort and difficulty performing everyday activities from Day 0 to Day 45 and Day 45 to Day 90, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Both treatment regimens markedly improved patients, with Group A showing a higher improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neck pain that is not specific to any cause is a common issue among the general population, with a prevalence ranging from 10% to 15%. There is a strong association between trapezius muscle spasm and non-specific neck pain. [Aim] To compare the effect of two therapeutic approaches, namely Myofascial Release (MFR) and Art Therapy, addressing upper trapezius spasm for patients suffering from nonspecific neck pain. [After approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee. (I.E.C) patients between the age group of 20-50 years having non-specific neck pain were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three outcome measures were taken, VAS for pain assessment Cervical ROM and NDI for functional performance in routine activities. Materials and Methods: The study was done over a sample size of 30 patients which included both male and female patients among the age group of 20 - 50 years suffering from non-specific neck pain. They were divided in two groups where Group A(n-15) received ART and Group B (n-15) received MFR. Randomized sampling was used for selecting the sample population. Duration of study was 12 weeks. Results: Paired and unpaired sample t-test were used to compare the outcome differences between each group. Improvement was significant in both the groups but Group A who received ART had a higher efficacy and effectiveness with VAS (P<0.003), cervical ROM (P<0.004), NDI (P<0.002) as compared to Group B in terms of pain, and range of motion and functional ability. Conclusion, although both the techniques are effective in improving the symptoms of non-specific neck pain, active release therapy had higher effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high photoluminescence efficiency, color purity, extended gamut, and solution processability make low‐dimensional hybrid perovskites attractive for light‐emitting diode (PeLED) applications. However, controlling the microstructure of these materials to improve the device performance remains challenging. Here, the development of highly efficient green PeLEDs based on blends of the quasi‐2D (q2D) perovskite, PEA2Cs4Pb5Br16, and the wide bandgap organic semiconductor 2,7 dioctyl[1] benzothieno[3,2‐b]benzothiophene (C8‐BTBT) is reported. The presence of C8‐BTBT enables the formation of single‐crystal‐like q2D PEA2Cs4Pb5Br16 domains that are uniform and highly luminescent. Combining the PEA2Cs4Pb5Br16:C8‐BTBT with self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) as hole‐injecting layers (HILs), yields green PeLEDs with greatly enhanced performance characteristics, including external quantum efficiency up to 18.6%, current efficiency up to 46.3 cd A−1, the luminance of 45 276 cd m−2, and improved operational stability compared to neat PeLEDs. The enhanced performance originates from multiple synergistic effects, including enhanced hole‐injection enabled by the SAM HILs, the single crystal‐like quality of the perovskite phase, and the reduced concentration of electronic defects. This work highlights perovskite:organic blends as promising systems for use in LEDs, while the use of SAM HILs creates new opportunities toward simpler and more stable PeLEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Low back pain is prevalent and caused by various factors. Treatment options include medication, surgery, and exercise. Magnesium has potential in reducing pain by blocking the NMDA receptor's ion channel, and can be combined with physiotherapy for greater benefits. Methodology: This study is an RCT comparing the effects of transdermal magnesium oils and normal saline water-based sprays on individuals with chronic low back pain. The sample size is 60 participants aged 18-50 years, and the outcome measures include serum Mg levels, pain, disability, activities of daily living, and flexibility. Results: The study examined the effect of a treatment protocol on hamstring flexibility in stroke patients. The results showed a significant improvement in hamstring flexibility from day 0 to day 10 and day 0 to day 20 in both Group A and Group B, and from day 10 to day 20 in both groups. The study suggests that the treatment protocol has a significant effect on improving hamstring flexibility in stroke patients. Conclusion: Both treatment protocols significantly improved hamstring flexibility in stroke patients, with a greater improvement observed in Group B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low back pain is defined as any pain, muscle tension, or stiffness localized below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal fold, pain may be radiated through the leg or not. Epidemiological studies have generally considered that risk factors for starting backache are interrelated in three dimensions: individual factors and lifestyle, physical or biomechanical factors, and psychosocial factors. Method: Single blind randomised control trial used in this study with the sample size of 100 people, allocated in 2 group 50 in each group, Group A (Mg tansdermal patch) and group B serum is used. Result- Magnesium with physiotherapy group shows significant improvement in comparison with serum group. Discussion and Conclusion: Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is commonly used for the treatment of musculoskeletal problems as it has muscle relaxant and vasodilator properties that can have an analgesic effect. We found similar and other effect in different studies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non‐fullerene acceptor (NFA)‐based ternary bulk heterojunction solar cells (TSC) are the most efficient organic solar cells (OSCs) today due to their broader absorption and quantum efficiencies (QE) often surpassing those of corresponding binary blends. The impact on QE of the energetics driving charge transfer at the electron donor:electron acceptor (D/A) interfaces is studied in blends of PBDB‐T‐2F donor with several pairs of lower bandgap NFAs. As in binary blends, the ionization energy offset between donor and acceptor (ΔIE) controls the QE and maximizes for ΔIE > 0.5 eV. However, ΔIE is not controlled by the individual NFAs IEs but by their average, weighted for their blending ratio. Using this property, the QE of a PBDB‐T‐2F:IEICO binary blend that has an insufficient ΔIE for charge generation is improved by adding a deep IE third component: IT‐4F. Combining two NFAs enables to optimize the D/A energy alignment and cells' QE without molecular engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several environmental stresses, including biotic and abiotic factors, adversely affect the growth and development of crops, thereby lowering their yield. However, abiotic factors, e.g., drought, salinity, cold, heat, ultraviolet radiations (UVr), reactive oxygen species (ROS), trace metals (TM), and soil pH, are extremely destructive and decrease crop yield worldwide. It is expected that more than 50% of crop production losses are due to abiotic stresses. Moreover, these factors are responsible for physiological and biochemical changes in plants. The response of different plant species to such stresses is a complex phenomenon with individual features for several species. In addition, it has been shown that abiotic factors stimulate multi-gene responses by making modifications in the accumulation of the primary and secondary metabolites. Metabolomics is a promising way to interpret biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The study of metabolic profiling revealed different types of metabolites, e.g., amino acids, carbohydrates, phenols, polyamines, terpenes, etc, which are accumulated in plants. Among all, primary metabolites, such as amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids polyamines, and glycine betaine, are considered the major contributing factors that work as osmolytes and osmoprotectants for plants from various environmental stress factors. In contrast, plant-derived secondary metabolites, e.g., phenolics, terpenoids, and nitrogen-containing compounds (alkaloids), have no direct role in the growth and development of plants. Nevertheless, such metabolites could play a significant role as a defense by protecting plants from biotic factors such as herbivores, insects, and pathogens. In addition, they can enhance the resistance against abiotic factors. Therefore, metabolomics practices are becoming essential and influential in plants by identifying different phytochemicals that are part of the acclimation responses to various stimuli. Hence, an accurate metabolome analysis is important to understand the basics of stress physiology and biochemistry. This review provides insight into the current information related to the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on variations of various sets of metabolite levels and explores how primary and secondary metabolites help plants in response to these stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to see how effective hamstring strengthening exercises were in reducing pain and improving functional abilities in patients with non-specific knee pain. Pre and post-intervention evaluations were performed on fifteen participants using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain levels and the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) for functional abilities. The results showed a considerable reduction in pain levels and a significant increase in functional abilities following the intervention. These data suggest the use of hamstring strengthening exercises as an effective intervention for treating knee pain and improving functional outcomes in non-specific knee pain patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercial viability of all‐small‐molecule (ASM) organic solar cells (OSCs) requires high efficiency, long‐term stability, and low‐cost production. However, satisfying all these factors at the same time remains highly challenging. Herein, a volatile solid additive, namely, 1,8‐dichloronaphthalene (DCN) is demonstrated to simultaneously enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and the storage, thermal as well as photo stabilities of oligothiophene ASM‐OSCs with concise and low‐cost syntheses. The improved PCEs are mainly due to the DCN‐induced morphology control with improved exciton dissociation and reduced non‐geminate recombination. Notably, the PCE of 16.0% stands as the best value for oligothiophene ASM‐OSCs and is among the top values for all types of binary ASM‐OSCs. In addition, devices incorporating DCN have shown remarkable long‐term stability, retaining over 90% of their initial PCE after dark storage aging of 3000 h and thermal or light stressing of 500 h. The findings demonstrate that the volatile‐solid‐additive strategy can be a simple yet effective method of delivering highly efficient and stable oligothiophene ASM‐OSCs with excellent commercial viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cerebral palsy is actually an umbrella term for several different types of physical disabilities. The term "cerebral" refers to the area of the brain that is affected by the disease. The disease often includes other connections in the brain involving the cortex and parts of the cerebellum as well. The term "palsy" refers to the disorder of movement. Cerebral palsy causes damage to the motor control centers of the brain and can occur during different parts of pregnancy and birth. Approximately 75% of cerebral palsy cases occur during pregnancy and approximately 5% occur during birth. Additionally, it can occur after childbirth up to about age three. Cerebral palsy occurs in an average of 2 to 3 babies out of 1000 live births. There has also been a slight increase in these numbers in recent years. Cerebral palsy (C. P) describe a group of permanent disorders of the development of movements & posture causing activity limitation that are attributed to non-progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or the infant brain. The motor disorder of C.P are accompanied by disturbance of sensation, perception, cognition, communication & behaviour, epilepsy & by secondary musculoskeletal problems. Need of the study 1) Cerebral palsy is leading cause of chronic childhood disability affecting children between the age of 3 to 13 years. 2) Premature birth is major risk factor for cerebral palsy, with infants born at the threshold of viability being 70 times more likely to b diagnosed with the disease then those born at term. 3) The most commonly used classification system describes the type of tone abnormality and the limb involvement. By tone abnormalities it is classified as spastic, dyskinetic, hypotonic, and mixed. By limb involvement it is diplegia, quadriplegia, triplegia, hemiplegia. Objective of study: To major the motor abilities and self-care skills before and after in NDT approach group. To major the motor abilities and self-care skills before and after in conventional therapy. To compare the motor abilities and self-care skills before and after in NDT approach group with conventional physical therapy group. Conclusion: This study suggests that intermittent NDT that is NDT versus conventional therapy in CP children leads to improvement in overall gross motor abilities and self-care skills. If there is no carryover immediately following treatment session, the positive effects of NDT is debatable. Outcomes as seen on components of Gross Motor Function Measure at three and six months, the physical Therapist has been able to establish higher scores in gross motor skills and self-care activities. This study suggests that NDT is effective when the parents are giving more time for exercise in the home session. And Conventional therapy will improve the overall body function which will help the children to perform a self-care activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Walking impairment is extremely common in stroke survivors. Human walking is a commonplace phenomenon, yet it is regulated by complex cerebral regulatory mechanisms. Stroke damages motor cortices and their descending corticospinal pathways, resulting in muscle weakness. On the other hand, brainstem descending pathways and the intraspinal motor descending pathways as well as the intraspinal motor network, become uninhibited and hyper excitable. In order to fix the dysfunction of gait some physical exercise are suggested by physiotherapist. These workouts helps patient to overcome gait disability and back to a normal life. Objective: To compare the impact of task specific step-up exercise program over conventional exercise program on stride length and maximum velocity of stroke patients. Methodology: 30 post-stroke hemiplegic patients were selected for study. Further these 30 individuals randomly divided into two groups. Which were named as control group and experimental group with 15 patients in each group for conventional and step-up therapy. Duration of study was 4 months. Result: While, comparing records of the two groups before the therapy, shows no diverge in the pre-test, considerably (p>.05), i.e., discovered to be statistically equivalent. In contrast, post therapy outcome shows significant change between the control and experiment group because p value for step length, natural velocity and cadence were <0.05. Conclusion: The study's findings indicate that step-up exercises are more effective than traditional exercises in improving stroke patients' outcomes. Because the experimental group outperformed the control group in terms of stride length and maximum velocity, the improvement in gait and balance is considerably greater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a novel method using a combined light‐registration/light‐projection system along with an off‐the‐shelf, instant‐assembly modular jig construct that could help surgeons improve bone resection accuracy during sarcoma surgery without many of the associated drawbacks of 3D printed custom jigs or computer navigation. In the novel method, the surgeon uses a light projection system to precisely align the assembled modular jig construct on the bone. In a distal femur resection model, 36 sawbones were evenly divided into 3 groups: manual‐resection (MR), conventional 3D‐printed custom jig resection (3DCJ), and the novel projector/modular jig (PMJ) resection. In addition to sawbones, a single cadaver experiment was also conducted to confirm feasibility of the PMJ method in a realistic operative setting. The PMJ method improved resection accuracy when compared to MR and 3DCJ, respectively: 0.98 mm versus 7.48 mm (p < 0.001) and 3.72 mm (p < 0.001) in mean corner position error; 1.66 mm versus 9.70 mm (p < 0.001) and 4.32 mm (p = 0.060) in mean maximum deviation error; 0.79°–4.78° (p < 0.001) and 1.26° (p > 0.999) in mean depth angle error. The PMJ method reduced the mean front angle error from 1.72° to 1.07° (p = 0.507) when compared to MR but was slightly worse compared to 0.61° (p = 0.013) in 3DCJ. The PMJ method never showed an error greater than 3 mm, while the maximum error of other two control groups were almost 14 mm. Similar accuracy was found with the PMJ method on the cadaver. A novel method using a light projector with modular jigs can achieve high levels of bone resection accuracy, but without many of the associated drawbacks of 3D printed jigs or computer navigation technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) as used in state‐of‐the‐art organic solar cells feature highly crystalline layers that go along with low energetic disorder. Here, the crucial role of energetic disorder in blends of the donor polymer PM6 with two Y‐series NFAs, Y6, and N4 is studied. By performing temperature‐dependent charge transport and recombination studies, a consistent picture of the shape of the density of state distributions for free charges in the two blends is developed, allowing an analytical description of the dependence of the open‐circuit voltage VOC on temperature and illumination intensity. Disorder is found to influence the value of the VOC at room temperature, but also its progression with temperature. Here, the PM6:Y6 blend benefits substantially from its narrower state distributions. The analysis also shows that the energy of the equilibrated free charge population is well below the energy of the NFA singlet excitons for both blends and possibly below the energy of the populated charge transfer manifold, indicating a down‐hill driving force for free charge formation. It is concluded that energetic disorder of charge‐separated states has to be considered in the analysis of the photovoltaic properties, even for the more ordered PM6:Y6 blend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]