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The effects of foliar application of potassium silicate and inoculation with mycorrhiza on alleviating the effects of drought stress on Matthiola incana plants were explored in a splitsplit-plot experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in Perndis Greenhouse Complex during 2019-2020. The main plot was assigned to drought stress at three levels (25%, 50%, and 70% FC), and the sub-plot was assigned to inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) at two levels (0 and 200 g of fungi per pot), and the sub-sub-plot was assigned to potassium silicate (PS) at three levels (0, 200, and 400 ppm). The results showed that at moderate drought stress (50% FC), stem dry weight was increased by about 20% compared to the control. The maximum root length (13.9 cm), which was about 53% higher than that of the control, was recorded in AMF-inoculated plants exposed to moderate drought stress and sprayed with 400 ppm SP. The results also showed that the foliar application of 400 ppm PS in the absence of AMF inoculation was related to 46% higher leaf dry weight than the treatments of 0 ppm SP with no AMF inoculation. The highest number of flowers in all drought stress levels was obtained from the application of the higher levels of PS. The maximum root dry weight was observed in AMF-inoculated plants exposed to moderate drought stress and treated with 400 ppm SP. Proline content was reduced by the application of 200 g of AMF and 400 ppm of PS at moderate and severe (25% FC) drought stress levels. In general, at moderate and severe drought stress levels, some vegetative and reproductive traits were improved by the foliar application of 400 ppm PS and AMF inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated various drainage parameters for unsteady conditions, including depth of installation, reflection coefficient, and depth of water table. For this purpose, Bouwer & Van Schilfgarrd, Dumm, Glover, Hemmad, and Bouwer equations were used. For the distance of computed drainage compared with measured data in central Iran, the results showed that the Bouwer & Van Schilfgaarde equation is better than others. Additionally, the installed depth was obtained 130 cm below the exiting underground, and this depth was applicable more than other depths; 1, 3, and 5-day precipitation were used to determine water table changes. The results illustrated that a 5-day duration had a better effect, which appeared in the existing condition drainage area. The reflection coefficient for the superior equation was also obtained as 0.65, which was very close to the measured data in the area. Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Standard deviation (σ) were used to evaluate the results. MAE, RMSE, and σ were computed as 1.78, 2.02, and 0.02, for the superior equation respectively, and the appropriate distance between the two drains was determined as 51.26 m. The obtained results have a close agreement with other researchers in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caper (Capparis spinose L.) from Capparaceae is a multipurpose plant that is well adapted to semi-arid and nutrient-poor soils. This research was conducted to investigate the oil content and fatty acids composition in some populations of Iranian caper seeds. According to the results, the seed oil content ranged from 31.59 to 35 % in different caper populations. The highest unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content of approximately 91.25% and saturated fatty acid (SFA) with 11.14% was related to Germi (GE), and Kelid Daghi (KD) population, respectively. The highest content of linoleic acid and oleic acid was observed in populations of Dasht Moghan (53.33%) and Mahalat (46.57%). A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed with the main fatty acids. The first component (PC1) was contributed by the content of linoleic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitoleic acid, margaric acid, and stearic acid content. Cluster analysis based on all biochemical properties showed three separated clusters including (1) Damavand (DA), Booinzahra (BO) and Kelid Daghi (KD), (2) Germi (GE) population, and (3) Mahalat (MA), Tafresh (TA) and Delijan (DL). Furthermore, clusters of (1) DA and TA, (2) KD and GE, and (3) BO, MA, and DL were found based on climatic characteristics. The fatty acid profile of C. spinosa seed oil highlights its potential as a future alternative for the edible oilseed, especially in subtropical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, variation on the chemical compositions of the essential oil from eight populations of Ziziphora tenuior L. cultivated in semiarid climate, southwestern of Iran was performed. The essential oil analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Significant variability in the main constituents of the essential oils was observed among the investigated populations of Z. tenuior. The major compounds were pulegone (18.46–46.28%), piperitenone (0–30.61%), p-mentha-3-en-8-ol (0.46–28.49%), caryophyllene oxide (0.13%–14.78%), and germacrene-D (0.11–14.23%). According to the multivariate analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), three chemotypes were identified including chemotype-I: pulegone/germacrene-D/caryophyllene oxide; chemotype-II consisted of two subgroups (first subgroup: pulegone/p-mentha-3-en-8-ol, and the second subgroup: pulegone); and chemotype-III: piperitenone/pulegone. These chemotypes are the result of genetic differences and diversity between populations. The results of this investigation can help to improve the chemotaxonomic and phytochemical studies and the conservation and breeding programs of this herb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The phytochemical analysis of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves and calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa (family Malvaceae) is reported. The components of the essential oil were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The yields of the essential oil of the leaves and calyces samples were 0.12 % and 0.11 % (v/w), respectively. The essential oil of leaf samples contained eighty-two compounds and a total of eighty-nine compounds were found in the calyx samples. Twentyfive common compounds were in the samples. The major compounds of the leaf were n-heneicosane (9.7 %), β-caryophyllene (5.5 %), n-pentacosane (5.4 %), anethole (4.9 %) and dihydro aromadendrene (3.2 %). The calyx's main components were represented by hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (11.2 %), n-nonanal (5.8 %), eugenol (4.2 %), hexanal (3.8 %), 2-pentyl furan (3.7 %) and n-decanal (3.1 %). This is the first report on the volatile compounds of roselle from this region of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Nowadays, in the industrial areas, there is a problem of simultaneous contamination of soil with heavy metals and lack of organic matter that can impede the growth of plants. Thus, this study was done to investigate the effect of organic amendments on decreases plant abiotic stress in a soil cocontaminated with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) under ornamental sunflower cultivation. Materials and Methods: Treatments consisted of applying vermicompost (0, 15, and 30 t/ha) and soil polluted with Cd (0, 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg soil) and Pb (0, 400, and 600 mg/kg soil), and the plant used in this experiment was ornamental sunflower. After 8 weeks of the experiment, plants were harvested, and soil and plant Zn and Fe were measured using the atomic absorption spectroscopy. In addition, the ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POX) of the plant were measured. Results: The application of 15 and 30 t/ha vermicompost significantly depressed the APX and POX activity by 12.1% and 14.6%, respectively. While the plant Fe and Zn concentration was significantly increased by 11.1% and 13.6%, respectively. Increasing soil pollution to Cd to 15 mg/kg soil significantly increased the APX and POX enzyme activities of the sunflower by 14.6% and 13.3%, respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the interaction effect of Fe and Zn with heavy metal can help to decrease the plant abiotic stress that is a positive point in the environmental research. However, the role of organic amendments in decreasing heavy metals availability cannot be ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the commercial production of roses, introducing a method to reduce the time of propagation with maximum success is crucial. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different concentrations (0, 1500, 3000, 4500 mg/L) of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on propagation of three cultivars of Rosa hybrid L. ('Dolce Vita', 'Samurai' and 'Utopia') by stenting (simultaneous cutting and grafting) method under greenhouse conditions. The cultivars were grafted onto Rosa hybrida L. 'Natal Briar' rootstock. The factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. The stentings were cultured in coco peat and perlite medium at 1:2 ratio in a greenhouse under mist system. After 60 days, the percentage of grafting, rooting percentage, root number, longest root length and fresh and dry weights of roots and shoot traits (including leaf number, shoot number, and longest shoot length) were determined on the stentings. The highest rate of rooting in Dolce Vita cultivar was obtained at 1500 mg/L IBA and in Samurai and Utopia cultivars at 4500 mg/L IBA. Among the three cultivars of roses, highest percentage of rooting (93.75%), healing percentage (93.75%), root length (12.47 cm), fresh weight (0.84 g) and dry weight (0.07 g) of roots were observed in stentings treated with 4500 mg/L of IBA in Rosa hybrida L. cv. Samurai. Interaction between IBA concentrations and cultivars on chlorophyll (a, b and total) and carotenoid contents were significant in all the three cultivars of roses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to evaluate aerial yield, agronomic traits, essential oil production, and their relationships in 21 populations of Ziziphora tenuior in Karaj, Iran over two years (2016-2017). The experimental layout was a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected for GDD (Growth Degree Days), plant height, canopy area, stem number, flower number, aerial fresh yield, aerial dry matter (DM) yield, seed yield, essential oil percentage and oil production. The essential oil compositions were detected in accession 2929 (Tassoj) using GC/MS. Result of combined analysis of variance across two years showed significant differences between years, populations and population × year interaction for all traits (P < 0.01). In comparisons among populations, the population of Avaj and Ijroud with average values of 13.5 and 14.33 g/p had higher aerial dry yield and other agronomic traits followed by Meshkin2 and 3. For seed yield, Ormieh with average values of 3.11 g/p had higher production. For oil content, the populations of Tassoj, Salmas and Sharkord with average values of 1.25 to 1.56% had higher oil content and essential oil production. Result of correlation analysis showed that DM yield was positively correlated with GDD, plant height, canopy area, stem number, flower number. Oil content was negatively correlated with aerial DM yield. The results of PCA analysis showed that the first four components accounted for 50, 20, 12 and 10% of the total variation, respectively. Plant height, canopy area, stem number, flower number and aerial yield in the PCA1, essential oil content and oil production in the PCA2, seed yield in the PCA3 and GDD in PCA4 components were identified as important traits. Using Ward cluster method, the 21 populations were grouped into 3 clusters. In total, 23 compounds were identified in the essential oil from the aerial parts Z. tenuior. The major components in the essential oil were pulegone ranged (47.54 to 65.26%) followed by neo-iso-dihydro carveol, carvacrol, piperitenone, limonene, 1.8-cineole, p-mentha-3,8-dien, alpha-terpinene and terpinen-u-ol. It was concluded that there were wide range of variations for agronomic trait and essential oil in domestic germplasm of Z. tenuior to improved breeding new varieties in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the wild relatives of wheat, Triticum urartu Tumanian ex Gandilyan is of interest to wheat breeders. Numerous works have focussed on its utilization for enrichment of the genetic variation of cultivated genotypes. In the present study, the genetic diversity and population structure in 85 accessions of T. urartu were investigated using start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism and CAAT-box derived polymorphism (CBDP) markers. Nineteen SCoT primers and fifteen CBDP primers amplified 185 and 141 polymorphic fragments with an average of 9.74 and 9.40 fragments per primer, respectively. The polymorphic information content (PIC) for the SCoT and CBDP primers ranged from 0.41 to 0.50 and 0.40 to 0.49, with the resolving power (Rp) ranging from 21.61 to 3.97 and 13.08 to 28.02, respectively. Neighbour-joining (NJ) based clustering grouped 72 accessions into two main clusters based on the two sets of markers and the combined data. Genetic relationships inferred from STRUCTURE analysis was matched with cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), indicating that the accessions were grouped into two major clades and the grouping patterns were not correlated with the geographic origins. The results from this study revealed that Iranian T. urartu, especially Kerend-e-Gharb and Sisakht-Pataveh populations, can be interesting for wheat improvement. Hence, conservation of this region is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the first step FeO nanoparticles were synthesized via a green hydrothermal method in the presence of garlic (Allium sativum) extract. Then silver nanoparticles and FeO-Ag (90 %:10 % and 50 %:50 %) nanocomposites were synthesized by hydrothermal method. The prepared products were characterized by X-ray diffraction pattern, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Vibrating Sample magnetometer illustrated that FeO nanoparticles have super-paramagnetic behaviour. The photo catalytic behaviour of FeO-Ag nanocomposites was investigated using the degradation of four various azo dyes under ultraviolet light irradiation. The results show that nanocomposites have feasible magnetic and photo catalytic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mono-disperse PbFeO nano-spheres were synthesized via a green hydrothermal method in the presence of lemon extract. Then star-like PbS and PbFeO−PbS nanocomposites were synthesized by hydrothermal method. The prepared products were characterized by X-ray diffraction pattern, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Vibrating sample magnetometer illustrated that PbFeO nanoparticles have either ferromagnetic or super-paramagnetic behaviour. The photo catalytic behaviour of PbFeO−PbS nanocomposites was evaluated using the degradation of three various azo dyes under ultraviolet light irradiation. The results show that nanocomposites have applicable magnetic and photo catalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of the application of potassium silicate (PS) and an arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus (AMF) (Glomus mosseae) were investigated on alleviating the impacts of drought stress on Matthiola incana in a splitsplit-plot experiment in two consecutive years. The main plot was assigned to drought stress at three levels of irrigation (25%, 50%, 70%, of field capacity) comparing with control (100% of field capacity) and the sub-plots were assigned to AMF at two levels (0 and 200 g of fungi in pots) and sub-sub plots were assigned to potassium silicate (PS) at three levels (0, 200, and 400 ppm). The application of PS with fungus increased colonization percentage regardless of the drought stress level. Regarding the interaction of drought stress and PS, it was revealed that the application of 400 and 200 ppm of PS elevated the contents of chlorophylls a, b, and total at all drought stress levels. Also, deficit irrigation versus the normal irrigation increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content both in non-AMF and AMF-containing treatments. The lowest catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) contents were obtained from the treatment of 400 ppm of PS, while the highest were related to the treatment of 0 ppm of PS. Proline content was reduced by the application of 200 g of AMF and 400 ppm of PS at moderate and severe (25% FC) drought stress levels. In general, at moderate and severe drought stress levels, some physiological traits were improved by the foliar application of 400 ppm PS and Glomus mosseae inoculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]