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Abstract Objectives The Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) is an extension of Input-Output tables that records macro and meso-economic accounts of a socio-economic system. Its main objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationships among different economic sectors and agents. The SAM can be used for various purposes, including economic analysis, policy evaluation, and economic modelling. It allows policymakers to make more informed decisions, understand potential consequences of different policy options and serve as the foundation for constructing Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models. Data description The SAM for Germany is a comprehensive source of data that reveals the incomes and expenditures of 163 different production sectors, along with data on factors of production, households, corporations, government, and external accounts with the rest of the world. Additionally, it provides information on gross fixed capital formation, changes in inventories, and natural capital accounts. This SAM was compiled by extending the EXIOBASE Input-Output (IO) accounts with data from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany. Balancing items were also used to ensure that the Total Income and Total Expenditure of the main transactors are in balance.

Recognising the urgent need to address water scarcity resulting from climate change, there is a growing push to enhance the resilience of water (and related) systems. For instance, policymakers are now urging companies to shift from short-term focused strategies towards long-term approaches to effectively manage water scarcity. This paper utilises a custom-built dynamic multisectoral model to assess the socio-economic impacts at a macro-level of temporary water scarcity. The focus of the analysis is to identify the effects that varying levels of investment foresight may have on economic resilience. Specifically, the model incorporates often overlooked factors such as behavioural and resilience aspects. By considering these key elements, a more comprehensive understanding of the system-wide implications of water scarcity on the broader economy is provided. The analysis shows how firms' foresight, or lack thereof, impacts their response to water scarcity and the subsequent impact on the economy. Sector-specific analyses shed light on the potential negative impacts of water scarcity on sectors like agriculture, food, and electricity production and distribution. Yet, the analysis also reveals that certain sectors can benefit from competitiveness effects, which can mitigate the adverse economic implications of water scarcity. However, it should be noted that these sectors may contribute to a catch-up effect on water use. The policy recommendations arising from this research emphasise the promotion of anticipation and preparedness among firms. It is crucial to prioritise resilience-building measures in all sectors, whether they directly rely on water or not.

COVID-19 has led to an unprecedented disruption in tourism spending. This has propagated through the whole economy, however the scale of these system-wide consequences can be hard to quantify. We calculate direct reductions in spending across domestic and inbound tourism categories and then use a computable general equilibrium model to quantify their economic impacts. The results – illustrated using a model for Scotland and focusing on 2021 - demonstrate the scale of the losses in the tourism industry and the economy as a whole that are attributable to changes in both domestic and inbound tourism demand. We find that the extent to which domestic tourism demand can mitigate the losses in inbound spending depends on the composition of demand.

Abstract As well as their role in contributing towards emissions reductions targets, it is increasingly relevant for policymakers to understand the contribution that renewable energy technologies make to the economy. Various methods have been used to quantify impacts, such as job counts, surveys and measures based on economic statistics. Economic modelling approaches on the other hand appear to offer an ability to both provide metrics of interest to policymakers and crucially an understanding of the activities which support that contribution. In this paper, we implement a new method for estimating the activity supported by renewable energy activities; applying a ‘hypothetical extraction’ of offshore wind—to identify the contribution that such activities make to U.K. economic activity, job quality and national emissions. By undertaking the partial extraction of offshore wind from an aggregated input–output (IO) table and then subsequently from one in which we have separated out the offshore wind electricity sector, we highlight the value of more disaggregation and technology‐specific detail in economic accounts. The results from our fullest extraction suggest that in 2010, offshore wind in the United Kingdom supported 10 240 jobs, with 9 in 10 of these jobs either medium or high skill, and contributed £780 million to gross domestic product (GDP). In addition, a significant portion of activity supported by offshore wind is attributable to expansions in capacity rather than operational activities.

Internal iliac artery aneurysms (IIAAs), isolated or associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms, are at rupture risk with growth. Treatment is recommended when symptomatic or greater than 3 cm. Surgical or endovascular therapy should exclude the arterial origin and outflow branches. If all outflow branches are not completely embolized, an endoleak can develop, pressurizing the sac leading to growth and rupture. Accessing the arteries involved can be technically challenging and understanding potential targets is critical. We describe two percutaneous approaches for treatment: percutaneously accessing the sac from an anterior trans-iliopsoas approach and percutaneously accessing the gluteal artery from a posterior approach.

Background Various mechanical thrombectomy devices including stent retrievers (STRs), contact aspiration (CA) catheters, and balloon guide catheters (BGCs) are used in both isolation and combination for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. A new generation of Super‐Bore 088″ aspiration catheters are being trialed clinically. We evaluated the in vitro revascularization performance of current and novel thrombectomy approaches in treating soft (red blood cell–rich) and stiff (fibrin/platelet‐rich) clots at internal carotid artery (ICA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion sites. Methods National University of Ireland Galway Research Ethics Committee approved the study. Two human blood clot phenotypes were used to form ICA‐terminus (20‐mm) and MCA–M1 segment (10‐mm) occlusions in an in vitro thrombectomy model. Thrombectomy setups tested were CA: Millipede 088, SOFIA Plus+conventional guide catheter, SOFIA Plus+BGC and Combination; Millipede 088+STR, SOFIA Plus+BGC+STR, SOFIA Plus+conventional guide catheter+STR. Ten replicates of each experiment were performed totaling 120 tests. Revascularization endpoints were first‐pass effect, final modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (mTICI) 2c/3, and procedural‐related distal emboli. Results Millipede 088 CA achieved the highest first‐pass effect rate in ICA‐terminus (60%) and MCA–M1 segment (100%) occlusions and lowest number of procedural‐related distal emboli compared with all other device setups, followed by the combined Millipede 088+STR technique. Amongst the conventional techniques, higher first‐pass effect rates were observed with the combined technique using a BGC (40%) than 6F CA (20%) in ICA‐terminus occlusions whereas the reverse was seen in MCA–M1 segment occlusions, with 6F CA performing better than combined approaches (60% versus 50%). BGCs may provide a revascularization benefit in ICA‐terminus occlusions. Rates of first‐pass effect and final mTICI 2c/3 were better for stiff clots compared with soft clots for all treatment approaches at both occlusion sites. Conclusion Millipede 088 CA was the most effective technique for all clot types and occlusion locations. Across conventional techniques, CA seems to be more effective in MCA–M1 segment occlusions, while the combined technique performed better in ICA occlusions. Clot composition influences the success of each technique.

Introduction: Previous studies demonstrated that both the location of the distal access catheter tip and angle of aspiration have a significant impact on revascularization outcomes1,2. A direct aspiration First‐Pass technique (ADAPT) with large‐bore aspiration catheters has emerged as a fast, safe, and effective thrombectomy technique. Maximizing the catheter‐to‐vessel size has previously been shown to enhance distal flow control resulting in improved in‐vitro revascularization rates for aspiration thrombectomy3. However, physicians differ in their preference for aspiration catheter tip placement, typically either positioning the catheter tip at the ‘face’ of the clot or advancing the catheter tip into the clot to engage it. We hypothesize that sizing the aspiration catheter outer diameter (OD) to the inner diameter (ID) of the vessel and embedding the catheter tip in the clot may result in ‘pinning’ fragments of clot between the catheter and vessel wall, thereby negatively affecting revascularization outcomes. Withdrawal of the aspiration catheter under continuous aspiration may mitigate this effect. We investigate the influence of catheter tip position and aspiration technique on ADAPT revascularization success with various sizes of aspiration catheters. Methods: Two clot analogues phenotypes (RBC‐Rich and Fibrin/Platelet‐Rich) were created from human blood and used to form occlusions in an In‐vitro thrombectomy model as previously described4. Two catheter tip positions and three techniques were investigated; 1). Catheter tip proximal to the face of the clot followed by conventional aspiration, 2). Catheter tip ‘embedded’ into the clot followed by conventional aspiration, and 3). Catheter tip ‘embedded’ into the clot followed by conventional aspiration and aspiration on catheter withdrawal even if clot ingestion occurred. Two aspiration catheters were investigated; Millipede 088’’ (Perfuze Ltd) and SOFIA Plus (Terumo). Multiple replicates of each test were performed. Endpoints were First‐Pass Effect and procedural‐related distal emboli from 200–1000µm. Results: Maximizing the catheter‐to‐vessel size increases success of the ADAPT approach when the tip is located proximal to the clot face (Fig 1 A&B); Millipede 088 achieves a higher First‐Pass Effect rate than SOFIA Plus. Sizing the catheter‐to‐vessel and embedding the catheter tip into the clot (Figure 1C) results in ‘pinning’ of clot fragments between the catheter and vessel wall (Figure 1D) resulting in lower rates of First‐Pass Effect. Withdrawing the catheter under continuous aspiration increases the success of the embedding method by capturing ‘pinned’ fragments. Conclusions: The position of the aspiration catheter tip and aspiration technique used both influence the success of ADAPT procedures. Sizing the catheter‐to‐vessel results in improved revascularization. However, embedding the tip into the clot when the vessel is similar in ID to the catheter OD may reduce First‐Pass Effect rates. To optimize the rates of First‐Pass Effect, aspiration catheters may be positioned at the proximal face of the clot or retracted under continuous aspiration if wedged into the clot.

In a recent i-Perception article, Schwenkler ( 2012 ) criticizes a 2011 experiment by R. Held and colleagues purporting to answer Molyneux's question. Schwenkler proposes two ways to re-run the original experiment, either by allowing subjects to move around the stimuli, or by simplifying the stimuli to planar objects rather than three-dimensional ones. In Schwenkler ( 2013 ), he expands on and defends the former. I argue that this way of re-running the experiment is flawed, since it relies on a questionable assumption that newly sighted subjects will be able to appreciate depth cues. I then argue that the second way of re-running the experiment is successful both in avoiding the flaw of original Held experiment, and in avoiding the problem with the first way of re-running the experiment.

Abstract Flies from two populations of the Chilean endemic neotropical species Drosophila pavani and two populations of its sibling species Drosophila gaucha were crossed reciprocally to obtain intra- and interspecific hybrids. The developmental pathways of locomotor activity and feeding rate were analysed for eleven of twelve possible genotype groups. The hybrids showed reduced fitness indicated by a decrease in the measured traits. Hybrid disadvantage was strongest in interspecific hybrids, especially with respect to feeding behaviour. This evidence supports the contention that D. pavani and D. gaucha have evolved different coadapted gene pools controlling the developmental pathways for behavioural traits expressed during larval foraging; but genetic divergence affecting these behaviours has also taken place between locally adapted populations within each species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]