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Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate humeral retroversion, shoulder range of motion, and functional mobility in karatekas, boxers, kickboxers, and mixed martial arts fighters. This study investigated adaptive alterations in striking martial arts. Forty young healthy participants took part in the study. 20 people who professionally trained in boxing, kickboxing, karate, and Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) fighters (age: 23.5 ± 7.1, age of participation 11.8 ± 3.65, sports experience 9.55 ± 5.13, body weight 79.2 ± 13 kg, BMI 24.4 ± 3.3) were qualified for the group of athletes. 20 people (age: 27 ± 5.5, body weight 79.4 ± 7.4, BMI 24.5 ± 1.2) were included in the control group, who had no previous experience with striking combat sports. An ultrasound device and a digital inclinometer were used for the examination of the humeral retroversion angle. The mobility of the shoulder was also tested using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS). There was a significant (p 0.05) in the humeral retroversion angles between groups. The striking martial arts athletes do not exhibit significant differences in humeral retroversion compared to non-athletes, however they display notable asymmetry between limbs, with higher values in the non-dominant arm. Additionally, the observed correlation between humeral retroversion and shoulder rotation range of motion highlights the potential impact of humeral retroversion on upper limb performance and injury risk.

Objective Lateral ankle sprains (LASs) are prevalent in soccer and can affect long-term performance, injury recurrence and risk for chronic ankle instability. This case–control study examined functional impairments associated with LAS in professional soccer players aged 17–21.Methods 40 players were divided into 2 groups: 21 with a history of LAS and 19 healthy matched controls. Functional assessments included the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), Y Balance Test (YBT), Weight Bearing Lunge Test, Heel Rise Test, Side Hop Test, and ankle and hip isometric strength measurements.Results Soccer players with a history of LAS exhibited significant deficits in dynamic balance, particularly in the anterior and composite YBT scores, with moderate effect sizes (p

Objective This review aims to consolidate existing research on the pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, imaging outcomes, and conservative treatments of Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease (SLJD), identifying literature gaps. Design Scoping Review. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted across databases including PubMed, Scopus, Medline OVID, Embase, Web of Science, and Grey literature following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Results The body of evidence on SLJD, primarily derived from case studies, reveals limited and often conflicting data. Key findings include: (1) SLJD commonly presents as localized knee pain in physically active adolescents, particularly males, (2) ultrasound and MRI are the most effective diagnostic tools, (3) conservative treatment, which mainly focuses on activity limitation, yields positive outcomes within two to eight months. Conclusions Our review shows that SLJD mainly affects physically active adolescents aged 9–17 years. The authors recommend conservative treatment, rest and/or cryotherapy, passive mobilization, muscle restraint, isometric exercise, and NSAIDs. Further cohort studies are necessary to refine the management and application of the SLJD treatment database.

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) pose a significant global challenge, resulting in prolonged hospital stays, higher healthcare costs, and increased morbidity and mortality rates. Reusable medical equipment, such as tourniquets, represents a potential vector for infection transmission. Despite frequent use and close contact with patients’ skin, infection control protocols often overlook these devices. This study examines microbial contamination on the surface of reusable tourniquets in both emergency department and operating theatre settings. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and September 2024 in Gdansk, Poland. Samples from tourniquets used in the emergency department and the operating theatre were collected after an indefinite period, 14 days, and 28 days. Bacterial contamination on the surfaces of the tourniquets was measured using Columbia agar blood medium and expressed as colony-forming units (CFUs) per cm2. Results: Significant bacterial loads were detected on reusable tourniquets, with contamination levels varying by location and duration of use. The average number of CFU/cm2 across all stages of this study was 545 CFU/cm2 for the emergency department and 101 CFU/cm2 for the operating theatre. Tourniquets used in the emergency department exhibited higher bacterial counts compared to those from the operating theatre, which showed a greater diversity of bacterial species. These findings underscore the need to revise infection control protocols for reusable tourniquets. Conclusion: This study provides critical data that may influence future policy changes aimed at reducing the risk of HAIs through the improved management of reusable medical devices.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between cutaneous microcirculation reactivity, retinal circulation, macrocirculation function, and specific adhesion molecules in young patients with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes. Fifty-five patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), aged 8 to 18 years, were divided into subgroups based on skin microcirculation reactivity. The cutaneous microcirculatory vessels were considered reactive if post-test PORH coverage increased compared to pre-test coverage. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was conducted to detect early retinopathic changes. Macrocirculation was described using pulsatility indices (PIs) determined for common carotid (CCA) and peripheral arteries of the upper and lower limbs. The ankle–brachial index was also assessed. There were no significant differences in retinal circulation and macrocirculation between the studied subgroups. However, there were significant differences between the various subgroups concerning the age at onset of diabetes and the sP-selectin levels but not ICAM-1 and sVCAM-1. The sP-selectin differences remained true after adjusting for age at onset. The sP-selectin level was significantly higher in the subgroup of patients with non-reactive cutaneous microcirculation. The results of our study indicate that sP-selectin may be considered as an immunological marker for cutaneous abnormalities, which serve as an early indicator of endothelial dysfunction in young patients with type 1 diabetes in the absence of classical complication.

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess psycho-physical deficits among young athletes with history of Osgood Shlatter Disease (OSD-H) compared to adolescents without history of knee pain (Control group). Eighteen participants were recruited from a group of 80 young (U14–U17) male soccer players. Medical records, and Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) were performed from both groups. The tests were conducted to assess the anthropometric characteristics, knee and ankle range of motion (Ely’s and Weight Bearing Lunge tests), and muscle power of the lower limbs (Leg Press, Single Leg Countermovement Jump, and Single Leg Hop for Distance). Results showed that overall patient-relevant outcomes following OSD (87%) were significantly lower than in the Control group (95%) (p

This study aimed to investigate the influence of abnormal body weight on inflammatory markers and adipokine levels across varied body mass index (BMI) categories. The cohort included 46 participants categorized into normal BMI (group I; n = 19), overweight (group II; n = 14), and obesity (group III; n = 13). Inflammatory markers (hsCRP and IL-6) and adipokines (Adiponectin, Leptin, Nesfatin-1, and Zinc-α2-glycoprotein) were assessed to discern effective indicators of inflammation in individuals with abnormal body weight. Additionally, the full lipid profile was also assessed (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, HDL-C). The results indicated significant biochemical changes, particularly in IL-6 and Leptin levels, in participants with a BMI over 25. The levels of ZAG protein were negatively correlated with the HDL-C and LDC-L levels with statistical significance (Pearson: −0.57, p = 0.001, and Pearson: −0.41, p = 0.029, for HDL-C and LDL-C, respectively), suggesting that the level of ZAG is also inversely proportional to the amount of cholesterol. Statistical analyses revealed decreased Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) levels and increased Adiponectin, Leptin, and IL-6 levels in individuals with abnormal body weight. Correlation analyses demonstrated a statistically significant upward trend for IL-6 (p = 0.0008) and Leptin (p = 0.00001), with a similar trend observed for hsCRP without statistical significance (p = 0.113). IL-6 levels in the overweight group were 158.71% higher than in the normal-weight group, while the obese group exhibited a 229.55% increase compared to the normal-weight group. No notable changes have been recorded for the levels of Nesfatin-1. Based on our results, we propose IL-6, Leptin, and ZAG as potential biomarkers for monitoring interventions and assessing patient conditions in those with abnormal BMIs. Further research with a larger patient cohort is warranted to validate these correlations in overweight and obese individuals.

Bivalve shellfish consumption (ark shells, clams, cockles, and oysters) has increased over the last decades. Following this trend, infectious disease outbreaks associated with their consumption have been reported more frequently. Molluscs are a diverse group of organisms found wild and farmed. They are common on our tables, but unfortunately, despite their great taste, they can also pose a threat as a potential vector for numerous species of pathogenic microorganisms. Clams, in particular, might be filled with pathogens because of their filter-feeding diet. This specific way of feeding favors the accumulation of excessive amounts of pathogenic microorganisms like Vibrio spp., including Vibrio cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Arcobacter spp., and fecal coliforms, and intestinal enterococci. The problems of pathogen dissemination and disease outbreaks caused by exogenous bacteria in many geographical regions quickly became an unwanted effect of globalized food supply chains, global climate change, and natural pathogen transmission dynamics. Moreover, some pathogens like Shewanella spp., with high zoonotic potential, are spreading worldwide along with food transport. These bacteria, contained in food, are also responsible for the potential transmission of antibiotic-resistance genes to species belonging to the human microbiota. Finally, they end up in wastewater, thus colonizing new areas, which enables them to introduce new antibiotic-resistance genes (ARG) into the environment and extend the existing spectrum of ARGs already present in local biomes. Foodborne pathogens require modern methods of detection. Similarly, detecting ARGs is necessary to prevent resistance dissemination in new environments, thus preventing future outbreaks, which could threaten associated consumers and workers in the food processing industry.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between immunological markers and the dysfunction of cutaneous microcirculation in young patients with type 1 diabetes. The study group consisted of 46 young patients with type 1 diabetes and no associated complications. Microvascular function was assessed with the use of nail fold capillaroscopy before and after implementing post-occlusive reactive hyperemia. This evaluation was then repeated after 12 months. Patients were divided into two subgroups according to their baseline median coverage (defined as the ratio of capillary surface area to surface area of the image area), which was established during the initial exam (coverageBASE). Additionally, the levels of several serum biomarkers, including VEGF, TNF-a and IL-35, were assessed at the time of the initial examination. HbA1c levels obtained at baseline and after a 12-month interval were also obtained. Mean HbA1c levels obtained during the first two years of the course of the disease were also analyzed. Patients with coverageBASE below 16.85% were found to have higher levels of VEGF and TNF-α, as well as higher levels of HbA1c during the first two years following diabetes diagnosis. Our results support the hypothesis that the development of diabetic complications is strongly influenced by metabolic memory and an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, regardless of achieving adequate glycemic control.

Abstract The purpose of this research was to study the presence of potential pathogenic bacteria in the seawater and air in five coastal towns (Hel, Puck, Gdynia, Sopot, Gdańsk-Brzeźno) as well as the enrichment of bacteria from the seawater into the coastal air after an emergency discharge of sewage into the Bay of Gdańsk. A total of 594 samples of air and seawater were collected in the coastal zone between spring and summer (between 2014 and 2018). Air samples were collected using the impact method with a SAS Super ISO 100. The multivariate analysis, conducted using contingency tables, showed a statistically significant variation between the concentration of coliforms, psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria in the seawater microlayer and air in 2018, after an emergency discharge of sewage into the Bay of Gdańsk, compared to 2014–2017. Moreover, we detected a marine aerosol enrichment in psychrophilic, mesophilic bacteria, coliforms and Escherichia coli . We also showed a statistically significant relationship between the total concentration of bacteria and humidity, air temperature, speed and wind direction. This increased concentration of bacteria in the seawater and coastal air, and the high factor of air enrichment with bacteria maybe associated with the emergency discharge of wastewater into the Bay of Gdańsk. Therefore, it is suggested that in the event of a malfunction of a sewage treatment plant, as well as after floods or sudden rainfall, the public should be informed about the sanitary and epidemiological status of the coastal waters and be recommended to limit their use of coastal leisure areas.

The proper fluid and carbohydrates intake is essential before and during physical exercise, and for this reason most athletes drink beverages containing a high amount of free sugars. Sweetened soft drinks are also commonly consumed by those not doing any sport, and this habit seems to be both unhealthy and also the cause of metabolic problems. Recently, several sweeteners have been proposed to replace sugars in popular beverages. To examine the impact of free sugars and the popular sweetener xylitol on metabolic profile and the markers of kidney function and injury after exercise the present study was conducted with semi-professional football players. All participants were healthy, with a mean age of 21.91 years. Their sports skills were on the level of the 4th-5th division of the league. The subjects took part in four football training sessions. During each session they drank a 7% solution of sugar (sucrose, fructose, glucose) or xylitol. The tolerability of these beverages and well-being during exercise was monitored. Before and after each training session, blood and urine were collected. The markers of kidney function and injury, uric acid, electrolytes, complete blood count, CRP, serum albumin, serum glucose and the lipid profile were analyzed. The main finding of this study was that the xylitol beverage is the least tolerated during exercise and 38.89% of participants experienced diarrhea after training and xylitol intake. Xylitol also led to unfavorable metabolic changes and a large increase in uric acid and creatinine levels. A mean increase of 1.8 mg/dl in the uric acid level was observed after xylitol intake. Increases in acute kidney injury markers were observed after all experiments, but changes in urine albumin and cystatin C were highest after xylitol. The other three beverages (containing “free sugars” - glucose, fructose and sucrose) had a similar impact on the variables studied, although the glucose solution seems to have some advantages over other beverages. The conclusion is that sweeteners are not a good alternative to sugars, especially during exercise. Pure water without sweeteners should be drunk by those who need to limit their calorie consumption.Clinical Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, (NCT04310514)

Despite multiple studies focusing on environmental factors conducive to the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), knowledge about the involvement of long-term exposure to air pollution seems insufficient. The main focus of epidemiological studies is placed on the relationship between exposure to various concentrations of particulate matter (PM): PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (O3), versus the risk of T1DM development. Although the specific molecular mechanism(s) behind the link between increased air pollution exposure and a higher risk of diabetes and metabolic dysfunction is yet unknown, available data indicate air pollution-induced inflammation and oxidative stress as a significant pathway. The purpose of this paper is to assess recent research examining the association between inhalation exposure to PM and associated metals and the increasing rates of T1DM worldwide. The development of modern and more adequate methods for air quality monitoring is also introduced. A particular emphasis on microsensors, mobile and autonomous measuring platforms, satellites, and innovative approaches of IoT, 5G connections, and Block chain technologies are also presented. Reputable databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were used to search for relevant literature. Eligibility criteria involved recent publication years, particularly publications within the last five years (except for papers presenting a certain novelty or mechanism for the first time). Population, toxicological and epidemiological studies that focused particularly on fine and ultra-fine PM and associated ambient metals, were preferred, as well as full-text publications.

Biological maturation has an increasingly important role in youth sports. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between dynamic balance and lower limb power and biological maturation in young football players. Seventy-two healthy, young male elite football players (age: 10 ± 2) participated in the study. Dynamic balance was assessed using a modified Star Excursion Balance Test (mSEBT). Power of the lower limbs was examined by a Countermovement Jump test (CMJ) and Single Leg Hop for Distance (SLHD). Furthermore, anthropometry and biological maturation (age, peak height velocity, and maturity offset) were assessed. There was a strong positive correlation between vertical jump (r = 0.75), distance long jump (r = 0.84), and biological maturation. A moderate positive correlation was found between dynamic balance (mSEBT COM, PL, and PM) and maturity offset. There was a significant association between mSEBT, CMJ, and SLHD (p < 0.05). Moreover, maturity offset explained 75% of vertical jump and 74% of distance long jump performance, respectively, and 12% of dynamic balance. Biological maturation should be considered when assessing athletic performance, establishing rehabilitation, and sports training in youth football players.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) on the insulin resistance parameter (HOMA-IR), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), C-peptide, insulin, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2h-post-loadglucose (2h-PG) and the concentration of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in patients with abnormal body mass index. The study involved 30 patients, including patients with normal body weight (as a control group; group I; n = 14), overweight patients (group II; n = 9) and obese patients (group III; n = 7). Each patient underwent 10 sessions of MLD therapy, 3 times a week for 30 min. In addition, we measured body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and performed body composition analysis as well as biochemical tests before MLD therapy (stage 0′) and after MLD therapy (stage 1′). A statistically significant correlation was demonstrated between the concentration of C-peptide, BMI, the amount of visceral adipose tissue (r = 0.87, p = 0.003; r = 0.76, p = 0.003, respectively), and the HOMA-IR index, BMI and the amount of visceral adipose tissue (r = 0.86, p = 0.005; r = 0.84, p = 0.042, respectively), before and after MLD therapy. In overweight patients (group II), a statistically significant (p = 0.041) decrease in the hsCRP level by 2.9 mg/L and a significant (p = 0.050) decrease in the 2h-PG level by 12 mg/dL after the MLD therapy was detected. Moreover, in the group of obese patients (group III), a statistically significant (p = 0.013) decrease in HbA1c level by 0.2% after MLD therapy was demonstrated. Our results indicate that MLD may have a positive effect on selected biochemical parameters, with the most favorable changes in overweight patients. Further studies in a larger number of patients are warranted to confirm our findings, to test in-depth their mechanism, and to investigate clinical benefits of this alternative therapy in patients with abnormal body mass index.

Abstract Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) frequently coexists with type 1 diabetes (DM1) and additionally increases the extent of microcirculatory complications due to DM1. We hypothesized that in pediatric patients with DM1, impairment of macrocirculation could be further augmented by a coexisting autoimmune process. Therefore, we investigated the influence of AIT on large arteries in DM1 pediatric patients. Our group consisted of 19 DM1, 19 DM1 + AIT patients and 29 control subjects. The groups were comparable regarding age and gender. The DM1 and DM1 + AIT patients were matched for age at onset of DM1 and diabetes duration. Macrocirculation was described using pulsatility indices (PIs) determined for common carotid (CCA) and peripheral arteries of upper and lower limbs. CCA resistance index (RI) and ABI were also assessed. Children with DM1 + AIT had only significantly lower CCA_PI and CCA_RI in comparison with controls whereas in the absence of AIT such difference was not found. The diabetes duration and age of onset did not correlate with carotid indices. Total cholesterol level was higher both in DM1 + AIT and DM1 groups than in the control group. For low density lipoproteins cholesterol, a significant difference was found between DM1 + AIT and control groups. Age‐independent impact of AIT on CCA_PI was confirmed by multivariate analysis. Common carotid pulsatility is deteriorated by autoimmune thyroiditis independently of age in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is increasing worldwide. The onset of T1D usually occurs in childhood and is caused by the selective destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic islet cells (β-cells) by autoreactive T cells, leading to insulin deficiency. Despite advanced research and enormous progress in medicine, the causes of T1D are still not fully understood. Therefore, an extensive online search for scientific research on environmental factors associated with diabetes and the identification of new factors of unexplained etiology has been carried out using the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases. The search results were limited to the past 11 years of research and discovered 143 manuscripts published between 2011 and 2022. Additionally, 21 manuscripts from between 2000 and 2010 and 3 manuscripts from 1974 to 2000 were referenced for historical reference as the first studies showcasing a certain phenomenon or mechanism. More and more scientists are inclined to believe that environmental factors are responsible for the increased incidence of diabetes. Research results show that higher T1D incidence is associated with vitamin D deficiency, a colder climate, and pollution of the environment, as well as the influence of viral, bacterial, and yeast-like fungi infections. The key viral infections affecting the risk of developing T1DM are rubella virus, mumps virus, Coxsackie virus, cytomegalovirus, and enterovirus. Since 2020, i.e., from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, more and more studies have been looking for a link between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and diabetes development. A better understanding of the role of viral, bacterial, and yeast-like fungi infections related to the risk of T1DM in children and adolescents and the identification of new risk factors, especially those spread by the droplet route, is of great importance for people and families with diabetes.

Aim: to try to assess the effect of manual lymphatic drainage on the biochemical parameters and quality of life of patients with abnormal body mass index. The study included three women, average age 46 years (patient 1 with normal body weight as a control; patient 2: overweight; patient 3 with class 2 obesity). After qualification, physiotherapeutic interview and examination was carried out; the concentrations of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), C-peptide, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), lipid profile, and quality of life were also examined. Additionally, in patients with abnormal body mass index, biochemical parameters were monitored for 3 months. Each patient underwent 10 manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) therapy sessions, three times a week for 30 min. In the overweight patient (patient 2), a decrease in the concentration of C-peptide, hsCRP and triglycerides was observed after the series of MLD therapy. An improvement in the quality of life, intestinal motility, and a reduction in the frequency of flatulence were also noted. Moreover, after the therapy, patient 2 reported better sleep and increased vitality. In contrast, in patient 3 (with grade 2 obesity), a decrease in triglyceride levels, but not other biomarkers, was detected after the series of MDL therapy. Additionally, in patient 3, an improvement in the quality of life, an improvement in intestinal peristalsis, and reduction of menstrual pain were observed after MLD therapy. For comparison, in a patient with a normal body weight as a control (patient 1), there were no changes in biochemical parameters or improvement in the quality of life after MLD therapy. Our preliminary research indicates improvement of the concentration C-peptide, lipid profile, a reduction in the inflammation, and improved quality of life in patients with abnormal body mass index after MLD therapy. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the effectiveness of MLD therapy in patients with varying degrees of abnormal body mass index, i.e., from overweight to obesity.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognised obesity as one of the top ten threats to human health. Obesity is not only a state of abnormally increased adipose tissue in the body, but also of an increased release of biologically active metabolites. Moreover, obesity predisposes the development of metabolic syndrome and increases the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), increases the risk of developing insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, hypertension and cancer. The lymphatic system is a one-directional network of thin-walled capillaries and larger vessels covered by a continuous layer of endothelial cells that provides a unidirectional conduit to return filtered arterial and tissue metabolites towards the venous circulation. Recent studies have shown that obesity can markedly impair lymphatic function. Conversely, dysfunction in the lymphatic system may also be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. This review highlights the important findings regarding obesity related to lymphatic system dysfunction, including clinical implications and experimental studies. Moreover, we present the role of biological factors in the pathophysiology of the lymphatic system and we propose the possibility of a therapy supporting the function of the lymphatic system in the course of obesity.

Purpose. The aim of the research was to conduct an assessment of the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and associated factors among Polish women. Patients and Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among Polish women using an online questionnaire. The mean age of the participants was 23 ± 4 years. Out of the total of 1,317 women who took part in the study, 1,127 were included in the analysis, and 190 were excluded due to incomplete answers. The questionnaire consisted of 19 questions that were grouped into three parts. The first concerned sociodemographic data such as age, weight, education, and residence (urban or rural). The second part of the questionnaire pertained to the factors of dysmenorrhea (premenstrual syndrome, age of menarche, and family history of dysmenorrhea.). In the third part, the women were asked about their diet, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, and physical activity. Results. Dysmenorrhea affected 94% of the interviewed women. Dysmenorrhea was most likely to occur among respondents whose mothers had a history of dysmenorrhea (p

Integrins belong to a group of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) which is a large group of membrane-bound proteins. They are responsible for cell attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and signal transduction from the ECM to the cells. Integrins take part in many other biological activities, such as extravasation, cell-to-cell adhesion, migration, cytokine activation and release, and act as receptors for some viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). They play a pivotal role in cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, tissue repair and are involved in the processes that are crucial to infection, inflammation and angiogenesis. Integrins have an important part in normal development and tissue homeostasis, and also in the development of pathological processes in the eye. This review presents the available evidence from human and animal research into integrin structure, classification, function and their role in inflammation, infection and angiogenesis in ocular diseases. Integrin receptors and ligands are clinically interesting and may be promising as new therapeutic targets in the treatment of some eye disorders.

The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between the meteorological factors and the number of molds and yeast-like fungi in the air in the five coastal towns in the years 2014–2017, and in 2018, after emergency disposal of raw sewage to the Gdańsk Gulf. In the years 2014–2018, a total number of 88 air samples were collected in duplicate in the five coastal towns of Hel, Puck, Gdynia, Sopot, and Gdańsk-Brzeźno. After the application of the (PCA) analysis, this demonstrated that the first principal component (PC1) had a positive correlation with the water temperature, wind speed, air temperature, and relative humidity. The second principal component (PC2) had a positive correlation with the relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and air temperature. In 2018, potentially pathogenic mold and yeast-like fungi (Candida albicans, Stachybotrys chartarum complex, Aspergillus section Fumigati) were detected in the seaside air. While the detected species were not observed in the years 2014–2017. We suggest that it is advisable to inform residents about the potential health risk in the event of raw sewage disposal into the water. Moreover, in wastewater treatment plants, tighter measures, including wastewater disinfection, should be introduced.

Background and objective: Allergy belongs to a group of mast cell-related disorders and is one of the most common diseases of childhood. It was shown that asthma and allergic rhinitis diminish the risk of various cancers, including colon cancer and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. On the other hand, asthma augments the risk of lung cancer and an increased risk of breast cancer in patients with allergy has been observed. Thus, the relation between allergy and cancer is not straightforward and furthermore, its biological mechanism is unknown. The HTRA (high temperature requirement A) proteases promote apoptosis, may function as tumor suppressors and HTRA1 is known to be released by mast cells. Interleukin-12 (Il-12) is an important cytokine that induces antitumor immune responses and is produced mainly by dendritic cells that co-localize with mast cells in superficial organs. Material and methods: In the present study we have assessed with ELISA plasma levels of the HTRA proteins, Il-12, and of the anti-HTRA autoantibodies in children with allergy (40) and in age matched controls (39). Children are a special population, since they usually do not have comorbidities and take not many drugs the processes we want to observe are not influenced by many other factors. Results: We have found a significant increase of HTRA1, 2 and 3, and of the Il-12 levels in the children with atopy (asthma and allergic rhinitis) compared to controls. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the HTRA1–3 and Il-12 levels might be useful in analyzing the pro- and antioncogenic potential in young atopic patients.

Myopia is a condition of the eye where parallel rays focus in front of, instead of on, the retina, which results in excessive refractive power of the cornea or the lens or eyeball elongation. Studies carried out in recent years show that the etiology of myopia is complex with genetic and environmental factors playing a role. Refraction defects decrease the quality of vision, while progressing myopia can lead to partial loss of vision, which can be particularly dramatic in young adults. Therefore, it is so crucial to take appropriate actions aimed at preventing myopia progression. This is a review of nonpharmacological therapeutic possibilities of refraction defect prevention in young adults, with special regard to myofascial therapy, osteopathy, and massage of acupuncture points surrounding the eye.

Wprowadzenie: Zaburzenia ilościowe i/lub jakościowe w populacji limfocytów T regulatorowych mogą odgrywać rolę w rozwoju chorób autoimmunologicznych, w tym cukrzycy typu 1. CD62L jest receptorem zasiedlania limfocytów do węzłów chłonnych. Na mysim modelu cukrzycy typu 1 wykazano, że deplecja komórek regulatorowych z ekspresją CD62L doprowadza do rozwoju cukrzycy i że tylko limfocyty Treg CD62Lhigh są zdolne do hamowania choroby. Cel pracy: Określenie właściwości limfocytów Treg z ekspresją CD62L u dzieci i młodzieży z długotrwałą cukrzycą typu 1 we krwi obwodowej oraz po stymulacji anty-TNF w warunkach in vitro. Materiał i metody: Zbadano 55 dzieci z cukrzycą typu 1 ze średnim czasem trwania choroby 6,45±3,7 roku. Określono odsetek limfocytów Treg oraz Treg CD62Lhigh we krwi obwodowej, a także po stymulacjach przeciwciałami anty-CD3, anty-CD3 + anty-TNF oraz anty-CD3 + TNF-α metodą cytometrii przepływowej. Wyniki: Chorzy z cukrzycą typu 1 charakteryzowali się niższym odsetkiem limfocytów Treg oraz Treg z ekspresją CD62L w porównaniu do osób zdrowych, a ich komórki regulatorowe, inaczej niż komórki osób zdrowych, reagowały na stymulację przeciwciałem anty-CD3. Przeciwciało anty-TNF powodowało istotnie statystyczny wzrost odsetka limfocytów Treg CD4+Foxp3+ oraz CD4+Foxp3+CD62Lhigh, TNF-α natomiast obniżał liczbę tych komórek. W badanej grupie stwierdzono ujemną korelację limfocytów CD4+CD25highCD62Lhigh z HbA1c [r=(-0,25)] oraz stężeniem białka CRP [r=(-0,38)]. Wnioski: Niższy odsetek limfocytów Treg i Treg CD62L high może przyczyniać się do nieskutecznego hamowania produkcji cytokin prozapalnych w przebiegu cukrzycy typu 1. Sugeruje się ochronną rolę anty-TNF na populację limfocytów Treg u chorych z cukrzycą typu 1 i zwracamy szczególną uwagę na cytokinę prozapalną – TNF-α, która może być odpowiedzialna za zaburzenia ilościowe w populacji Treg u tych chorych.

Objectives. Post exercise proteinuria (PEP) is found in about 20–40% of sportsmen after intensive exercise. Urinary NGAL is a new marker of tubulointerstitial kidney damage. The relationship between PEP and uNGAL has not been defined yet. In presented study a resting uNGAL as a predictor of PEP was analyzed. The changes of albuminuria after exercise were monitored to estimate a frequency and range of PEP. Methods. 40 amateur healthy runners (mean age 36.65 ±10.61 years) participating in 10-km run took part in the study. Before and after the competition urine was collected. NGAL, albumin and creatinine were subsequently measured in urine. uNGAL to creatinine ratio (NCR) and albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) were calculated. Results. 28 participants (mean age 37.9 ±11.46, 19 M, 9 F) with uNGAL below 15 ng/ml before competition were analyzed. The increase of ACR was observed in every case. Mean post-exercise ACR was 104.55 ±123.1 mg/g and was significantly higher than pre-exercise ACR 6.33 ±5.86 mg/g (p < 0.0005). The positive correlation was found between resting NCR and post-exercise ACR (r = 0.60, p < 0.05). Conclusions. Resting uNGAL positively correlated with PEP. The possible explanation of these findings is that persons with PEP had some early, occult tubulointersitial kidney damage. It is speculated that those runners have higher risk of chronic kidney disease.

Cel pracy: Celem badań było wykazanie wpływu IL-12 na rozwój późnych powikłań u dzieci z długotrwałą cukrzycą typu 1. Materiał i metody: Przebadano łącznie 102 dzieci z długotrwałą cukrzycą typu 1 oraz 39 grupę dzieci zdrowych. Dzieci z długotrwałą cukrzycą typu 1 podzielono na podstawie badania okulistycznego oraz poziomu IL-12 na 3 grupy: grupa A – dzieci z retinopatią cukrzycową oraz IL-12>0 pg/ml; grupa B – dzieci z retinopatią cukrzycową oraz IL-12=0 pg/ml; grupa C – dzieci bez retinopatii oraz IL-12>0 pg/ml jak też IL-12=0 pg/ml. U dzieci z długotrwałą cukrzycą oznaczono dobowe wydalanie albumin w moczu, poziom HbA1c, C-peptydu, przeprowadzono całodobowy pomiar ciśnienia tętniczego oraz badanie okulistyczne. Ponadto u wszystkich badanych dzieci oznaczono poziom IL-12 oraz TNF-a w surowicy, stosując wysokoczułe testy ELISA firmy R and D (USA). Wyniki: Grupa A charakteryzowała się wyższym poziomem IL-12 oraz brakiem TNFa=0 pg/ml w porównaniu do grupy B, u których nie wykryto IL-12=0 pg/ml, natomiast poziom wynosił TNFa>0 pg/ml. Ponadto grupa A różniła się znamiennie statystycznie niższym dobowym wydalaniem albumin w porównaniu z dziećmi z grupy B. U osób z grupy A wykryto tylko retinopatię, natomiast u dzieci z grupy B oprócz retinopatii stwierdzono również nefropatię oraz nadciśnienie tętnicze. Porównano także dzieci z grupy A z dziećmi z grupy C, które charakteryzowały się wykrywalnym lub niewykrywalnym poziomem IL-12>0 pg/ml, IL-12=0 pg/ml, ale także wykrywalnym poziomem TNFa>0 pg/ml. Była to grupa statystycznie znamiennie młodsza, z krótszym czasem trwania choroby, niższym poziomem białka CRP, HbA1c oraz niższym poziomem wydalania albumin z moczem. Ponadto w tej grupie nie wykryto późnych powikłań cukrzycowych: retinopatii, nefropatii oraz nadciśnienia tętniczego. Wnioski: Nasze badania sugerują, iż brak powikłań cukrzycowych wiąże się ze stanem równowagi między IL-12 i TNFa we wczesnym rozwoju cukrzycy typu 1 u dzieci. Natomiast jeśli przeważy IL-12, to wydaje się ona chronić przed nefropatią, ale nie chroni przed retinopatią cukrzycową.

Wprowadzenie: Mimo prowadzenia licznych badań patomechanizm powstawania mikroangiopatii cukrzycowej pozostaje nadal nie do końca wyjaśniony. Cel pracy: Badanie związku między wczesną mikroangiopatią cukrzycową a cytokinami prozapalnymi oraz enzymem NAG i jego izoenzymami A i B w surowicy krwi i w moczu u dzieci z cukrzycą typu 1. Materiał i metody: Badania przeprowadzono w grupie 56 dzieci z rozpoznaniem cukrzycy typu 1 w wieku 13,6±3,74 roku. Grupę kontrolną stanowiło 35 zdrowych dzieci. U wszystkich pacjentów oznaczono dobowe wydalanie albumin w moczu, poziom hemoglobiny glikowanej (HbA1c), C-peptydu, a także poziom aktywności w moczu i w surowicy krwi enzymu NAG i jego izoenzymów A i B oraz TNF-a, IL-6 w surowicy krwi. U każdego pacjenta wykonano również całodobowy pomiar ciśnienia tętniczego oraz badanie okulistyczne. Wyniki: Dzieci z długotrwałą cukrzycą typu 1 z rozpoznaną retinopatią cukrzycową (grupa 1, n=15) były starsze, charakteryzowały się też statystycznie znamiennym dłuższym czasem trwania choroby, wyższym poziomem HbA1c w porównaniu do pacjentów, u których nie rozwinęły się objawy retinopatii cukrzycowej (grupa 2, n=41). W grupie 1 u 12 pacjentów rozpoznano mikroalbuminurię, u 4 dzieci nadciśnienie tętnicze, natomiast u żadnego pacjenta bez objawów retinopatii cukrzycowej nie wykazano objawu nefropatii cukrzycowej. W grupie tej stwierdzono też znamiennie statystycznie wyższe średnie wartości aktywności TNF-a w surowicy krwi (p=0,01), aktywności enzymu NAG (p=0,002) i jego izoenzymów A (p=0,007) i B (p=0,001) w moczu, niż w grupie 2. Wartości stężenia IL-6 w surowicy krwi oraz aktywności enzymu NAG i jego izoenzymów A i B w surowicy krwi były wyższe w grupie 1 niż w grupie 2, ale różnice te nie były istotne statystycznie. Ponadto dzieci z grupy 2 w porównaniu z dziećmi zdrowymi wykazywały statystycznie znamiennie wyższe wartości aktywności TNF-a w surowicy krwi (p=0,016) oraz istotnie wyższe wartości aktywności enzymu NAG (p

The diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in young adults have significantly improved in recent years. Research methods have widened significantly, for example, by introducing spectral optical tomography of the eye. Invasive diagnostics, for example, fluorescein angiography, are done less frequently. The early introduction of an insulin pump to improve the administration of insulin is likely to delay the development of diabetic retinopathy, which is particularly important for young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The first years of diabetes occurring during childhood and youth are the most appropriate to introduce proper therapeutic intervention before any irreversible changes in the eyes appear. The treatment of DR includes increased metabolic control, laserotherapy, pharmacological treatment (antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory treatment, enzymatic vitreolysis, and intravitreal injections), and surgery. This paper summarizes the up-to-date developments in the diagnostics and treatment of DR. In the literature search, authors used online databases, PubMed, and clinitrials.gov and browsed through individual ophthalmology journals, books, and leading pharmaceutical company websites.

The main problem both in type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) diabetes is the development of chronic vascular complications encompassing micro- as well as macrocirculation. Chronic complications lower the quality of life, lead to disability, and are the cause of premature death in DM patients. One of the chronic vascular complications is a diabetic retinopathy (DR) which leads to a complete loss of sight in DM patients. Recent trials show that the primary cause of diabetic retinopathy is retinal neovascularization caused by disequilibrium between pro- and antiangiogenic factors. Gaining knowledge of the mechanisms of action of factors influencing retinal neovascularization as well as the search for new, effective treatment methods, especially in advanced stages of DR, puts special importance on research concentrating on the implementation of biological drugs in DR therapy. At present, it is antivascular endothelial growth factor and antitumor necrosis factor that gain particular significance.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between serum transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) concentrations and the duration of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children and adolescents. One hundred and sixteen patients with T1DM and 19 healthy controls were examined. Serum TGF-β1 concentrations were measured using the cytometric bead array (CBA). A positive association between the time of diabetes duration and higher serum TGF-β1 concentrations was observed. Similarly, the prevalence of microvascular complications, such as retinopathy and nephropathy, increased with the duration of diabetes. Logistic regression analysis showed that serum TGF-β1 concentrations and the duration of the disease are independent risk factors of microangiopathy development. Higher serum TGF-β1 concentrations were associated with a significant risk of microangiopathy development after 10 years of T1DM duration. In the successive years of the disease, the effect was even stronger. The results of our study indicate that serum TGF-β1 concentrations are one of the factors that may have an impact on the progression of vascular complications in children and adolescents with T1DM.

In the present study, we have decided to evaluate if serum transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) concentrations may have diagnostic value in predicting the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in juvenile patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The study included 81 children and adolescents with T1DM and 19 control subjects. All study participants had biochemical parameters examined, underwent an eye examination, and 24-hour blood pressure monitoring. Moreover, serum concentrations of TGF-β1 were measured. The group of patients with T1DM and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) had statistically significant higher serum levels of TGF-β1 (P=0.001) as compared to T1DM patients without retinopathy as well as the healthy control subject. The threshold serum TGF-β1 concentrations which had a discriminative ability to predict the presence of DR were calculated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis and amounted to 443 pg/ml. The area under the ROC curve (AUCROC) was 0.80, and its population value was in the range of 0.66 to 0.94. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated to be 72% and 88%, respectively. Our results suggest that TGF-β1 serum concentrations may be an additional parameter in predicting the occurrence of DR in juvenile patients with T1DM.

Diabetes type 1 is a chronic autoimmune disease in which insulin-producing cells are gradually destroyed by autoreactive T cells. Human regulatory cells play important role in controlling autoimmunity, and their qualitative or quantitative dysfunctions may result in ineffective suppression of autoreactive T cells. CD62L is a surface molecule that plays role in homing capabilities of Tregs, and only cells with high expression of CD62L have high suppressive potential. Tregs are also characterized by the constant expression of TNFR2. The frequency of Tregs carrying TNFR2 is higher in inflammatory conditions. We investigated blood regulatory T cells with CD62L expression and regulatory T cells expressing TNFR2 in type 1 diabetic patients. We found differences in these populations when comparing to healthy individuals. We propose that these may be associated with inflammatory conditions that are present in patients with type 1 diabetes. The lower percentage of Tregs and Treg CD62Lhigh may contribute to ineffective suppression of proinflammatory cytokines production during type 1 diabetes.

The aim of this study was identification of the immunologic markers of the damage to the eye apparatus at early stages of diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1 children. One hundred and eleven children with DM type 1 were divided into two groups: those with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and without retinopathy. All the children had their daily urine albumin excretion, HbA1c, C-peptide measured, 24-hour blood pressure monitoring, and ophthalmologic examination. Levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 in serum were measured by ELISA tests (Quantikine High Sensitivity Human by R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn, USA). The NPDR children demonstrated a significantly longer duration of the disease in addition to higher HbA1c, albumin excretion rate, C-reactive protein, systolic blood pressure, as well as TNF-α and IL-6 levels than those without retinopathy. The logistic regression revealed that the risk of NPDR was strongly dependent on TNF-α [(OR 4.01; 95%CI 2.01–7.96)]. TNF-α appears to be the most significant predictor among the analyzed parameters of damage to the eye apparatus. The early introduction of the TNF-α antagonists to the treatment of young patients with DM type 1 who show high serum activity of the TNF-α may prevent them from development of diabetic retinopathy.