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Several pseudo-oligosacchardies and amino acid glycoconjugates were synthesized via an intermolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction using easily accessible carbohydrate and amino acid derived azides and alkynes as building blocks. Conjugation reaction is highly regioselective and high yielding and can be carried out under mild reaction conditions.

An alternative and highly efficient ʟ‐rhamnosylation highlighting the dual‐catalysis of ruthenium reagent under a stereocontrolled process has been realized. The Ru‐mediated direct glycosylation‐dihydroxylation from ʟ‐rhamnal is amenable to a wide range of acceptors, including sugars, amino acids, natural products, and bioactive scaffolds. The one‐pot protocol tolerating diverse functional groups is attractive due to the valuable synthetic utility in assembling biologically significant α‐ʟ‐rhamnopyranosides in good yields. The mechanistic rationalization for the α‐anomeric selectivity and syn‐diastereoselective dihydroxylation employing Ru‐catalysis has been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytokines play an important role in immunological responses and protection against Brucella spp. infection. This article gives an overview of the role of various cytokines involved in the outcome of brucellosis. The susceptibility or resistance to the Brucella infection relies on a finely regulated balance of cytokines rhythmically produced by distinct T cell subsets (Th1 and Th2). The Th1 cytokines (e.g. TNF-α, IFN-γ) induce the CD8+ CTL-mediated cytotoxicity against Brucella-infected Mφ (specific cellular immunity), whereas, the Th2 response (e.g. IL-10) activates B lymphocytes for antibody production, facilitating the opsonization of Brucella (specific humoral immunity). This paper further analyses the information available on the assessment of cytokine profiles underscoring the requirement of more research on the cytokine biomarkers and their rhythmic induction in brucellosis, which may be helpful in establishing quick diagnostic tests as well as developing vaccines against brucellosis. Abbreviations: Th: T helper; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha; IFN-γ: Interferon-gamma; CD: Cluster of differentiation; CTL: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte; Mφ: Macrophage; IL: Interleukin [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was undertaken to assess the rhythmic change in the expression profile of cytokine-related genes in the PBMC of Brucella abortus infected cattle. The whole blood samples were collected from cattle from the state of Rajasthan in Western India. All 20 samples of PBMC cultured cells from the 10 diseased cattle serologically positive for brucellosis, and 10 serologically negative healthy controls, were harvested, and the expression of cytokine-related genes was normalized relative to β-actin for their quantification by SYBR green-based real-time PCR. The subsequent analysis was based on the comparisons within treatment group (unstimulated or B. abortus stimulated) and between infection groups (healthy control versus diseased). The expression profiling of cytokine genes revealed differential expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12p40 and iNOS by PBMCs from healthy cows and Brucella positive cows even without stimulation with Brucella abortus antigen. This unique expression profile with enhanced expression of genes encoding IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6 and iNOS, and reduced expression of TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-12p40; indicates changing of the dynamic immune responses from a predominantly Th1-like pattern to a Th2-like pattern with the development of a chronic form of bovine brucellosis. The rhythmic change in immunological profiles conclusively analyzed in the present investigation will help to implement control measures in Western India. Abbreviations: PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; IFN: Interferon; TNF: Tumour necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; Th: T helper [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel and efficient protocol for chemoselective deacetylation under ambient conditions was developed using catalytic KMnO4. The stoichiometric use of KMnO4 highlighted the dual role of a heterogeneous oxidant enabling direct access to aromatic aldehydes in one-pot sequential deacetylation–oxidation. The reaction employed an alternative solvent system and allowed the clean transformation of benzyl acetate to sensitive aldehyde in a single step while preventing over-oxidation to acids. Use of inexpensive and readily accessible KMnO4 as an environmentally benign reagent and the ease of the reaction operation were particularly attractive, and enabled the controlled oxidation and facile cleavage of acetate in a preceding step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flameproof (Ex d) enclosures are constructed in such a way that an internal ignition of a flammable atmosphere will not be transmitted outside the enclosure and thereby preventing the ignition of surrounding flammables. The large Ex d enclosure was designed for gas group IIB explosive atmosphere with the help of MATLAB and ANSYS software and further a study of stress analysis due to internal pressure had been carried out on the plates and cover by keeping the thickness of body plate and cover constant. The study showed that stress was observed more in the center of the plate and reducing toward the edges of plates. The value of the length and breadth ratio (a/b) was found out with the help of the curve fitting method to calculate maximum stress (σmax) in the designed Ex d enclosure. The calculated maximum stress of all the plates was less than the simulated results, so the simulated results indicated that the designed enclosure is within the safety limit and suitable for hazardous area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anomeric activation and glycoside formation by using propargyl glycosides are described. Propargyl glycosides are identified as novel and stable glycosyl donors and various aglycones are reacted with propargyl glycosides, resulting in the formation of an alpha,beta-mixture of glycosides and disaccharides in good yields.

A visible light-induced vicinal diazidation of various alkenes using stable sulfonium bis(acetoxy)iodate(i) and sodium azide as a radical precursor is described. The trimethylsulfonium [bis(azido)iodate(i)] species, intrinsically generated in situ, demonstrated unprecedented reactivity toward C=C π bond-promoting selective azidation under photochemical conditions without any photoredox or metal catalyst. The visible-light stimulated diazidation reaction provides a convenient and straightforward approach to highly prevalent vicinal nitrogen scaffolds of myriad therapeutic importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune challenges are inevitable for livestock that are exposed to a varied range of adverse conditions ranging from environmental to pathogenic stresses. The β-defensins are antimicrobial peptides, belonging to "defensin" family and therefore acts as the first line of defense against the major infections occurring in dairy cattle including intramammary infections. The better resistance to mastitis displayed by Bos indicus is implicit in the fact that they have better adapted and also has more sequence variation with rare allele conserved due to lesser artificial selection pressure than that of Bos taurus. Among the 58 in silico predicted β-defensins, only a few have been studied in the aspect of intramammary infections. The data on polymorphisms occurring in various β-defensin genes is limited in B. indicus, indicating toward higher possibilities for exploring marker for mastitis resistance. The following review shall focus on concisely summarizing the up-to-date research on β-defensins in B. taurus and discuss the possible scope for research in B. indicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Genetic variability of Marwadi sheep was studied using 18 microsatellite markers, proposed by The Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Society for Animal Genetics (FAOISAG). A total of 158 alleles ranging between 4 to 15 were found across 18 microsatellite loci. The most polymorphic marker was OarFCB48 with a total of 15 alleles and least polymorphic loci was TGLA377 with 4 alleles were detected. The high genetic variation (MNA=8.7) was observed in Marwadi sheep compare to other reported breed in Rajasthan. All studied loci contained high PIC value (>0.5) in the present study, where mean PIC value (0.751) is higher than earlier reported study on sheep in India, which indicates highly informativeness of markers to characterize Marwadi sheep breed population and showed abundant genetic diversity in this population. Further, the expected gene diversity (Hexp) ranged from 0.637 (OarHH35) to 0.900 (OarFCB48) with an overall mean of 0.797 and observed heterozygosity (Hobs) across 18 loci ranged between 0.300 (TGLA137) and 0.900 (OarVH72, BM757) with a mean of 0.602 were estimated. The present study has shown a high level of genetic variability in Marwadi sheep, suggesting good breeding practices were carried out in the farms and other places where samples were collected. Similarly, all the loci were detected highly polymorphic with 100% value of polymorphism observed in Marwadi sheep breed. The high polymorphic information content (PIC) value indicating informativeness of markers to characterize Marwadi sheep population. Hence, these markers could be used in various applications like conservation programmes, biodiversity studies and disease diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, underground mine/tunnels/roadways are supported especially in India, by using wooden cogs/props as support in addition to the massive use of roof bolting. But as wood is becoming scarce, there is need for suitable alternative supports to replace timbers in mines. Keeping in mind the Indian mining condition the support should be of greater longevity, light enough for easy portability and requiring less maintenance. Further, it should have facilities for height variation, sufficient yielding, continuous load monitoring and releasing remotely as the coal seam thickness varies widely in Indian mines. Then, the support material must be easily available and should have ease in operation by even an unskilled worker. Finally, the device must be economically viable for Indian mines, which is thriving for its longer life and should provide safety for miners. In this direction several efforts have been made to design such slow loading yielding props to meet all these requirements. After numerous attempts such innovative prop consisting of multiple disc springs has been designed and developed at CSIR-CIMFR of which the details description has been discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A combination of nBu4NI and NaIO4 promoted the intermolecular stereo and regioselective bisfunctionalization of glycals in a metal-free, one-pot process. The oxidative iodocaboxylation, iodoamination, and iodoazidation of enol ether moieties by employing carboxylic or aromatic acids, and N-nucleophiles such as 1- H-benzotriazole or NaN3 led to glycosyl carboxylates, glycosyl amines, and glycosyl azides, respectively. The protocol is operationally simple, employs readily available and environmental benign reagents, and was applicable for a diverse range of substrates to obtain stereodivergent glycoconjugates in yields up to 99 % with diastereomeric ratios up to 100 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new sulfonium-salt-based iodine(I) reagent system for the vicinal functionalisation of glycals and enol ethers has been developed. The unprecedented iodine(I) complex, Me3SI(OAc)2, generated in situ from Me3SI and PhI(OAc)2, effectively promoted the one-pot iodocarboxylation using carboxylic acids, and iodoazidation using NaN3 or TMSN3 (trimethylsilyl azide). The scope and generality of the new reagent was probed for a wide range of substrates, including various substituted aromatic carboxylic acids, heterocyclic, alicyclic, and aliphatic carboxylic acids, and amino acids to obtain various functionalised glycoconjugates in high yields (99%) and with diastereoselectivities up to 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR (REP-PCR) is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of noncoding, multi-locus, interspersed repetitive DNA elements by a set of defined primers in prokaryotic genomes. In the present study, typing of 43 Campylobacter jejuni isolates from poultry was carried out by REP-PCR. It showed 100% type ability amongst the isolates with production of 12 different REP patterns (REP1-REP12) on the basis of different arrangements of band sizes ranging from 80 to 700 bp. The discriminatory power of REP-PCR method was recorded as 0.9181. The REP8 pattern comprised maximum number of 7 isolates whereas REP4 and REP9 patterns had a single isolate only. The number of bands produced in all REP patterns ranged from one to four where maximum numbers of four bands were produced in REP11 and REP12 with different band sizes. Single amplicon of different sizes were produced by REP1, REP2 and REP3 patterns. In the present study REP-PCR was found to be an appropriate method for C. jejuni typing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the occurrence and serotype diversity of Salmonella isolates in different species of poultry (chicken, emu and duck) and determine their resistance pattern against various antibiotics of different classes. Methods: About 507 samples comprising 202 caecal contents and 305 fecal samples from chicken, emu and duck were processed for isolation of Salmonella enterica. Salmonellae were isolated and detected by standard protocol of ISO 6579 Amendment 1: Annex D. Genetic confirmation was also made by using 16S rRNA genus specific PCR. Serotype specific PCR was also done to detect the most common serovars viz. Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Gallinarum. All obtained isolates were subjected to a set of 25 antibiotics to study their antibiogram by using Baeur-Kirby disk diffusion method. Results: Out of 507 samples processed, 32 isolates of Salmonella enterica (18 from caecal contents and 14 from faecal samples) were obtained, of which 24 belonged to 6 different serovars, 6 were untypeable and 2 were rough strains. Salmonella Enteritidis was the most predominant serotype (9), followed by Salmonella Typhimurium (5), Salmonella Virchow (4), Salmonella Gallinarum (3), Salmonella Reading (2) and Salmonella Altona (1). Antibiotic resistance pattern was maximum (100%) to oxacillin, penicillin and clindamycin, followed by ampicillin (68.75%), tetracycline (65.62%), nalidixic acid (56.25%) and colistin (46.87%).High sensitivity of isolates was recorded for chloramphenicol (96.87%) followed by meropenem (84.37%). Conclusions: Occurrence of high proportion of serovars in our study which can cause serious gastroenteritis in humans is a matter of concern. Salmonella Altona has been detected for the first time in India from poultry. This serotype is known to cause serious outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans. Multidrug resistant isolates were recovered at high percentage which can be attributed to non-judicious use of antibiotics both in prophylaxis and treatment regimen. This observation draws serious attention as poultry serves as an important source of transmission of these multidrug resistant Salmonella serovars to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly efficient and mild method for the synthesis of glycosyl sulfonamides and glycosyl amides from glycal has been described using Zn(OTf)2as an economical and environmentally friendly catalyst. VariousN-nucleophiles comprising sulfonamides, benzamides, and carbamates were glycosylated with glycals to obtain corresponding 2,3-unsaturatedN-glycosides in good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is caused by a Morbillivirus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae. PPR is an acute, highly contagious and fatal disease primarily affecting goats and sheep, whereas cattle undergo sub-clinical infection. With morbidity and mortality rates that can be as high as 90%, PPR is classified as an OIE (Office International des Epizooties)-listed disease. Considering the importance of sheep and goats in the livelihood of the poor and marginal farmers in Africa and South Asia, PPR is an important concern for food security and poverty alleviation. PPR virus (PPRV) and rinderpest virus (RPV) are closely related Morbilliviruses. Rinderpest has been globally eradicated by mass vaccination. Though a live attenuated vaccine is available against PPR for immunoprophylaxis, due to its instability in subtropical climate (thermo-sensitivity), unavailability of required doses and insufficient coverage (herd immunity), the disease control program has not been a great success. Further, emerging evidence of poor cross neutralization between vaccine strain and PPRV strains currently circulating in the field has raised concerns about the protective efficacy of the existing PPR vaccines. This review summarizes the recent advancement in PPRV replication, its pathogenesis, immune response to vaccine and disease control. Attempts have also been made to highlight the current trends in understanding the host susceptibility and resistance to PPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various acceptors including carbohydrates, amino acids, natural products, and hydroxylamine derivatives were coupled with 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal in the presence of Cu(OTf)2 as catalyst. The protocol offers facile and efficient Ferrier glycosylation for the synthesis of 2,3-unsaturaed O-glycosides in good yields and high anomeric selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and stereoselective method for Ferrier glycosylation was developed using ruthenium(III) chloride. Using this protocol, the glycal donor reacted smoothly with several acceptors comprising different functionalities to afford corresponding 2,3-unsaturated glycosides in good to excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mild, catalytic, and efficient protocol has been developed for the synthesis of 2,3-unsaturated glycosides or 'pseudo-glycals' using Zn(OTf)2. Stereoselective glycosylation of glycal donor with various acceptors comprising of alcohols, phenols, thiols, and sugar aglycones proceeds smoothly to afford the corresponding 2,3- unsaturaed glycosides in good to excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various thioglycosides were synthesized from stable propargyl glycosides using catalytic quantity of AuBr3 and various thiol aglycons. The current protocol enables preparation of thioglycosides from propargyl glycosides in an efficient and simple manner. The reaction is fast, catalytic, and mild. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry to view the free supplemental file. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is difficult to determine a chemical inhibitor's binding site in multiprotein mixtures, particularly when high-resolution structural studies are not straightforward. Building upon previous research involving photo-cross-linking and the use of mixtures of stable isotopes, we report a method, Stable Isotope Labeled Inhibitors for Cross-linking (SILIC), for mapping a small molecule inhibitor's binding site in its target protein. In SILIC, structure-activity relationship data is used to design inhibitor analogues that incorporate a photo-cross-linking group along with either natural or 'heavy' stable isotopes. An equimolar mixture of these inhibitor analogues is cross-linked to the target protein to yield a robust signature for identifying inhibitor-modified peptide fragments in complex mass spectrometry data. As a proof of concept, we applied this approach to an ATP-competitive inhibitor of kinesin-5, a widely conserved motor protein required for cell division and an anticancer drug target. This analysis, along with mutagenesis studies, suggests that the inhibitor binds at an allosteric site in the motor protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground control is one of the most important activities in underground mines to control the roof and side fall injuries in India. Since long wooden prop and cog were being used to support the mines panels, or roadways. Scarcity of timber due to ecological reasons and therefore increase in its cost make the support designer's or engineers to innovate the alternatives. In Indian mines different types of standing supports like square hollow section (SHS) prop, steel telescopic prop, pit prop, hydraulic prop, steel cogs etc. are being used in longwall as well as bord and pillar mining as per geological conditions of respective mines workings. These props are heavy, cumbersome portability, requiring regular maintenance and not user friendly. Keeping in mind the Indian mining condition, the support should be of greater longevity, light enough for easy portability and requiring less maintenance. Further it should have facility for height variation, sufficient yielding, continuous load monitoring and releasing remotely as coal seam thickness widely various Indian mines. This paper describes the design, working principle, advantages etc. of a slow loading suitable yielding prop with greater longevity, portability, sufficient yielding and continuous load monitoring with its use in varying coal seam thickness by replacing the conventional wooden and steel prop. This newly invented and patented prop has undergone a successful field trial and got the regular approval by the authority who looks after the mines safety i.e Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS), Government of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: C-2 Methylene glycosides were synthesized from C-2 propargyloxymethyl glycals in a stereoselective manner using a catalytic quantity of AuCl3. The Au-catalyzed reaction was explored using various aglycones. The current protocol enables the preparation of C-2 methylene glycosides, tolerates diverse functional groups and is fast, catalytic and mild. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Aims: Multiple antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli of wild vertebrates is a global concern with scarce assessments on the subject from developing countries that have high human-wild species interactions. We studied the ecology of E. coli in a wintering population of Egyptian Vultures in India to understand temporal changes in both E. coli strains and patterns of antimicrobial resistance. Methods and Results: We ribotyped E. coli strains and assessed antimicrobial resistance from wintering vultures at a highly synanthropic carcass dump in north-west India. Both E. coli occurence (90.32%) and resistance to multiple antimicrobials (71.43%) were very high. Clear temporal patterns were apparent. Diversity of strains changed and homogenized at the end of the Vultures’ wintering period, while the resistance pattern showed significantly difference inter-annually, as well as between arrival and departing individuals within a wintering cycle. Significance of study: The carcass dump environment altered both E. coli strains and multiple antimicrobial resistance in migratory Egyptian Vultures within a season. Long-distance migratory species could therefore disseminate resistant E. coli strains across broad geographical scales rendering regional mitigation strategies to control multiple antimicrobial resistance in bacteria ineffective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents chemical equations related to the article "Copper Mediated Iodoacetoxylation and Glycosylation: Effective and Convenient Approaches for the Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Deoxy-2-iodo Glycosides" by S. K. Kashyap, published in the Tetrahedron Letters journal in 2016.