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Blueberries are vulnerable to chilling injury (CI). This can lead to limited longevity when they are subjected to cold storage conditions. This study investigated the effectiveness of a preharvest spray containing 0.02% hexanal in reducing CI and improving the postharvest storage quality of 'Star' and 'Biloxi' blueberries. The blueberries were stored for a period of 5 weeks at 2 °C and in 90% relative humidity (RH). The findings revealed that the preharvest hexanal spraying of both cultivars delayed senescence by mitigating CI, as evidenced by the bolstering of the antioxidant defense system through increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzyme activity. The treated fruit also maintained elevated levels of total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), and vitamin C, demonstrating enhanced free radical scavenging capacity (FRSC), while exhibiting reduced polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity, and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), and H2O2 content in comparison with the control group. The preharvest hexanal treatment also suppressed fruit softening by maintaining greater firmness and higher membrane stability index (MSI) scores, inhibiting the activity of polygalacturonase (PG), pectinmethylesterase (PME), xylanase, and α‐amylase, and reducing microbial counts (MC) and incidence of decay (DI) in comparison with the control. Preharvest hexanal treatment also improved the overall storage quality by reducing weight loss, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, and the TSS/acid ratio, while increasing titratable acidity (TA) in comparison with the control during cold storage. The findings suggest that hexanal, as a preharvest application, delays senescence effectively and preserves overall quality by enhancing cold tolerance through antioxidant defense mechanisms in blueberry storage under cold conditions. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The black wolfberry (Lycium ruthenicum) belongs to the Solanaceae family. The genus Lycium comprises 87 recognized species and is distributed in arid and semi-arid regions of temperate to subtropical zones in the world. At present, China is the greatest global producer and supplier of wolfberry products. The goji berry has recently became one of the most popular fruits in Turkey due to its health-beneficial compounds such as phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and flavonoids), carotenoids, tocopherol, ascorbic acid and antioxidant properties. Lycium fruits have been used as a remedy since ancient times in Asian countries, especially in China, for their emmenagogue, diuretic, antipyretic, tonic, aphrodisiac, hypnotic, and hepatoprotective effects. The purpose of this paper is to determine the biochemical characteristics (namely total phenolic and anthocyanin contents, as well as the total antioxidant capacity) of black wolfberries grown under the Aksaray ecological conditions.

The pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), a small nut tree belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, is extensively grown in Turkey, which is one of the leading world producers of pistachios. Kernel color is an important parameter for the evaluation of raw pistachios containing chlorophylls a and b as the major pigments. Moreover, kernel color is one of the most important quality attributes evaluated by consumers, producers and distributors. Chlorophylls a and b are the predominant pigments responsible for the green color of pistachios. Pigment concentrations are influenced by a number of factors such as geographic origin, ripeness degree, storage conditions and processing methods. Chlorophylls are sensitive to heat and can be degraded into pheophytins and pyropheophytins. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to determine the chlorophyll content of the 'Uzun' pistachio cultivar (Pistacia vera L.) using the spectrophotometric methods and different solvents.

The 'Sweet Lemon' and 'Interdonato' lemon varieties were evaluated based on their antioxidant activity, sugar, total phenol and citric, succunic and L-ascorbic acid content in the present study. The total phenol content (TPC) of 'Sweet Lemon' and 'Interdonato' lemon fruit juice were about 123.19 mgGAE/100g and 81.76 mgGAE/100g respectively. The FRAP content were detected as 146.86 μmoltrolox/g in 'Sweet Lemon' while 106.78 μmoltrolox/g in 'Interdonato' lemon variety. However the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay, which measures the reduction of the ABTS radical cation by antioxidant ABTS content was 96.25 μmoltrolox/g and 79.09 μmoltrolox/g respectively. Fructose was 3.26 %, sucrose was 0.19 % and glucose was 2.44 % in 'Sweet Lemon' variety. Therefore, fructose content was 1.22 %, sucrose was 0.19 % and glucose was 0.80 % in 'Interdonato' lemon variety. The results indicated that 'Sweet Lemon' fruit juices are rich in FRAP, ABTS, TPC and fructose, succinic and L-ascorbic acid content compared to 'Interdonato' lemon. The organic acids (citric acid, L-Ascorbic acid and succinic acid) values of both 'Sweet Lemon' and 'Interdonato' are 0.24-8.86 %, 62.25-55.50 mg/100g and 1.93-0.09 %, respectively. The present study revealed that the healthy properties of lemon fruits have been attributed to L-ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds, mainly to antioxidant content.

Pretreatment is extremely required in lignocellulosic bioethanol production to improve enzymatic digestibility of biomass by disrupting lignin structure, reducing cellulose crystallinity, and increasing biomass porosity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different chemical pretreatments (dilute acid, alkaline, and sequential dilute acid/alkaline) for the conversion of miscanthus biomass to fermentable sugars. Pretreatments were performed in an autoclave at 121 °C for 30 and 60 min. Sequential dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4)/sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pretreatments caused the highest lignin removal (80.2–93.1%) but the lowest solid recovery (28.7–34%) among the pretreatments. Additionally, the dilute H2SO4 pretreatments induced significantly lower hemicellulose recovery than the NaOH and lime (Ca(OH)2) pretreatments. On the other hand, the significantly highest theoretical ethanol yield (206.8 mg g–1 raw material) was achieved when the biomass was subjected to 1% NaOH (w/v) pretreatment for 30 min, primarily due to its high sugar production (613.3 mg g–1) and moderate solid recovery (66.1%). These results indicated that the NaOH pretreatment was the most promising option among the chemical pretreatments tested to ensure sustainable bioethanol production from miscanthus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Fresh berries are a popular and important component of the human diet. The demand for high‐quality berries and sustainable production methods is increasing globally, challenging breeders to develop modern berry cultivars that fulfill all desired characteristics. Since 1994, research projects have characterized genetic resources, developed modern tools for high‐throughput screening, and published data in publicly available repositories. However, the key findings of different disciplines are rarely linked together, and only a limited range of traits and genotypes has been investigated. The Horizon2020 project BreedingValue will address these challenges by studying a broader panel of strawberry, raspberry and blueberry genotypes in detail, in order to recover the lost genetic diversity that has limited the aroma and flavor intensity of recent cultivars. We will combine metabolic analysis with sensory panel tests and surveys to identify the key components of taste, flavor and aroma in berries across Europe, leading to a high‐resolution map of quality requirements for future berry cultivars. Traits linked to berry yields and the effect of environmental stress will be investigated using modern image analysis methods and modeling. We will also use genetic analysis to determine the genetic basis of complex traits for the development and optimization of modern breeding technologies, such as molecular marker arrays, genomic selection and genome‐wide association studies. Finally, the results, raw data and metadata will be made publicly available on the open platform Germinate in order to meet FAIR data principles and provide the basis for sustainable research in the future. Significance Statement: The BreedingValue project will address challenges faced by strawberry, raspberry and blueberry breeding programs, recovering lost genetic diversity to mitigate climate change effects while improving quality characteristics such as aroma and flavor. We will gather genotypic and phenotypic data from a range of European cultivars and wild relatives, and will combine modern breeding technologies, metabolomics, image analysis, sensory panel tests and consumer surveys to identify trends and key characteristics in berries across Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in volatile compositions were determined in Rubygem strawberry variety related to pre and postharvest hexanal application during shelf life. For this concern, Rubygem variety was treated with hexanal vapor and spray applications which were, doses (0%, 0.01%, 0.02%) pre and postharvest after hexanal applications strawberry fruits were stored at 2°C and RH 90% conditions. Effects of hexanal spray and vapor applications of strawberry fruit volatile profiles were analyzed with HS‐SPME/GC–MS techniques. Differences among treatments were identified in volatile compositions at 3 days intervals during 15 days of shelf life. The results showed that, hexanal application type and concentration effected the percentage of volatile composition of esters, ketones, terpens, alcohols, acids, aldehydes, and others during shelf life. The hexanal application form and concentration were effected the amount and composition of volatiles of Rubygem strawberry fruit. As a result, hexanal spray application has important effects on ester percentage, however, hexanal vapor treatment increased the alcohols percentage of strawberries at the end of shelf life. Practical applications: Application of organic substances of hexanal pre and postharvest season has been successfully used due to their environmentally friendly effects. Hexanal is volatile gases, organic aldehydes which are the source of plant extract and used as food additives. There are many research on hexanal application to prevent microbial growth after harvest. In the present study, hexanal spray and vapor applications were used to determined the volatiles profile strawberries fruit during shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bananas have been grown in both open-field and protected cultivation in the subtropics. There are a very limited number of publications focusing on the impact of cultivation systems on the physico-chemical characteristics of bananas. For this reason, we assessed these fruit characteristics including sugars, malic acid, L-ascorbic acid, macro and micro nutrients well as fat and fatty acids of green and ripe bananas (Musa spp. AAA) in both cultivation systems. Experimental results have showed that many parameters affected the fruit ripening stage more than the cultivation system. Sucrose was the most abundant sugar followed by fructose and glucose in both the unripe and the ripe fruit stages. Sugar content, malic acid and L-ascorbic acid were higher in the ripe stage compared to the green stage. The cultivation system affected only glucose content, however, malic acid and L-ascorbic acid were not affected by the cultivation system. The most abundant macro and micro elements found were potassium and iron respectively. Cultivation system affected only potassium, zinc and manganese contents. Nitrogen and phosphorous, were found to be higher in the ripe stage. However, calcium, zinc, manganese and cupper were higher in the unripe stage. The fatty acid showed low value in the unripe stage for both cultivation systems. The concentration of MUFAs were found to be higher in the unripe stage for open-field condition while SFAs and PUFAs percentage were found to be higher in both cultivation systems. Experimental results clearly showed that physico-chemical characteristics of bananas were mainly affected by the ripening stage while the cultivation systems only affected a few characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is octoploid (2n = 8x = 56) and has been the focused fruit species of which an increasing number of molecular and genetic research has been conducted in recent years. The aim of this study is to identify the relationships between sucrose metabolism, invertase enzyme activity and gene expression in four different fruit development periods (red, pink, green and white) of two commercially important strawberry varieties 'Rubygem' and 'Fortuna'. The metabolite profiles (glucose, fructose, sucrose and total sugar content) of two varieties were discovered to be extremely similar. The highest amount of total sugar was found in red fruits, while the lowest was obtained from green fruits. Invertase represents one of the key enzymes in sucrose metabolism. The lowest invertase activity was obtained from the green fruits in 'Rubygem' and 'Fortuna' during four developmental periods. In these varieties, the amount of sucrose was found to be close to glucose and fructose and the lowest amount was detected in green period, while invertase activity was relatively high during red and pink periods and invertase gene expression was determined at high levels in both primers (St-4 and St-6) in the green period. The results of the study indicated that sugar content and invertase activity were positively correlated while enzyme activity and gene expression were negatively correlated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is one of the most common nuts in the world. There are a wide walnut variety of genotypes that differ in forestry, physical and chemical properties. Most of the walnut genotypes, which are natural resources have been evaluated as promising and germplasm sources for breeding. Walnuts are high in many beneficial biochemical compounds, so they have a useful profile for many people in relation to disease risk. Therefore, the demand for production and consumption of walnut is increasing day by day. In the present study, fatty acid and tocopherol profiles of 156 F1 genotypes belonging to Chandler × Kaplan-86 walnut population and their parents were investigated. Fatty acids and tocopherol isomers (α, β, γ) were determined by GC/FID (gas chromatography/flame lonizing detector) and HPLC (high-pressure liquid chromatography) techniques, respectively. The fatty acid content of F1 walnut genotypes and their parents were found to be 0.00%-3.34% for myristic acid, 5.86%-10.05% for palmitic acid, 0.01%-4.46% for stearic acid, 0.00%-0.89% for palmitoleic acid, 10.00%-20.89% for oleic acid, 45.36%-66.20% for linoleic acid and 9.04%-20.55% for a-linolenic acid. The content of a-tocopherol, ß-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol from the walnut population were determined to be 1.61-23.65 µg/g, 1.90-12.57 µg/g, 90.22-394.96 µg/g, respectively. The Chandler × Kaplan-86 F1 hybrid walnut population showed a significant variation in terms of the fatty acids and tocopherol contents. This research contains up-to-date scientific data on very wide walnut genetic resources and composition. Our data show that 156 F1 walnut genotypes have a potential source of monounsaturated fatty acids and tocopherols and the results are very important for future breeding studies on walnut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth and production of carotenoid in three Dunaliella species (Dunaliella salina (Dunal) Teodoresco, Dunaliella bardawil Ben-Amotz & Avron and Dunaliella sp.) were investigated using flat-plate photobioreactors in outdoor conditions with two optical paths (3 cm and 5 cm). The experiment was conducted in duplicate and lasted four weeks during which light intensity, temperature, pH and optical density were checked daily. The pigment production (total carotenoid and chlorophyll a) was monitored every two days. To induce an additional stress besides temperature and light intensity, two different salt concentrations were used, i.e. 6% and 8% NaCl. The highest growth in all treatment groups was noticed for Dunaliella sp. followed by D. bardawil and D. salina. D. salina produced a higher content of carotenoid concentrations corresponding to 5 cm/8% and 5 cm/6% groups; 779.102 ± 0.434 μg.mL−1 and 694.326 ± 0.098 μg.mL−1 were registered at the end of the experiment. The same species had also greater content of β-carotene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Because of the limited number and size of the oil extraction opportunities, olives are generally piled and stored at ambient temperatures for weeks before processing. Under these conditions biochemical changes could result a negative affect on the olive quality. The changes in the olive result poor stability in olive oil because of the oxidation and decomposition of bioactive compounds such as phenolic substances. Indeed, it is known that polyphenols are a large family of compounds found in plant tissues, which show strong antioxidant activity. The healthy characteristic of the phenolic compounds is associated to their radical scavenging activities. In this study, Gemlik olives cultivated from Osmaniye area were stored for 25 days at 5 °C under three different conditions (20 kPa CO2 atmosphere, 20 kPa N2 atmosphere and air). Olive oil was extracted following of 0, 5, 15 and 25 days of olive fruits storage. Qualtiy markers (free fatty acidity, peroxide value, K270 and K232) together with the phenolic compounds and fatty acid compositions of oils were determined. The physical properties of olives (flesh/pit ratio, average weight and fruit firmness) were well-preserved under CO2 and N2 atmospheres. The phenolics (tyrosol, syringic acid, vanilin, p-coumaric acid, oleuropein, cinnamic acid and luteolin) and fatty acids (palmitic, palmiteloic, heptadecanoic, heptadecenoic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidic, behenic, docosadienoic and lignoceric acids) composition were generally unchanged during storage. Oleuropein, the bitter principle of olives disapperead faster in the oils obtained through storage under N2 than other storage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual propagation is not suitable for production of true to type plants for commercial cultivation of selected cultivars due to the having heterozygous characteristics. Rubus species are highly heterozygous and therefore when they are propagated by seeds the high plant variability is obtained. Micropropagation methods became very important and have many advantages compared to the classical propagation methods. In Turkey, blackberries are commonly propagated by hard and soft wood cuttings, by layering and bush division. Propagation by layers requires rather large area for a layered, and weed control among the layers is a problem. However, propagation by cuttings is connected with important problem in inadequate rooting, especially in 'Chester Thornless' cultivar, which is one of the most commercially grown cultivar. In addition, limited number of plants can be propagated using classical propagation method and thus demand of growers for the plants can not be satisfied. Optimized and highly efficient regeneration protocols are also important for genetic transformation for improving of new cultivars. In this study we focused on optimization of protocol for in vitro propagation of 'Chester Thornless' blackberry cultivar using nodal segments. For this purpose, explants were cultured on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with combination of plant growth regulators BAP (1.5, 2, 3 mg/l) with NAA (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/l) to detect the best multiplication medium. According to the obtained results, the highest proliferation rate was obtained for cultivar 'Chester Thornless' that produced 9.66 shoots on a medium containing 2 mg/I BAP+0.2 mg/I IBA combination. GA3 effects on multiplication rates were also studied and generally the highest rates obtained by while GA3 were not used. For the rooting, different concentrations of IBA and NAA (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/I) were compared. A concentration of 0.4 mg/l NAA gave the greatest number of roots and maximum root length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of volatile compounds in raw and roasted peanut is one of the most important quality parameters. The analyses were used HS-SPMEGC/MS (Head Space-Solid Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry) techniques and 41 volatile compounds identified in headspace samples of raw and roasted peanut oil heated to 50°C and 100°C. According to the result, fibers from roasted and raw peanuts at 50°C and 100°C extraction conditions were varied. Among the detected results, blue fiber was found much more efficient than white fiber based on their identified volatile compounds. Comparing to the roasted and raw peanut materials, the best volatiles were detected from roasted peanut. As the extraction conditions, volatile compounds were varied based on the fiber types. The highest compounds were detected from roasted peanuts and blue fiber and 100°C extractions. Contrary, the lowest compounds were detected in raw peanut, blue fiber and 100°C extraction conditions. According to cluster analysis, effect of extraction, cooking and temperature process on the aroma compounds was observed in all samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is largely cultivated and commercialized in several countries to produce peppermint oil and its medicinal compounds, cosmetic products and food purposes.1,2 In this study, the influence of different dying methods on essential oil content and composition of peppermint was determined. Material and Methods: The plants were dried separately in the sun, shadow and oven at 38oC for 48 h. The dry material was then submitted to hydro distillation in order obtain to essential oil. The chemical composition of essential oil from the flowering aerial part of peppermint analyzed by GC/MS. Results: Plant height (22.7 - 31.8 cm), fresh (750-992 kg da-1) and dry herbage yield (245 - 351 kg da-1) were measured. The highest essential oil content (3.68 %) was obtained from shadow drying method, the lowest value (2.78 %) was obtained from drying under sun. The major compounds (menthone and menthol) showed no sharp difference among the three drying methods. Conclusion: The drying method affected strongly the essential oil composition of dry peppermint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tricholoma terreumis a fungal species which is also commonly consumed and widespread in Turkey. Seventeen aroma compounds were identified with Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction/Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Major aroma compounds inT. terreumwere as follows; 1-octen-3-ol (37.08 %), (E)-2-octen-1-ol (19.68 %), hexanal (16.00 %), 3-octanone (3.36 %), acetic acid (2.63 %) and (E)-2-octenal (2.27 %). This study is the first report on the volatile aroma compounds ofT. terreumin Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Fruits of 2 different plum cultivars (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) were collected in 2015 from 15-year-old trees in Hatay Province, Turkey. The 2 plum cultivars (Can and Gül) were on their own roots. Fruits were picked 5 times (both Can and Gül) at 12-day intervals (12 April [t1], 24 April [t2], 6 May [t3], 18 May [t4], and 30 May [t5]) during maturation in 2015. Higher levels of health-promoting components with the capacity to prevent several diseases, such as phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity, were found in the Can fruits, whereas the Gül fruits were characterized by lower values. The amounts of individual sugars providing taste and the soluble sugar content of the fruits differed between the 2 cultivars, with glucose and fructose being higher in the Can variety. The results show the importance of green plums in the daily diet as a good source of total phenols and antioxidants, providing health-promoting effects in humans, with good edible properties at the pre-early development stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effectiveness of two different (3 mM and 6 mM) concentrations of oxalic acid (OA) application in combination with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on skin browning, fruit skin color (L*, a*, b*) values, fruit flesh firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), ratio of TSS/TA, pH total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), organic acids and soluble sugars, and percentage of O2/CO2 change in Hafif Çukurgöbek loquats stored at 5 °C for 30 days were evaluated. Findings indicated that skin browning was reduced by pre-storage OA application in loquats. Furthermore, OA treatment produced the promising effects of inhibiting increases in fruit firmness and maintaining higher levels of organic acids, TPC, and TFC. The results showed that higher (6 mM) concentrations of OA significantly limited both development of skin browning and increasing firmness, and it maintained quality and extended the life of loquat fruit postharvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Kumquat ( Fortunella spp.) is one of the important fruit species that has been introduced into Turkey recently. It is well adapted to the Mediterranean region in Turkey. Early research of kumquat was started on adaptation and pomological traits, and only a few studies have been concerned with chemical content. After understanding the health benefits of kumquat fruits farmers started their plantations in Turkey. Thus in this study the fruits of five kumquat species - Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle, F. crassifolia Swingle, F. obovata Hort. ex Tanaka, F. hindsii (Champ. ex Benth.) Swingle, and limequat [ Citrus aurantifolia × F. japonica (Thumb.)] - were compared based on their lipids, fatty acids and volatile profiles. The lipids, fatty acids and volatile profiles were determined by using gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection ( GC/ FID) and headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry ( HS-GC/ MS) techniques. Volatile constituents of kumquat fruits were isolated by a headspace method. RESULTS The total lipid content (%) of kumquat species ranged from 0.26% to 0.37%. The polyunsaturated fatty acids were detected in a higher amount compared to the monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids, respectively. The headspace technique led to the identification of 39 compounds and among a total of 39 constituents identified, d-limonene was the most abundant compound, comprising 67.78-88.72%. The results indicated that kumquats are rich in dietary and health benefits. CONCLUSION Thirty-nine compounds were identified and terpenes were the major chemical group in all kumquat genotypes. Esters, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones were also detected. The present study revealed that the kumquat fruits have a valuable levels of health beneficial chemo-preventive effects and genotypes varied based on their lipid, fatty acids and volatile constituents. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is a dioecious species that has a long juvenility period. Therefore, development of marker-assisted selection (MAS) techniques would greatly facilitate pistachio cultivar-breeding programs. The sex determination mechanism is presently unknown in pistachio. The generation of sex-linked markers is likely to reduce time, labor, and costs associated with breeding programs, and will help to clarify the sex determination system in pistachio. Results: Restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) markers were used to identify sex-linked markers and to elucidate the sex determination system in pistachio. Eight male and eight female F1 progenies from a Pistacia vera L. Siirt × Bağyolu cross, along with the parents, were subjected to RAD sequencing in two lanes of a Hi-Seq 2000 sequencing platform. This generated 449 million reads, comprising approximately 37.7 Gb of sequences. There were 33,757 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci between the parents. Thirty-eight of these, from 28 RAD reads, were detected as putative sex-associated loci in pistachio. Validation was performed by SNaPshot analysis in 42 mature F1 progenies and in 124 cultivars and genotypes in a germplasm collection. Eight loci could distinguish sex with 100% accuracy in pistachio. To ascertain cost-effective application of markers in a breeding program, high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis was performed; four markers were found to perfectly separate sexes in pistachio. Because of the female heterogamety in all candidate SNP loci, we report for the first time that pistachio has a ZZ/ZW sex determination system. As the reported female-to-male segregation ratio is 1:1 in all known segregating populations and there is no previous report of super-female genotypes or female heteromorphic chromosomes in pistachio, it appears that the WW genotype is not viable. Conclusion: Sex-linked SNP markers were identified and validated in a large germplasm and proved their suitability for MAS in pistachio. HRM analysis successfully validated the sex-linked markers for MAS. For the first time in dioecious pistachio, a female heterogamety ZW/ZZ sex determination system is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Content: Phenolic compounds play an important role in the plant defense mechanism and are responsible for antioxidant capacity in fruits and vegetables. It is known that the phenolics can determine in the leaves of plants which are resistant/susceptible to fungal infections. Objective: This study investigated the total phenolic compounds, content of shikimic acid from 33 different apple cultivars leaves infected with Venturia inaequalis [(Cke). Wint.] cultured in Fruit Research Station, in Egirdir, Isparta, Turkey. Materials and methods: Leaves of apple cultivars were collected three times in an interval of 30 d from July to September in 2010, and analyzed using HPLC methods to detect changes in the amount of the phenolic compounds and shikimic acid. Results: Total phenolic compounds and shikimic acid in resistant/moderate susceptible apple cultivars were higher than susceptible apple cultuvars, although not statistically different between resistant and susceptible apples. The content of shikimic acid was statistically higher only in the leaves of the domestic cultivar Ankara güzeli on all three dates. Discussion and conclusion: Recently, there have been increased studies trying to explain the resistance mechanism in plants. Natural resistance genes are investigated in some apple cultivars and new resistance varieties which have resistant genes are identified daily. Our study hold to determine the relationship between the phenolic compounds and the expression of resistance seems to be promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatic profile of peels and pulps of four commercial fig cultivars ('Bursa Siyahi', 'Karabakunya', 'Sari Lop' and 'Sultan Selim') from Turkey were determined first time by using Headspace Gas Chromatogropy-Mass Spectrophotometer (HS/GC-MS) technique. In general, aldehydes and therpenes were the major volatile group responsible aroma for peels and pulps in fig fruits. Total aldehydes were higher in pulps than peel in all cultivars. However total therpenes were higher in peel rather than in pulp. Among therpenes, β-caryophyllene were the major volatile compounds found in both peel and pulp. Phenol, 2,6-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl were the second important group responsible for fig aroma presented in both peel and pulp. Among aldehydes, 2-hexanal were found in high proportion only in pulp in all cultivars. The other groups responsible fig aroma were 2-furancaboxaldehyde, 5 (hydroxymethyl), benzyaldethyde, furfural and Germacrene D. α-curcumene, β-bisabolene and β-sesquiphellandrene were determined only in cv. 'Bursa Siyahi' peel and pulp and discriminated this cultivar from the others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa. Duch.) varieties commercially grown in Israel (Tamar, Yael and Malach) were studied for their volatile compositions. Two techniques were compared: headspace solid phase micro extraction (HS-SPME) and liquid-liquid extraction (organic solvent: tert-butyl methyl ether) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The influences of techniques on the volatile compounds were tested by comparing the volatiles determined in the 3 varieties. Malach, the most aromatic variety, accumulates high levels of furanones and esters compared to the other varieties. Differences in the aroma profiles obtained by utiliszing different techniques were noted. HS-SPME was more suitable for the determination of very volatile and non-polar esters, while liquid extraction was more appropriate for the determination of the polar and less volatile furanones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total phenol, phenolic compound, total oil, fatty acid, protein contents of walnut kernels from nine different cultivars and six genotypes grown in the USA were investigated. Total phenolic content was found to range from 540.08 to 1067.81 mg GAE/100 g dw, with three cultivars containing a value of or over 1000 mg GAE/100 g dw. A total of seven phenolic compounds were quantified, and their quantity were greatly varied among the cultivars/genotypes. Ellagic acid was the most abundant phenolic compound, varying from 20.03 to 97.23 mg/kg. Total oil component ranged from 53.17% to 65.92% with an average value of ca. 60%. As a saturated fatty acid type, myristic, palmitic, stearic, and arachidic acid; as an unsaturated acid type, linoleic, linolenic acid, oleic, and palmitoleic acid were quantified. Palmitic acid was the predominant saturated fatty acid compound and ranged from 5.74% to 9.49%; linoleic acid was the predominant unsaturated fatty acid compound and ranged from 58.96% to 66.07%. Protein content percentage was notably varied among cultivars and genotypes, ranging from 13.57% to 25.72% with an average value of ca. 21%. These results indicate that the walnut kernel is a good source of fat, phenolics, and proteins, and its abundance are greatly cultivar/genotype-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet sorghum seems to be one of the most promising energy crops for a wide range of ecological conditions thanks to its high yield potential and drought tolerance. A two-year field trial was conducted in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment in Turkey to evaluate the interactive effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels (100, 150, and 200 kg ha−1) and humic substances (0, 15, 30, and 45 L ha−1) applications on the biomass and bioethanol yields of sweet sorghum, and combustion characteristics of its bagasse. Sweet sorghum showed a positive response to increased nitrogen fertilizer and humic subtances application levels in terms of biomass and bioethanol production. Lignocellulosic and total bioethanol yields significantly increased up to 2910 and 3336.6 L ha−1 as a result of the combined application of the 200 kg ha−1 N and 15 L ha−1 humic subtances (HS), respectively. However, HS application had a detrimental effect on the bagasse combustion quality, because it caused a considerable increase in the mineral and ash concentrations. Briefly, combined application of 200 kg ha−1 N and 15 L ha−1 HS may be suggested to be applied for the sustainable bioethanol production from sweet sorghum, while the application of HS likely does not provide any economic and environmental benefit if bagasse would be used as solid biofuel feedstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boletus edulis and B. pinophilus are commonly consumed edible species of Boletus spp. in Turkey, which are also exported to some European countries. In this study, twenty-three volatile compounds were determined with Headspace Solid2Phase Microextraction / Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry (HS2SPME/GC/MS) in both B. edulis and B. pinophilus. 1-octen-3-ol (79.75), 2-octen-1-ol (13.18), 1-octen-3-one (2.52), (E)-2-octenal (1.21) in B. edulis and 1-octen-3-ol (55.97), 2-octen-1-ol (13.55), 3-octanone (7.43), (E)-2-octenal (6.79), 1-octen-3-one (5.80) and 1,7,7-trimethyl2heptan-2-one (2.04), 2-propenoic acid (1.95) and 1,3-octadiene (1.75) in B. pinophilus were identified as main volatile aroma compounds (%), respectively. The present study is the first report on the volatile constituents of B. edulis and B. pinophilus collected from Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aroma profile from ripened fruits of Dwarf Cavendish banana cultivars grown under open-field (OF) and protected area (PA) cultivation was studied in order to determine aroma differences. Aroma compounds were extracted with dichloromethane, and analysed by gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionisation detection and GC–mass spectrometry. According to sensory analysis, the aromatic extract of banana was representative of banana odour. A total of 80 components were identified and quantified in OF-banana and 76 in PA-banana. Open-field banana contained more aroma compounds both qualitatively and quantitatively. Of all aroma compounds measured, esters were present in the highest amounts, followed by aldehydes. The main esters were isoamyl acetate, 2-pentanol acetate and isoamyl butanoate. The total amount of esters in OF-banana was 23.8mg/kg and in PA-banana 20.5mg/kg. Based on the sensory analysis, OF-banana was preferred over bananas produced in protected areas, because of their aroma quality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• A total of ten fatty acids have been identified and quantified from Viburnum opulus fruits grown in Turkey. • The major fatty acids in all the samples were oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid. • The highest saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was found in Gümüşhane sample (18.14 %). • The highest unsaturated faty acid (UFA) content was determined in Sivas sample (87.01 %). • Thirty volatile components of V.opulus fruits have been detected for the first time in this study. This study aimed to compare fatty acid and volatile compound compositions of Viburnum opulus fruits grown at various locations at different altitudes of Turkey (Ardahan/Center, Sivas/Gemerk, Kayseri/Develi, Gumushane/Kelkit). The total lipid contents in fruits varied from 9.34 % (Ardahan) to 12.35 % (Gümüşhane). A total of ten fatty acids (lauric acid (C12:0), myristic acid (C14:0), oleic acid (C 18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0), linoleic acid (C18:2), α-Linolenic acid(C18:3), arachidic acid (C20:0), gondoic acid (C20:1), behenic acid (C22:0), stearic acid (C18:0)) have been identified and quantified. The major fatty acids in all the samples were oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid. The highest saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was found in Gümüşhane sample (18.14 %), while the lowest content was detected in Sivas (13.46 %). Unlike SFA, the highest unsaturated faty acid (UFA) content was determined in Sivas sample (87.01 %), while the lowest content was identified in Gümüşhane sample (82.26 %). We used headspace and immersion solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC–MS and Im-SPME/GC–MS) techniques to identify the volatiles. 23 and 35 compounds were identified by the HS-SPME/GC–MS technique at 28 and 40 ̊C, however, 44 and 38 compounds were detected by the Im-SPME/GC–MS technique at 28 and 40 ̊C. Thirty volatile components of V.opulus fruits have been detected for the first time in this study. 3-methylbutanoic acid in Ardahan, Kayseri, Sivas samples, ethyl acetate in Sivas sample, 2-octanol in Gümüşhane sample, phenol in Ardahan sample are the main volatile compounds. Im-SPME/GC–MS technique allowed identification of a larger number of volatile compounds and thus is more efficient than the HS-SPME/GC–MS technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are seed propagated walnut (Juglans regia L.) populations with the vast genetic variation in different part of Turkey. There are also lots of monoecious and dichogamous genotypes in Turkey due to continuing sexual propagation. In this study, fruits of 19 selected walnut genotypes grown in Kahramanmaraş region were characterized based on their fat, fatty acid and tocopherol contents. The fatty acids content of genotypes were analyzed using Gas Chromatography. Tocopherol analyses such as alpha (α)-Tocopherol, gamma (γ) and beta (β) + delta (δ) were performed by HPLC technique. According to the total fat and fatty acid results, there were differences among genotypes on most of the fatty acids. Total fat ranged from 51.2 to 82.1%, stearic acid from 2.57 to 3.37%, myristic acid from 0.00 to 0.05%, palmitic acid from 6.42 to 7.92%, arachidic acid from 0.00 to 0.16%, linoleic acid from 53.23 to 63.62%, linolenic acid from 10.75 to 15.24%, oleic acid from 14.73 to 24.17% and palmitoleic acid from 0.00 to 0.16%, respectively. The same genotypes were evaluated based on their tocopherol content and (α)-Tocopherol, gamma (γ) and beta (β) + delta (δ) tocopherol were found between 23.47 and 38.04 μg/g, 161.09 and 292.56 μg/g and 16.93 and 32.34 μg/g, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey has rich wild apricot populations and all Turkish apricot cultivars were previously selected among wild apricots. On this background for apricot breeding six new late flowering dried apricot genotypes were taken under study, along with wide spread cv. 'Hacihaliloglu'; all genotypes were examined in terms of volatile compounds using Headspace-Solid Phase Micro Extraction - Mass Spectrometry (HSSPME/GC/MS) techniques. The most important volátiles of apricot genotypes were aldehydes, alcohols, esters, terpenes, ketones and acids. Among these compounds, ethanol, hexanal, 3-carene, squalene, acetic acid, tetradecaonic acid, pentadecaonic acid, octadecaonic acid, n-hexadecaonic acid and l-hdroxy-2-propanone were present in all genotypes studied at certain levels. In general, total concentrations of aroma compounds were higher in some promising genotypes under study than within 'Hacihaliloglu' cultivar, except total alcohol compound (53.33%). Volatile compounds, particularly esters, were the major contributors to fruity, floral and pleasant fruit flavours. The highest esters' compound contents were detected in 'N95' (9.2%) and 'N57' (2.18%) genotypes, while 'Hacihaliloglu' had 1.61% ester compounds. Lacton (y-decalactone) was a key aroma compound of apricot, y-decalactone was detected ranging between 0.4-1.13% in all genotypes, except cv. 'Hacihaliloglu'. The hereby obtained results showed that the volatile composition depended largely upon the apricot genotypes, moment of harvest, growing conditions and cultural applications that may all affect fruit quality. These results represent valuable starting points for apricot breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fruit weight, antioxidant capacity, total anthocyanins, total phenolics, ascorbic acid, soluble solid content (SSC), reducing sugar and acidity of a number of selected cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) genotypes of varied pigmentation were investigated. Two methods, namely β-carotene bleaching and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used to determine total antioxidant capacity, while Folin–Ciocalteu reagent was used to determine total phenols. Fruit weight, SSC and ascorbic acid content of genotypes were 2.09–9.17; 12.53–21.17% and 29–112mg/100g, respectively. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content varied among genotypes and 44-18 genotype had the highest antioxidant capacity using both methods. This genotype also had the highest total phenolic (74.8mgGAE/gDW) and total anthocyanin (115mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents /100gFW) content. There are linear relationships between antioxidant capacities and total phenols. The present study demonstrates the potential of certain cornelian cherry genotypes, notably 44-18, for improvement of nutritional value through germplasm enhancement programmes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: The global rise of multi-drug resistant M. tuberculosis demands unconventional treatment to enhance the efficiency of current drugs. Punica granatum, which is known as pomegranate, is considered as a member of the Punicaceae family. Pomegranate, which is broadly documented for its activity against a wide spectrum of bacterial pathogens, deserves further scrutiny in this respect., Methods: Within this scope, this study investigated the effect of fresh pomegranate juice (FPJ) on the antibacterial activity of anti-tuberculosis drugs (Rifampin (R) and Isoniazid (INH)) against MDR-TB clinical isolates. The drug resistance profiles in M. tuberculosis clinical isolates were determined by susceptibility test using BACTEC MGIT 960 system. Four concentrations of fresh pomegranate juice (FPJ) (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) were evaluated in combination with R and INH at a dose range of (1.0 µg/ml) and (0.1 µg/ml), respectively against the MDR-TB isolates by the BACTEC MGIT 960 system. Moreover, this study scrutinized individual phenolic compounds of FPJ by using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The total polyphenols (TP), total flavonoid (TF), total anthocyanins content (TAC), and the antioxidant capacity were also assessed in FPJ., Results: Synergistic effects were observed between R and INH with FPJ against all tested strains. However, combination therapy of rifampin was more effective than isoniazid one. Therefore, the combination of R and FPJ has been used against (27) MDR-TB clinical isolates. 5% of FPJ plus R (1.0 µg/ml) were found to suppress the growth of one isolates for first group (INH and R resistant). However, 5% of FPJ demonstrated no synergistic impact with R for second (SM, R and INH resistant) and third group (INH, EMB, R and SM resistant). Moreover, 10% of FPJ and R (1.0 μg/ml) inhibited the bacterial growth of three isolates of first group and two isolates and one isolate for second and third group, respectively. Remarkably, 15% of FPJ plus R (1.0 µg/ml) appeared to inhibit the growth of MDR-TB isolates for all tested groups indicating a strong synergistic effect. Regarding H37RV, the complete inhibition of the bacterial growth was found to occur at 15% and 20% concentrations of FPJ only. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FPJ ranged from (4% to13%) for first group and from (10% to15%) for second and third group. Thus, FPJ at 15% inhibited 100% of bacteria for all tested isolates (MIC100% =15%). Phenolic compounds identified in FPJ were gallic acid, benzoic acid, syringic, folic acid, pelargonidin, naringin+ellagic acid, naringenin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, myricetin, kaempferol, quercetin, cyanidin-3-glycoside, p-cummaric acid, ferulic acid, and rutin. Total phenolic (TP), total flavonoid (TF), and total anthocyanin (TA) content were 841.5 mg/L, 638.73 mg RE/L, and 47.43 mg/L, accordingly., Conclusion: Overall, FPJ displayed synergistic effect with R against MDR-TB clinical isolates due to its high content of polyphenol and antioxidant capability., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background: Kumquat (Fortunella spp.) is one of the important fruit species that has been introduced into Turkey recently. It is well adapted to the Mediterranean region in Turkey. Early research of kumquat was started on adaptation and pomological traits, and only a few studies have been concerned with chemical content. After understanding the health benefits of kumquat fruits farmers started their plantations in Turkey. Thus in this study the fruits of five kumquat species - Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle, F. crassifolia Swingle, F. obovata Hort. ex Tanaka, F. hindsii (Champ. ex Benth.) Swingle, and limequat [Citrus aurantifolia × F. japonica (Thumb.)] - were compared based on their lipids, fatty acids and volatile profiles. The lipids, fatty acids and volatile profiles were determined by using gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC/FID) and headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) techniques. Volatile constituents of kumquat fruits were isolated by a headspace method., Results: The total lipid content (%) of kumquat species ranged from 0.26% to 0.37%. The polyunsaturated fatty acids were detected in a higher amount compared to the monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids, respectively. The headspace technique led to the identification of 39 compounds and among a total of 39 constituents identified, d-limonene was the most abundant compound, comprising 67.78-88.72%. The results indicated that kumquats are rich in dietary and health benefits., Conclusion: Thirty-nine compounds were identified and terpenes were the major chemical group in all kumquat genotypes. Esters, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones were also detected. The present study revealed that the kumquat fruits have a valuable levels of health beneficial chemo-preventive effects and genotypes varied based on their lipid, fatty acids and volatile constituents., (© 2014 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Backround: The medicinal use of garlic is much older than its usage as a food. The medical importance of garlic comes forward for its sulfur-containing components. In this study, it was aimed to compare Kastamonu garlic type with Chinese garlic type based on their aroma profiles., Materials and Methods: Fresh Kastamonu garlic samples harvested from Kastamonu region of Turkey and Chinese garlic samples obtained from Turkish market were used as plant material. Volatile aroma compounds were determined using Headspace Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC/MS)., Results: Sixteen and twenty aroma components were identified in Kastamonu and Chinese garlic types, respectively. Kastamonu garlic type was found to be richer than Chinese garlic types in terms of sulfur-containing compounds. Diallyl disulphide, which is one of these components, was detected at level of 41.87% and 34.95% in the Kastamonu and Chinese garlic types, respectively. Also di-2-propenyl trisulfide was found only in Kastamonu garlic types. Disulfide, methyl 2-propenyl was determined at similar levels in both garlic types., Conclusion: The majority of garlic grown in Kastamonu region of Turkey is assessed by medical companies., Conclusion: The results of the current study showed that Kastamonu garlic type has important medical properties. Therefore, this garlic can also be used in the medical field, as well as the consumption as food.

This study was conducted at Horticulture Department of Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey during 2010-2011. Fresh sample of Ganoderma lucidum collected from Mersin province of Turkey was used as material. Volatile aroma compounds were performed by Headspace Gas Chromatography (HS-GC/MS). Alcohols, aldehydes, acids, phenol, L-Alanine, d-Alanine, 3Methyl, 2-Butanamine, 2-Propanamine were determined. 1-Octen-3-ol (Alcohol) and 3-methyl butanal (Aldehyde) were identified as major aroma compounds.

The Coruh Valley, located in Northeastern Turkey, is one of the most important centers of diversity in pomegranate in Turkey. In this study, we attempted to characterize 19 promising pomegranate genotypes originating from the Coruh Valley in using fluorescent dye AFLP markers and capillary electrophoresis. Four AFLP primer combinations were used, generating a total of 297 fragments, 213 of which were polymorphic (73.0%). Resolving powers of the AFLP primers ranged from 0.700 to 1.018, with a total of 3.440, while polymorphism information contents ranged from 0.707 to 0.837 with an average of 0.764. UPGMA clustering of the genotypes showed two major groups. Most of the fruit characteristics of the genotypes within the same group were variable. Therefore, the results showed that molecular characterization is necessary to get reliable relationships among pomegranate genotypes and AFLP markers can be used effectively in pomegranate.

The effects of maturation (green, pink, and ripe) on phenolic composition of strawberry cultivars Camarosa, Dorit, Chandler, and Osmanli and their hybrids were investigated using a high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin were individually quantified for each stage. The highest amounts of anthocyanins were obtained from ripe fruits whereas ellagic acid was found as the main phenolic in the green fruits. Phenolic concentrations were found statistically different in green and ripe fruits. One hybrid was found to have higher phenolic contents than the other genotypes. The p-hydroxybenzoic and p-coumaric acid levels changed during maturation, but no differences in contents of flavonoids in green and ripe fruit were detected.