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This study aimed to determine the metal (Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) levels in the gill, liver, and muscle tissues of some fish species, water and sediment samples taken from Tercan Dam Lake (Erzincan, Turkey). Initially, some physico-chemical parameters of the water such as temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were measured, and the relationship was determined between these parameters and the metal levels detected in the water. According to the analysis conducted on the water and the sediment, the most frequent metal was determined to be Fe. During the analyses conducted in the water, Pb and Zn metals were not detected, and all metals were detected in the sediment. It was determined that metals accumulated to a higher degree in the liver and gill tissues compared to muscle tissues. The harmfulness of the metal amounts determined in the water, sediment, and fish tissues was evaluated by comparing them to the acceptable values determined by national and international institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) is commonly used as a general biocide in the agricultural fields surrounding freshwater reservoirs. So the aim of the present study was to investigate the toxic effects of CuSO4.5H2O by examining oxidative damage markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) for lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant enzymatic defense system components (glutathione reductase (GR), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT)) in freshwater fish Capoeta umbla (Heckel, 1843) liver, kidney and gill. In this purpose, the 96 h LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) of CuSO4.5H2O for C. umbla was estimated as a 1.478 mg/L. Three different CuSO4.5H2O sublethal doses (0.185, 0.370 and 0.739 mg/L) were administered to C. umbla at different time intervals (12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h). Antioxidant enzyme activities and MDA levels were measured spectrophotometrically. Liver, kidney and gills samples were collected at the end of the experiment, and analysed for their oxidant-antioxidant status, including MDA level, GR, G6PD, SOD, CAT and GPx activities. Results obtained showed that CuSO4.5H2O, significantly decreased (P<0.05) the GR, G6PD and GPx activities, but increased (P<0.05) the CAT, SOD activities and MDA levels of C. umbla liver, kidney and gill tissue in a dose-dependent manner. However, CuSO4.5H2O exposure did not cause to changes significantly (P<0.05) in enzyme activities and MDA levels of C. umbla liver, kidney and gill tissue in a time-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorpyrifos (CPF), which was started to be used in 1965, is a broad spectrum organophosphate insecticide that is used more and more day by day. Commonly used to control pests in farmland and homes, CPF is more toxic to fish than organochlorine compounds. CPF poses a serious threat to the health of humans and aquatic organisms. This paper studies the relationship between CPF exposure and antioxidant enzyme activities in gill, kidney and liver tissues of Capoeta umbla . Different time intervals (12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h) and CPF doses (55 and 110 µg L -1 ) were used in the study. Spectrophotometrical measures were taken in all tissues for antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as indices of the lipid peroxidation (LPO). A positive relationship between CPF and MDA levels was found in the study at a statistically significant level ( p  < 0.05). The study also found a negative relationship between CPF levels and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) activity. Independent variables in the study can act as biomarkers of CPF exposure. The study recommends employing proper ecotoxicological risk evaluations in cases of CPF usage as a pesticide. The activities of the studied molecules against various proteins that are crystal structure of human peroxiredoxin 5 (PDB ID: 1HD2) has docking score value is -2.67, crystal structure of Bovine Xanthine Oxidase (PDB ID: 3NRZ) has docking score value is -3.76, and crystal structure of antibacterial FabH (PDB ID: 4Z8D) has docking score value is -3.16, were compared. Molecular dynamic (MD) calculations were made in 100 ns. MM/GBSA methods are calculated binding free energy. Afterwards, ADME/T analysis was performed to examine the some properties of the molecules.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

A new series of indole-carbohydrazide-phenoxy-N-phenylacetamide derivatives 7a-l were designed, synthesized, and screened for their α-glucosidase inhibitory abilities and cytotoxic effects. The results obtained in the α-glucosidase inhibition assay indicated that most of the synthesized derivatives displayed good to moderate inhibitory abilities (K i values ranging from 14.65 ± 2.54 to 37.466 ± 6.46 μM) when compared with the standard drug acarbose (K i  = 42.38 ± 5.73 μM). Among them, 2-mehoxy-phenoxy derivatives 7l and 7h with 4-nitro and 4-chloro substituents on the phenyl ring of the N-phenylacetamide moiety, respectively, displayed the most inhibition effects. The inhibitory mechanism of these compounds was investigated by molecular docking studies. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay showed that only one compound, 2-methoxy-phenoxy derivative 7k with a 4-bromo substituent on the phenyl ring of the N-phenylacetamide moiety, exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against the human non-small-cell lung cancer cell line A549 and the rest of the compounds show almost no cytotoxicity. Further cytotoxic evaluations were also performed on compound 7k. The in silico pharmacokinetic study predicted that the selected compounds 7l and 7h are likely to be orally active., (© 2023 Deutsche Pharmazeutische Gesellschaft.)

In this study, the therapeutic potential and phytochemical composition of ethanolic extract of Cephalaria elazigensis var . purpurea (CE), an endemic species, were investigated. For this purpose, the antiproliferative effect of CE on the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and its effectiveness on colony formation and cell migration was analyzed with clonogenic assay and wound healing assay, respectively. In addition, the cell death detection ELISA (CDDE) assay was conducted to determine the pro-apoptotic capacity of CE. The IC 50 value of the CE was determined as 324.2 ± 14.7 µg/mL. Furthermore, upon 1000 µg/mL CE treatment, there was 4.96-fold increase in the population of cells undergoing apoptosis compared to the untreated control cells. The antioxidant activity tests were performed by DPPH free radical, ABTS cation radical, ferric-ion reducing power (FRAP) and ferrous-ion chelating power (FCAP) assays. Antioxidant activity values for the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays were found to be 125.6 ± 6.3, 34.09 ± 0.1 and 123.4 ± 4.2 µmol TE/mg DE, respectively. We further determined the effect of CE ethanolic extract against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes. CE plays an effective inhibitory role in AChE and BuChE (AChE: IC 50 : 10.54 µg/mL, BuChE: IC 50 : 6.84 µg/mL) respectively. Further, molecular docking stuy was conducted to understand the nature of the all compound against AChE an BChE. It is revealed that α-Linolenic acid shows lowest binding energy (-7.90 kcal/mol) towards AChE, on the other side, Linoleic acid shows good binding affinity (-7.40 kcal/mol) for BChE.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Gallocatechin gallate is a form of catechin and an ester of gallocatechin and gallic acid. This is an epimer of the gallate epigallocatechin. In this study, the effect of this molecule, containing a biologically active group, was investigated in terms of important metabolic enzymes (carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II (hCA I and II), achethylcholinesterase (AChE) and α-glycosidase (α-Gly) enzymes). The molecular docking method used to compare the biological activities of the Catechin 5-O-gallate molecule against enzymes was used. Afterwards, the ADME/T analysis was performed to investigate the drug availability of the Catechin 5-O-gallate molecule and the parameters obtained from ADME/T analysis were examined. Continuation of this study, for evaluating antioxidant and radical scavenging capacity Catechin 5-O-gallate, cupric ion (Cu 2+ ) reduction capacity by CUPRAC method, Fe 3+ -Fe 2+ reducing capacity, DPPH free radical clarifying (DPPH·), ABTS radical clarifying (ABTS •+ ) were performed separately and during the study, trolox, α-tocopherol BHT and BHA were used as the reference antioxidant compound. Comparisons were applied with the four standard substances. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

This study attempts to evaluate the antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and anticancer properties as well as fatty acid compositions of endemic Saponaria prostrata WILLD. subsp. anatolica HEDGE. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the fatty acid content of methanol: dichloromethane extract from S. prostrata subsp. anatolica (SPA). Enzymatic activity was measured against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and α-glucosidase. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) were conducted to antioxidant properties. The anticancer effect of SPA on human MCF-7 breast cancer and human HCT116 colorectal cancer cell line was evaluated by WST-1 cell viability assay, colony formation assay and wound healing assay. In addition, human VEGF Elisa method was used to determine the anti-angiogenic effect, and the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) method on p53, Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA levels were used to evaluate apoptosis. While high amounts of palmitic acid (40.8%), linoleic acid (17.75%) and α-linolenic acid (16.84%) were detected in the SPA, the total amount of unsaturated fatty acid (51.34%) was higher than the total amount of saturated fatty acid (48.66%). SPA displayed the most promising acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and α-glycosidase (AG) inhibitory activities (AChE: IC 50 : 18.03 µg/mL, BuChE: IC 50 : 44.24 µg/mL and AG: IC 50 : 210.85 µg/mL). The half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of SPA in MCF-7 and HCT116 cells was determined as 259.79 µg/mL and 97.24 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, it was determined that SPA suppresses colony formation and wound closure, and suppresses angiogenesis as well as triggering apoptosis at a significant level. It is true that endemic S. prostrata subsp. anatolica is a potential source of functional food ingredients, but more analytical and in vivo experiments are needed to explore further secondary metabolite diversity and pharmacological properties., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic disorder associated with multiple complications including neuropathy, memory loss and cognitive decline. Despite a long history of studies on diabetic complications, there are no effective therapeutic strategies for neuroprotection in diabetes. Hyperglycemia-induced imbalance in programmed cell death could initiate a decline in neural tissue cells viability. Various nanomaterials can induce either cell death or cell survival dependent on the type and surface features. Pristine C 60 fullerene is a nontoxic nanomaterial, which exhibits antioxidant and cytoprotective properties. However, the precise molecular mechanism with which the C 60 nanoparticle exerts cytoprotective effect in diabetic subjects has not yet been fully addressed. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether C 60 fullerene prevents oxidative stress impairment and to explore the effects of C 60 fullerene on apoptosis and autophagy in diabetes mellitus to clarify its potential mechanisms. These effects have been examined for olive oil extracted C 60 fullerene on the hippocampus of STZ diabetic rats. Up-regulation of Caspase-3, Beclin-1 and oxidative stress indexes and down-regulation of Bcl-2 were observed in the brain of STZ-diabetic rats. The exposure to C 60 fullerene for a period of 12 weeks ameliorate redox imbalance, hyperglycemia-induced disturbances in apoptosis and autophagy flux via modulation of Caspase-3, Bcl-2, Beclin-1 and LC3I/II contents. Furthermore, C 60 fullerene ameliorated the LC3I/II ratio and prevented extremely increased autophagy flux. Contrarily, pristine C 60 fullerene had no modulatory effect on all studied apoptotic and autophagy markers in non-diabetic groups. Therefore, oil extracted C 60 fullerene exhibits cytoprotective effect in hyperglycemia-stressed hippocampal cells. The presented results confirm that pristine C 60 fullerene nanoparticles can protect hippocampal cells against hyperglycemic stress via anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic effects and amelioration of autophagy flux. Moreover, C 60 fullerene regulates a balance of autophagy via BCL-2/Beclin-1 reciprocal expression that could prevent functional disturbances in hippocampus.

Formalin bath treatments are widely used to control of parasitic infections in aquaculture. However, effects of formaldehyde on the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system were not still need elucidation. Fish were exposed to formalin at doses of 50, 100 and 200 ppm for 1 h. Fish were then left to depurate for 24 h in formalin-free water. At the end of the test, whole bodies were isolated and homogenized to measured malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione  (GSH) levels and catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx ) activities. Results obtained showed that formalin significantly (p &lt; 0.05) increased the MDA level. There was statistically significant decrease in the CAT activity of the experimental groups when compared to the control group. After recovery period, the CAT activity was still found to be lower than the control level. The GPx  activity and GSH level decreased by formalin exposures and did not return to the control values during recovery periods. From the findings of our study, it can be interpreted that acute formalin inhalation may cause oxidative stress and thus, some secondary toxic effects in whole body.

The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to different concentrations of copper sulphate (CuSO4). Fish were exposed to 0 (Group I-control), 5 (Group II), 15 (Group III) and 30 µg/L (Group IV) concentrations of CuSO4 for 14 days. Liver and gills samples were collected at the end of the experiment, and analysed for their oxidant-antioxidant status, including the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, the catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities as well as the reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration. Results obtained showed that the levels of MDA increased in tissues of fish. Compared to control, GSH level and GSH-Px and CAT activities were significantly reduced in the fish that were exposed to different concentrations of CuSO4. The result demonstrated that CuSO4 has an oxidative-stress-inducing potential in fish.