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This research aimed to optimize the microwave popping process of 5 cultivars of ñuña beans under different moisture content. This work was divided into two stages: determining the optimal time and microwave power for maximum popping and studying the effect of initial grain moisture content on popping percentage. For this, grains were conditioned to 9%, 11%, 13% and 15% of moisture content. The results suggested that only the cultivars “Vaquita poroto”, “Negra” and “Jabona” cultivars reach the highest popping percentages selecting optimum microwave power and process time. In addition, this work found that for every studied cultivar, moisture content between 9 to 11% w.b (wet basis). is suitable to maximize popping percentage. Moisture contents greater than 13% w.b. drastically reduced the popping percentage but increased expansion percentage. In conclusion, this work recommended “Vaquita poroto” cultivar since it presented the maximum popping percentage even at moisture content up to 13% w.b. As practical applications, popping process using microwave has not been widely study, especially for non-conventional popping beans. These beans are consumed in South America; however, they can be exported as a healthy snack. In addition, this work optimized the process and selected the best cultivar of this bean to be industrialized. In addition, the present work demonstrated the importance of the initial moisture content of the beans to improve quality and yield of burst grains.

Para la disciplina del trabajo social resulta necesario discutir los alcances teóricos, éticos y políticos de la intervención. Con este fin, se revisan diversas propuestas conceptuales con el fin de sustentar la necesidad de abordar teóricamente el asunto de la legitimidad de la intervención. Interesó contextualizar social e históricamente esta discusión, en el marco de las evidencias de sometimiento neoliberal tanto individual como colectivo. Tras la revisión bibliográfica, se propuso tres respuestas para responder al origen de la legitimidad de la intervención social: a) partir de su sujeción a normas, b) en la búsqueda de justicia social, y c) en los fundamentos deconstructivos de éticas enunciativas. Se concluye que esta propuesta debe tener en vista el momento histórico neoliberal que sacude a América Latina. Esta reflexión sobre el problema de la legitimidad de la intervención social aporta en la definición de sus sentidos y alcances. Se supone en este artículo que no es posible clausurar la intervención en el campo del trabajo social. Por ello, este debate sobre la legitimidad debe implicar aspectos ético-políticos que repercuten en la construcción de agenda pública en tiempos de transformación de lo social.

Viticulture in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the southernmost state of Brazil, has been changing due to its expansion to new areas in the Campanha Region. Located in the south of the state, these areas have different edaphoclimatic conditions from those existing in the Serra Gaúcha, traditional production region. Thus, the estimation of reference values for leaf nutrient contents specific for the conditions of the Campanha is essential for the correct management of vineyards. Methods such as Mathematical Chance (MCh) enable the determination of sufficiency levels of leaf nutrients by evaluating commercial production areas. This work aimed to estimate reference values for nutrients in leaf tissue of grapevines in the region of Campanha by using the MCh method. Nutritional sufficiency ranges differed from those estimated by the official research for the state. However, they revealed high similarity with the results obtained by other studies carried out in the Campanha Region by using DRIS and CND approaches. Our results demonstrated that the MCh was able to estimate the infra- and supra-optimal limits, as well as the optimal levels for nutrients, indicating that there is potential for foliar diagnosis of vineyards in RS to be performed based on regionalized parameters.

Este artículo interpreta las trazas históricas y discursivas que fundamentan el modo neoliberal de gobierno del desastre en Chile. Para este efecto, el método utiliza como fuentes diacrónicas, una serie de documentos históricos y artículos que refieren a los principales terremotos que afectan al territorio del país durante el período 1900-1980. Como resultado, se propone una interpretación de la trayectoria genealógica del gobierno neoliberal del desastre. Finalmente, el artículo contribuye a configurar una mirada crítica del neoliberalismo en el marco de los estudios transdisciplinarios sobre desastre.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of vegetative canopy height on the agronomic characteristics and grape must and wine physicochemical properties of a ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vineyard in an espalier-trained system. The evaluated parameters comprised agronomic characteristics of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevines and physicochemical compositions of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ musts and wines, as well as their phenolic compositions (anthocyanins, stilbenes, and flavonoids), and impact on wine contents of methoxypyrazines (volatile compounds that impart vegetal or earthy odors to wine, which are considered undesirable in large intensity). To that end, four heights of the vegetative canopy were tested: 60 cm (T1), 80 cm (T2), 100 cm (T3), and 120 cm (T4). The experiment was carried out in a commercial vineyard in the region of “Campanha Gaúcha” (Dom Pedrito, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil) during the productive cycles of 2015/16, 2016/17, 2017/18, and 2018/19. The main agronomic parameters were measured: estimated productivity per plant and hectare, and mean weight and number of clusters. All wines were elaborated by the same traditional winemaking methods. The physicochemical analyses of must and wines were performed by infrared spectroscopy using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), and the phenolic analysis by high-efficiency liquid chromatography and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Methoxypyrazines were quantified using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that treatments did not influence agronomic parameters. However, technological maturation (sugar accumulation) had interesting results for plants managed at higher canopy heights, with respective results obtained for wine. Treatments had little influence on individual quantification of anthocyanins, although cycles had a high influence on their profile. The wines had low concentrations of methoxypyrazines and did not differ among treatments.

This article makes a comparative analysis between two post-disaster normality recovery processes under the neoliberal governmentality. The first case is the earthquake-tsunami which took place on February 27, 2010 in the center-south area of Chile and the second case is of the flooding and landslide on Janu-ary 12, 2011 in the Serrana region in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The analysis was made through revisions of documentary sources about these cases and field work, and qualitative interviews. The long-term recovery processes, the conditions of insecurity in the dimensions of social life and the challenges for professionals working in the neoliberal biopolitics context were examined through analytical categories. The results of this comparative analysis allow us to observe that disasters are social and historical processes that occur in contexts of political regimes in both countries (neoliberal) with a resolution that alludes to mechanisms and instruments of biopolitics. This last point has implications for different dimensions of government focused on emergency, such as the administration of life where gender issues are relevant.

La cavidad ósea de Stafne (CS) ha sido descrita como una radiolucencia oval, de bordes definidos y corticalizados, localizada por debajo del conducto mandibular entre el primer molar y el ángulo de la mandíbula. Casos atípicos de presentación de la cavidad en forma lobulada con márgenes irregulares, escleróticos o incompletos, así como una localización inusual requieren el empleo de métodos imagenológicos que posibiliten realizar un diagnóstico diferencial, evitando un procedimiento invasivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir un caso de CS en un paciente masculino de 74 años de edad, con antecedente de cáncer de próstata. Las imágenes de tomografía computarizada de haz cónico evidenciaron una cavidad abierta hacia la tabla lingual por debajo del conducto mandibular. Las imágenes de resonancia magnética y tomografía computarizada multicorte permitieron identificar el contenido del defecto, identificado en ambos métodos imagenólogicos como tejido adiposo. El examen radiográfico de una CS de aspecto atípico debe ser complementado con estudios tomográficos y de resonancia magnética, estos proporcionan información relevante para el diagnóstico definitivo, limitando la realización de una exploración quirúrgica. En el caso clínico presentado, la caracterización de la extensión del defecto, su relación con los dientes y estructuras vecinas, así como la identificación del contenido permitieron descartar la presencia de una metástasis de cáncer de próstata.

Immunotherapy can induce antigen spreading of antitumor T cell response, which correlates with better outcomes. Here the authors show that tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells promote antigen spreading via lysing tumor cells and promoting their uptake and cross-presentation by dendritic cells, thereby eliciting de novo T cell responses.

Ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73) is an enzyme present on the surface of tumor cells whose primary described function is the production of extracellular adenosine. Due to the immunosuppressive properties of adenosine, CD73 is being investigated as a target for new antitumor therapies. We and others have described that CD73 is present at the surface of different CD8+ T cell subsets. Nonetheless, there is limited information as to whether CD73 affects CD8+ T cell proliferation and survival. In this study, we assessed the impact of CD73 deficiency on CD8+ T cells by analyzing their proliferation and survival in antigenic and homeostatic conditions. Results obtained from adoptive transfer experiments demonstrate a paradoxical role of CD73. On one side, it favors the expression of interleukin-7 receptor α chain on CD8+ T cells and their homeostatic survival; on the other side, it reduces the survival of activated CD8+ T cells under antigenic stimulation. Also, upon in vitro antigenic stimulation, CD73 decreases the expression of interleukin-2 receptor α chain and the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2, findings that may explain the reduced CD8+ T cell survival observed in this condition. These results indicate that CD73 has a dual effect on CD8+ T cells depending on whether they are subject to an antigenic or homeostatic stimulus, and thus, special attention should be given to these aspects when considering CD73 blockade in the design of novel antitumor therapies.

The inequalities in the labor market among Chilean social workers were examined, analyzing whether they differ from the trends observed in other professions. Two samples of the National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN) database from the Ministry of Social Development of Chile (2015) were used. The contingency coefficient determined the intensity of the association between economic income and contractual condition, in relation to the variables gender, generation and ethnicity. The results indicated that the proportion of social workers in the tenth part of the population with largest national income varies according to generation and ethnic group, and the proportion of those having permanent work varies according to gender and generation. In both cases, generation has the strongest association, observing more pronounced inequalities among social workers than among other professionals. There is a debate about the reproduction of inequalities in social work – associated with neoliberalism – and the ethical-political challenges that this implies.

El objetivo de este artículo es abordar los saberes locales de las mujeres que inciden en el afrontamiento de los desastres relacionados con el cambio climático. Se estudió la producción de memoria local respecto de las últimas grandes inundaciones en el Valle Nonguén en Concepción (Chile). Se examinó el modo en que las mujeres generaron respuestas adaptativas en los desastres de 2005 y 2006, tanto para sus familias como para la comunidad. Mediante un estudio cualitativo, se entrevistaron a 20 mujeres líderes comunitarias durante estos eventos. Los resultados indican que las mujeres líderes expresan roles diferenciados que surgen en el territorio, distintos de los habituales tradicionales. Si bien es un estudio acotado al caso Nonguén, sus resultados pueden compararse con otras comunidades en América Latina. El interés radica en el hecho de que las mujeres conservaron esta memoria sobre desastres, la que fue útil para enfrentar situaciones posteriores en ese territorio.

Para manutenção da qualidade e aumento no tempo de armazenamento de frutas climatéricas como a pera, uma das estratégias é a utilização do 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), que reduz os efeitos do etileno, o qual é responsável pelo amadurecimento dos frutos. Objetivou-se a avaliação da influência do 1-MCP na qualidade pós-colheita de peras ‘Abate Fetel’, ‘Packham’s’ e ‘Tenra’ armazenadas em câmara fria. As frutas foram tratadas com 1-MCP no interior de caixas plásticas vedadas, à temperatura de 20 ºC, por 14 horas, sendo em seguida transferidas para câmara fria (0 °C ± 1 °C e 85% ± 5% UR), onde permaneceram por períodos de 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias. As variáveis analisadas foram firmeza de polpa, índice DA, pH do suco, acidez titulável e sólidos solúveis. Observou-se que o 1-MCP é eficiente na manutenção da firmeza de polpa dos frutos das cultivares estudas, armazenadas em câmara fria. Além disso, a degradação de clorofila de peras ‘Abate Fetel’ e ‘Packham’s’, armazenadas em câmara fria, foi reduzida com a utilização do 1-MCP.

En Chile durante el siglo XIX, se inició una reforma del sistema carcelario que buscó eliminar los Presidios Ambulantes y una serie vicios en las Cárceles Públicas y Casas Correccionales. Implementando así, un sistema penitenciario que intentó reproducir los tratamientos penitenciarios desarrollados principalmente en Estados Unidos y Europa. La élite criolla respaldo la reforma levantando un discurso político a través de recomendaciones y exposiciones, que se materializaron en la creación por ley de la Cárcel Penitenciaria de Santiago en 1843. En el presente artículo se realiza un análisis de carácter histórico, respecto al primer periodo de discusiones y debates a nivel político a propósito de la reforma del sistema de prisiones en Chile y del tipo de tratamiento penitenciario adoptado luego de la construcción de la Cárcel Penitenciaria de Santiago. Dicho objeto, se logra a través de la utilización de una metodología heurística, revisión de fuentes de archivo documental y una relevante discusión bibliográfica, a propósito de la justificación política del castigo penitenciario, en tanto política nacional y reforma del individuo criminal, contrastándolo estos elementos con los registros del régimen interno de la Cárcel Penitenciaria de Santiago durante los años 1858 y 1860, bajo la administración del Superintendente Waldo Silva.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1414-49802014000100003 Los mensajes presidenciales o Cuentas Públicas Anuales de los presidentes de la República do Chile constituyen una tradición en la que se declara el contenido de las políticas públicas en un próximo periodo anual. Atendiendo la actualidad de su contenido, a través de un estudio descriptivo-interpretativo basado en minería de textos y análisis de correspondencias, se observaron los discursos presidenciales realizado por el dictador Augusto Pinochet durante los años 1981 y 1989 atendiendo su carácter neoliberal. El análisis permite establecer las bases neoliberales de la política social de la dictadura, en ámbitos relevantes: ideológico, mercadoeconómico, institucional y social propiamente tal.

A manga é uma espécie originária da Índia, estando atualmente distribuída por praticamente todas as regiões tropicais do mundo, sendo cultivada comercialmente também em algumas regiões de clima subtropical. O interesse pela cultura deve-se à excelência de seus frutos que, além de apresentar sabor exótico, são ricos em vitaminas e sais minerais, sendo uma das frutas mais ricas em vitamina A. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o efeito de diferentes temperaturas de aplicação de etileno exógeno sobre a qualidade de manga 'Tommy Atkins'. Os tratamentos foram: T1= frutos armazenados sob condições não controladas (24ºC ±5ºC e 65% UR) e não aplicação de etileno (tratamento-controle); T2= frutos sob condições não controladas, com 25 ppm de etileno, por 2 dias (24ºC ±5ºC e 65% UR); T3= frutos sob temperatura de 16°C ±1ºC e 90% UR, com 25 ppm de etileno, por 2 dias; T4= frutos sob temperatura de 18°C ±1ºC e 90% UR, com 25 ppm de etileno, por 2 dias; T5= frutos sob temperatura de 20°C ±1ºC e 90% UR, com 25 ppm de etileno, por 2 dias; T6= frutos sob temperatura de 22°C ±1ºC e 90% UR, com 25 ppm de etileno, por 2 dias, e T7= frutos sob temperatura de 24°C ±1ºC e 90% UR, com 25 ppm de etileno, por 2 dias. Após os tratamentos, os frutos foram armazenados a 20ºC ±1ºC e 90% UR (T3 a T7) e a condições ambientais não controladas (24ºC ±5ºC e 65% UR), nos tratamentos T1 e T2, por 14 dias. Avaliaram-se os frutos na colheita (caracterização), após os tratamentos no dia 0, no 7° e no 14° dias. Determinaram-se: sólidos solúveis totais, acidez titulável, índice de coloração do pericarpo e da polpa, firmeza manual do fruto e podridões. Conclui-se que a temperatura de 20ºC é a sugerida para a aplicação de etileno exógeno para o amadurecimento uniforme de manga 'Tommy Atkins'.

Objetivou-se determinar as respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas associadas ao uso de etileno e 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) na conservação pós-colheita de lichias, assim como a influência desses tratamentos isolados ou combinados no escurecimento desses frutos. Após a colheita, foram aplicados os seguintes tratamentos: sem aplicação de 1-MCP ou etileno; etileno (20µL L-1, por 6 horas); 1-MCP (300nL L-1, por 12 horas) e etileno (20µL L-1, por 6 horas) + 1-MCP (300nL L-1, por 6 horas). Após os tratamentos, os frutos foram armazenados a 5°C e 90% UR durante 30 dias, sendo avaliados a cada 10 dias (+3 dias de comercialização simulada a 25°C e 65% UR). Avaliou-se a produção de etileno, taxa respiratória, sólidos solúveis (SS), perda de massa fresca, coloração (luminosidade - L* e a*) e atividade da polifenoloxidase (PPO). A produção de etileno e taxa respiratória não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos e os SS decresceram ao longo do armazenamento, mas também sem diferenças entre os tratamentos. A atividade da enzima PPO foi aumentada, sendo correlacionada com os índices decrescentes de L* e a* presentes nos frutos, ocorrendo, paralelamente, aumento da perda de massa dos frutos. Conclui-se que o escurecimento do pericarpo da lichia está relacionado à perda de massa fresca e aumento da atividade da PPO e que nenhum dos tratamentos utilizados evitou o escurecimento dos frutos.The objective was to determine the physiological and biochemical changes associated with the use of ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on postharvest conservation of lychees as well as the influence of these treatments alone or in combination on skin browning of fruit. After harvest, it was applied the following treatments: without application of 1-MCP or ethylene, ethylene (20mL L-1 for 6 hours), 1-MCP (300nL L-1 for 12h) and ethylene (20mL L-1 for 6 hours) + 1-MCP (300nL L-1 for 6 hours). After treatments, fruits were stored at 5°C and 90% RH for 30 days and were evaluated every 10 days (+3 days of simulated marketing at 25°C and 65% RH). The ethylene production, respiration rate, soluble solids (SS), weight loss, color (lightness - L * and a*) and polyphenoloxidase activity (PPO) were evaluated. Ethylene production and respiration rate showed no significant differences between treatments, and SS decreased over the storage, but there was also no difference between treatments. The enzyme activity showed an increase in PPO, which was correlated to the decreasing rates of L * and a*, occurring in parallel, increased fruit weight loss. It is concluded that the skin browning of lychee is related to weight loss and increased activity of PPO, and that none of the treatments prevented the sking browning of fruit.

Este experimento visou a estudar o efeito de diferentes temperaturas e tempos de pré-resfriamento em água sobre a qualidade de lichias 'B3', após a frigoconservação. Os tratamentos foram: T1 = controle (sem pré-resfriamento); T2 = imersão por cinco minutos em água a 2,5°C; T3 = imersão por 10 minutos em água a 2,5°C; T4 = imersão por 20 minutos em água a 2,5°C; T5 = imersão por sete minutos em água a 6°C; T6 = imersão por 20 minutos em água a 8°C e T7 = imersão por 10 minutos em água a 10°C. Após a aplicação dos respectivos tratamentos, os frutos foram acondicionados em filmes de polietileno de 24µm, selados e posteriormente armazenados a 5°C e 90% UR, por um período de sete dias, seguido por três dias de comercialização simulada a 20°C e 70% UR. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com tratamentos fatoriais de 7x3 (tratamentosxtempo). Foram utilizadas quatro repetições por tratamento, sendo cada uma composta por 150g de frutos. Determinaram-se: perda de massa fresca, coloração (L*, a e b), escurecimento (%) e podridões (%). De acordo com os resultados, o pré-resfriamento com água reduz a percentagem de escurecimento, o decréscimo da luminosidade (L*) e os valores de a. Por outro lado, esse tratamento favorece o surgimento de altos índices de podridão.This project studied the effects of different precooling temperatures and times with water on lychee 'B3' fruit quality cold storage. The treatments were: T1 = control (without precooling); T2 = immersed in water at 2.5°C for five minutes; T3 = immersed in water at 2.5°C for ten minutes; T4 = immersed in water at 2.5°C for 20 minutes; T5 = immersed in water at 6°C for seven minutes; T6 = immersed in water at 8°C for 20 minutes and T7 = immersed in water at 10°C for ten minutes. After treatments application, the fruits were then placed into polyethylene bags of 24µm, sealed, and stored for seven days at 5°C and 90% RH, plus 3 days at 20°C and 70% RH to simulate commercial conditions. Completely randomized experimental design, with factorial 7x3 (treatments x time). The research used four replicates for treatment, approximately 150g. It was determined: weight loss, color (L*, a and b), browning (%) and rots (%). According to the results, the lychee hydrocooling reduced the browning percentage, the brightness decrease (L *) and a values. In the other hand, this treatment also resulted in higher percentage of rots.

A utilização de um sistema adequado para a condução das plantas-matrizes fornecedoras de mudas é de fundamental importância, tanto com a finalidade de favorecer a quantidade de mudas produzidas, como para a qualidade das mesmas; por outro lado, a disponibilidade de mudas em períodos não convencionais de plantio, através da utilização da frigoconservação, possibilita a produção de frutos na entressafra, propiciando maiores ganhos pelos produtores devido aos melhores preços alcançados. Os presentes trabalhos tiveram como objetivos comparar o sistema de produção de mudas de morangueiro convencional com o de produção em vasos suspensos, assim como avaliar a frigoconservação em mudas produzidas em sistema de vasos suspensos. Avaliaram-se a matéria seca, os teores de carboidratos nas mudas e a percentagem de sobrevivência das mesmas após o transplante para local definitivo. No primeiro trabalho, foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x2 (três cultivares: Campinas, Pelican e Guarani; e dois sistemas de produção de mudas), com três repetições de 30 mudas; no segundo trabalho, utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco cultivares (Campinas, Dover, Pelican, Sequoia e Sweet Charlie) e nove repetições. Neste último trabalho, após a coleta, as mudas foram acondicionadas em sacos de polietileno e frigoconservadas durante 120 dias em câmara fria (-1 ± 1ºC). As mudas produzidas em vasos suspensos apresentaram maior percentagem de sobrevivência e maiores teores de carboidratos totais, com resultados semelhantes para as três cultivares estudadas. A frigoconservação de mudas de morangueiro produzidas em sistema de vasos suspensos resultou em baixa percentagem de sobrevivência de mudas no experimento.An appropriate conduction system of the plants that originate the runners has a fundamental importance, in order to favor the amount of produced plants and their quality. On the other hand, through the use of the cold storage, the availability of strawberry runners in the off season periods, makes it possible to produce during the off-season period , so that producers can get better prices for the production. These experiments were conducted in order to compare the conventional strawberry runners' production system with the runner production system in suspended pots, and also to evaluate the cold storage of strawberry runners produced in suspended pots system. It was measured the dry matter and carbohydrates contents in runners and the survival percentage when the runner was transplanted to field production areas. The first experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with 3x2 factorial outline (three cultivars: Campinas, Pelican and Guarani; and two runners production systems) with three repetitions of thirty runners each; in the second experiment, it was used the experimental entirely random design, with five strawberry cultivars (Campinas, Dover, Pelican, Sequoia and Sweet Charlie) and nine replicates, in the final experiment. After the selection, the runners were conditioned in polyethylene bags and stored under low temperatures during 120 days (-1 ± 1ºC). The runners produced in the system of suspended pots showed higher amount of total carbohydrates and higher plant survival rate. The results were similar for the three cultivars. Cold storage of strawberry runners produced in the system of suspended pots resulted in lower percentage of seedlings survival.

Os marmeleiros sempre foram propagados comercialmente mediante o enraizamento de estacas. Devido ao baixo vigor das mudas, principalmente nos primeiros anos após o plantio, alguns trabalhos foram desenvolvidos no Brasil a fim de viabilizar a utilização do marmeleiro 'Japonês' (Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne) como porta-enxerto para marmelos. Os resultados foram satisfatórios, mas frente à falta de outras opções de porta-enxertos mais vigorosos para marmeleiros e devido a observações em viveiro e a campo do alto vigor dos porta-enxertos para pereira 'Taiwan Nashi-C' (Pyrus calleryana Decne) e 'Taiwan Mamenashi' (Pyrus betulifolia Bunge), objetivou-se, neste trabalho, verificar o crescimento de cultivares de marmeleiros ('Provence', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Portugal', 'Smyrna' e 'Japonês') enxertados sobre esses porta-enxertos, na fase de viveiro. Os marmeleiros foram enxertados pelo método de garfagem em mudas dos porta-enxertos 'Japonês', 'Taiwan Nashi-C' e 'Taiwan Mamenashi', mantidas em sacos plásticos (capacidade de 3 L de substrato), no período hibernal. Foram utilizados garfos com três gemas, coletadas de plantas-matrizes do Instituto Agronômico (IAC). O experimento foi realizado em viveiro telado (50% de luminosidade), sendo avaliados o comprimento e diâmetro do enxerto aos 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após a realização da enxertia e a porcentagem de garfos brotados na última avaliação. Os porta-enxertos orientais de pereira apresentaram bons resultados na fase de viveiro, com 'Taiwan Nashi-C' destacando-se como porta-enxerto para os marmeleiros 'Smyrna' e 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Taiwan Mamenashi' para o marmeleiro 'Smyrna' e 'Japonês' para o mesmo.The quince tree has always been commercially propagated by cuttings. Due to the low vigor, mainly in the first years of the orchard, a series of works was developed in Brazil in order to enable the use of the Japanese quince tree (Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne) as a rootstock. The results were satisfactory but the lack of other options for more vigorous rootstocks for quince tree and the observations in the nursery and in the field of a higher vigor of the pear rootstocks 'Taiwan Nashi-C' (Pyrus calleryana Decne) and 'Taiwan Mamenashi' (Pyrus betulifolia Bunge), led us to verify the performance of quince cultivars grafted on 'Japonês', 'Taiwan Nashi-C', and 'Taiwan Mamenashi' rootstocks, in nursery conditions. The 'Provence', 'Mendoza Inta-37', 'Portugal', 'Smyrna', and 'Japonês' quinces were grafted using the cleft grafting method onto the 'Japonês', 'Taiwan Nashi-C', and 'Taiwan Mamenashi' seedlings and maintained in plastic bags (3 L capacity of substrate) in the dormant period. The scion sticks used had three buds each and were collected from mother plants at the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC). The experiment was accomplished at a nursery (50% light). The length and diameter of the grafts were measured at 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after the grafting and the percentage of sprouted grafts was evaluated after 150 days. The oriental rootstocks 'Taiwan Nashi-C' and 'Taiwan Mamenashi' presented good results at the nursery, with 'Taiwan Nashi-C' outstanding as rootstocks for 'Smyrna' and 'Mendoza Inta-37' quinces, whereas 'Taiwan Mamenashi' was the best rootstock for 'Smyrna' quince and 'Japonês' for 'Japonês' quince.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of antioxidants in the cold storage of fresh cut radishes. The shredded roots were submerged in the respective treatments during 3 min (ascorbic acid or citric acid) and stored at 5ºC and 90% RH during 10 days. The radish treated with ascorbic acid showed the higher respiratory rate in the first 4 h after the processing during the storage. The content of total soluble solids (TSS) was significantly higher in the treatment with citric acid. There was an increase in the content of ascorbic acid after two day of storage in the treatments with this antioxidant. The values of lightness (L*) were decreasing along the storage. Citric acid treatments caused strongly red coloration in the minimally processed roots. None of the treatments avoided the browning of the shredded radishes during the cold storage.O presente experimento objetivou testar o uso de antioxidantes na conservação de rabanetes minimamente processados. Os rabanetes minimamente processados foram submersos nos tratamentos por 3 minutos (ácido ascórbico ou ácido cítrico) e armazenados a 5ºC (±1ºC) e 90% (±5%) UR durante 10 dias. O tratamento com ácido ascórbico gerou a maior taxa respiratória nas 4 primeiras horas após o processamento e durante o armazenamento. O teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST) foi significativamente maior no tratamento com ácido cítrico. Quanto ao teor de ácido ascórbico, para os tratamentos com ácido ascórbico houve um aumento significativo no 2º dia. Os valores de luminosidade (L*) apresentaram redução durante o armazenamento. Os tratamentos com ácido cítrico provocaram uma forte coloração vermelha nas raízes minimamente processadas. Nenhum dos tratamentos evitou o escurecimento das raízes de rabanete minimamente processadas.

A produção de morango é sazonal, e os melhores preços dos frutos são obtidos fora da estação. Buscando obter frutos fora da estação, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da vernalização em mudas de cinco cultivares de morangueiro. As mudas foram produzidas no sistema de vasos suspensos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso em fatorial 5x2x4, com cinco cultivares ("IAC-Campinas", "Dover", "Sweet Charlie", "Cartuno" e "Oso Grande"), dois tratamentos (com e sem vernalização das mudas) e quatro tempos, com quatro repetições. Para vernalização, as mudas foram levadas para câmara fria à temperatura de 10+2°C e fotoperíodo de 8h de luz dia-1 durante 28 dias, e em seguida transplantadas. Foram avaliadas as percentagens de sobrevivência, florescimento, frutificação, emissão de estolhos, a massa e o número de frutos produzidos por planta. A sobrevivência de mudas não foi afetada pela vernalização. Houve efeito significativo no florescimento e na frutificação das plantas vernalizadas. O estolonamento de plantas foi mais precoce nas mudas vernalizadas. Para todas as cultivares e tratamentos, a produção de frutos foi insignificante e comercialmente inviável.The strawberry production is seasonal, and the best fruit prices are obtained during the off season. Seeking to get fruits off season, this research was aimed at evaluating the effect of the seedling vernalization of five strawberry cultivars. The strawberry seedling were produced in suspended pot system. The experimental design was is completely randomized blocks with the factorial design 5x2x4, with five strawberry cultivars (IAC-Campinas, Dover, Sweet Charlie, Cartuno and Oso Grande), two treatments (with and without strawberry runners vernalization) and four times. For vernalization, the strawberry seedling was taken to cold chamber at 10±2°C, and photoperiod of 8h of light day-1 for 28 days, after this they were transplanted. The parameters evaluation were survival percentages, flower blooming, fructification, stolons emission, the weight and the number of fruits produced. The strawberry seedling survival was not affected by the vernalization. The results showed statistic differences among this treatments only on flower appearance and fructification of the vernalized plants. The runner emitions were earlier in the vernalized seedlings. For all strawberry cultivars and treatments the production of fruits was very low and the produced fruits were unsuitable for commercialization.

O presente experimento visou a determinar a taxa respiratória e a produção de etileno de raízes de rabanete minimamente processadas em comparação ao produto não-processado, durante armazenamento refrigerado. As taxas foram determinadas durante as 4 primeiras horas após o processamento e diariamente, por 10 dias de armazenamento a 5°C (± 1°C) e 90% (± 5%) UR. Raízes de rabanete inteiras apresentaram taxa respiratória de 40,61mL CO2 kg-1 h-1, enquanto que as raízes em retalhos apresentaram até 93,90mL CO2 kg-1 h-1 após 4 horas do processamento. As raízes de rabanete inteiras e as minimamente processadas apresentaram pico respiratório no 2° dia de armazenamento, com 99,27 e 170,32mL CO2 kg-1 h-1, respectivamente. No 10° dia de armazenamento, as raízes de rabanete minimamente processadas apresentaram taxa de respiração 149% superior à verificada nas raízes inteiras. As operações de processamento mínimo, principalmente o corte, elevaram a taxa respiratória das raízes de rabanete.The present experiment was aimed at determining the respiratory rate and ethylene production of fresh cut radish and whole radish during cold storage. The rates were evaluated during the first 4 hours after processing and daily, during 10 days at 5°C (± 1°C) and 90% (± 5%) RH. Radishes not processed presented lower respiratory rate (40.61mL CO2 kg-1 h-1) if compared to shredded radishes (93.90mL CO2 kg-1 h-1) 4 hours after processing. Whole and fresh cut radishes showed the highest respiratory rate in the 2nd day of storage with 99.27 and 170.32mL CO2 kg-1 h-1, respectively. On the 10th day of storage, fresh cut radishes showed respiratory rate 149% higher than whole radishes. The minimal processing operations, mainly the cut, enhanced the respiratory rate.

The present work was carried out with the objective to determine the effect of different storage temperature on the quality of beet root minimally processed. Respiratory activity and mass loss were higher in the storage at 15ºC. No significant differences in color, total soluble solids, betacyanin and betaxanthin were observed among treatments. Based on the results obtained, the storage at 0ºC was recommended to storage beet root minimally processed and that 10 and 15ºC drastically reduced the quality of minimally processed beet roots during storage.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a temperatura de armazenamento que proporcione melhor manutenção da qualidade de beterrabas minimamente processadas. As raízes foram cortadas em retalhos de 2mm de espessura. Após o preparo, foram acondicionadas em bandejas de poliestireno expandido e armazenadas a 0±1, 5±1, 10±1 e 15±1°C durante 10 dias. A cada 2 dias foram avaliados a taxa respiratória, o teor de sólidos solúveis totais, a coloração, os teores de betacianina e de betaxantina, a aparência global e a perda de massa. A atividade respiratória e a perda de massa foram mais acentuadas durante o armazenamento 15ºC. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos em relação à coloração, o teor de sólidos solúveis totais e os teores de betacianina e betaxantina. Pelos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que beterraba minimamente processada mantém boa qualidade para consumo por até 10 dias de armazenamento a 0ºC e que temperaturas de 10 e 15ºC reduzem drasticamente a sua qualidade durante o armazenamento.

O presente estudo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa centrada no processo de avaliação no qual se utiliza o uso do portafólio como processo avaliativo. Neste processo se incorporam três dimensões do currículo: o saber, o saber fazer e o saber ser. Desta maneira a avaliação dá conta dos três âmbitos na formação do estudante. A presente pesquisa foi patrocinada pela Direção de Pesquisa da Universidad de Concepción, Chile (DIUC nº 2002.162.042-1) e se realizou em estabelecimentos do Ensino Médio - Técnico Profissional da província de Concepción - Chile.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to develop a simple technique to remove astringency and maintain the pulp firmness of ‘Giombo’ persimmons. Fruit were packaged in three different plastic packages: low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene-polyamide (PE-PA). Packages with dimensions of 30 cm x 50 cm and 20 µm thickness were sealed under vacuum. Fruit uncovered in plastic film were used as control samples. After packaging, fruits were stored at ambient conditions (22°C and 70% RH) for five days. After this period, fruits were removed from the package and kept at the same previous conditions for six days and evaluated every two days. All plastic packages showed effectiveness in removing astringency, but only PE-PA maintained pulp firmness during the six days after package removal. LDPE and PP films also caused reduction of astringency while pulp firmness was properly maintained until the fourth day. These two films did not succeed in obtaining vacuum, which was only achieved by PE-PA. PE-PA reduces astringency faster and maintains fruit firmness for a longer time at room temperature.

Copyright of Revista Caatinga is the property of Revista Caatinga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Agroveterinarias is the property of Revista de Ciencias Agroveterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This project studied the effects of different precooling temperatures and times with water on lychee 'B3' fruit quality cold storage. The treatments were: T1 = control (without precooling); T2 = immersed in water at 2.5°C for five minutes; T3 = immersed in water at 2.5°C for ten minutes; T4 = immersed in water at 2.5°C for 20 minutes; T5 = immersed in water at 6°C for seven minutes; T6 = immersed in water at 8°C for 20 minutes and T7 = immersed in water at 10oC for ten minutes. After treatments application, the fruits were then placed into polyethylene bags of 24μm, sealed, and stored for seven days at 5°C and 90% RH, plus 3 days at 20oC and 70% RH to simulate commercial conditions. Completely randomized experimental design, with factorial 7×3 (treatments x time). The research used four replicates for treatment, approximately 150g. It was determined: weight loss, color (L*, a and b), browning (%) and rots (%). According to the results, the lychee hydrocooling reduced the browning percentage, the brightness decrease (L *) and a values. In the other hand, this treatment also resulted in higher percentage of rots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  In addition to regulating blood pressure, Angiotensin II (Ang II) exerts powerful pro-inflammatory effects in hypertension through stimulation of its AT1 receptors, most clearly demonstrated in peripheral arteries and in the cerebral vasculature. Administration of Ang II receptor blockers (ARBs) decreases hypertension-related vascular inflammation in peripheral organs. In rodent models of genetic hypertension, ARBs reverse the inflammation in the cerebral microcirculation. We hypothesized that ARBs could be effective in inflammatory conditions beyond hypertension. Our more recent studies, summarized here, indicate that this is indeed the case. We used the model of systemic administration of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS produces a robust initial inflammatory reaction, the innate immune response, in peripheral organs and in the brain. Pretreatment with the ARB candesartan significantly diminishes the response to LPS, including reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine release to the general circulation and decreased production and release of the pro-inflammatory adrenal hormone aldosterone. In addition, the ARB very significantly decreased the LPS-induced gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglia activation in the brain. Our results demonstrate that AT1 receptor activity is essential for the unrestricted development of full-scale innate immune response in the periphery and in the brain. ARBs, due to their immune response-limiting properties, may be considered as therapeutically useful in a number of inflammatory diseases of the peripheral organs and the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foram aplicados tratamentos térmicos em laranja "Valência", tangor "Murcott" e lima ácida "Tahiti" armazenadas em baixa temperatura e avaliados os efeitos na redução de injúrias pelo frio e sobre outras características bioquímicas. Os seguintes tratamentos foram aplicados: T1: frutas armazenadas a 1degreesC (Controle); T2: aquecimento rápido das frutas em água quente a 53degreesC, durante 3 minutos, sendo, em seguida, armazenadas a 1degreesC; T3: aquecimento lento das frutas em câmara regulada para 37degreesC, por 2 dias, com posterior armazenamento a 1degreesC; e T4: aquecimento intermitente em ciclos de 6 dias a 1degreesC + 1 dia a 25degreesC. As frutas foram armazenadas durante 90 dias a 1degreesC e 90-95% de Umidade Relativa (UR), sendo avaliadas a cada 15 dias. Além da incidência dos danos, foram avaliadas também as atividades das enzimas antioxidativas (catalase, glutationa redutase e ascorbato peroxidase). A lima ácida "Tahiti" e o tangor "Murcott" suportaram até 90 dias de armazenamento a 1degreesC com aquecimento intermitente, não apresentando danos pelo frio. No tratamento controle (armazenamento contínuo a 1degreesC), os danos pelo frio surgiram aos 30 dias de armazenamento para a lima "Tahiti" e aos 45 dias para o tangor "Murcott". Em laranjas "Valência", as injúrias pelo frio surgiram aos 45 dias de armazenamento, sendo significativamente menores no condicionamento térmico. Os efeitos dos tratamentos térmicos no aumento da resistência das frutas ao frio podem estar relacionados com a atividade das enzimas antioxidativas. Para a laranja "Valência", os tratamentos térmicos, aplicados na forma de condicionamento térmico ou aquecimento intermitente, reduzem as injúrias pelo frio e podem prolongar a conservação das frutas a 1degreesC e 90-95% UR. Para tangor "Murcott" e lima "Tahiti", o aquecimento intermitente é o tratamento mais eficiente para a redução de injúrias pelo frio e para o aumento na capacidade de armazenamento.

Despite the vine adaptation to different soil types, most are found in soils with low nutrient supply, requiring corrections. The organic fertilizer facilitates the absorption of nutrients and improve soil structure. The objective was to evaluate the effect of organic fertilization with bovine and ovine manure on growth and totalchlorophyll content of ‘Merlot’ vines grafted on three different rootstocks. The experiment was conducted by the Nucleus of Study, Research and Extension in Oenology (NEPE2) with the variety ‘Merlot’ VCR1 clone. The treatments were applied in the rootstock ‘161.49’ 420-A ‘and’ Paulsen 1103’, and used manure of bovine and ovine origin, totaling 12 treatments. Were evaluated the plant height (cm) and total chlorophyll (Falker clorofiLOG®). The treatments at the rootstock ‘Paulsen 1103’ showed greater height of ‘Merlot’ clone VCR1, followed by the rootstock ‘161.49’ and ‘420A’. But the treatments with the rootstock ‘Paulsen 1103’ showed less chlorophyll in the leaves of ‘Merlot’ clone VCR1 compared to other treatments. Preliminarily itwas concluded that the use of manurefrom bovine and ovine origin on the vine ‘Merlot’ clone VCR1 on the rootstocks ‘Paulsen 1103’, ‘420A’ and ‘161.49’, present in the leaves higher total chlorophyll content.

Thus this work was to evaluate the use of ethylene application in pre-harvest grapes of Cabernet Sauvignon cultivar. Applying ethylene by spraying with ethylene solution in different periods with the following treatments; (T1) without application of ethylene; (T2) 10 ppm of ethylene in the fruit only on the day of collection; (T3) two applications of 10 ppm ethylene (one day before harvest and once on the day of harvest) and; (T4) three applications of 10 ppm ethylene (two days prior to harvest, one day prior to harvest and the other on the day of harvest). For each treatment were made four replications in the field, with 07 plants each. The physicochemical analyses in must and wine as pH, total soluble solids (TSS), expressed acidity malic acid, expressed as acid into lactic acid, total acid and ethanol were made by infrared spectrometry Fourier transform (FTIR). There were significant differences between treatments in physical and chemical composition of must and wine. These preliminary results suggest that ethylene pre-harvest application modify somehow the malic acid content, modifying the total acidity and pH of the must and wine in Cabernet Sauvignon, promoting a slight modification in the TSS and thus in ethanol.

A synthetic product is used to help overcome dormancy of the buds of vines in tropical and sub-tropical climate, but the product currently available in Brazil has the highest level of toxicity to humans. The objective was to study some alternatives to break the dormancy of the buds of the rootstock vine ‘SO4’. The sprayed treatments were: T1 = water (control); T2 = hydrogen cyanamide (3%); T3 = garlic (33%) and; T4 = Hydrogen Peroxide – H2O2 – (3%). The cuttings were immersed in a indole acetic acid (IAA) of 5 ppm for 15 seconds and placed in plastic bags (19 cm× 5 cm× 8 cm) with 50% sand + 50% commercial substrate (H. Decker®) . After 04 months, were evaluated: percentage of live cuttings, aerial part height (cm), length of roots (cm) and dry matter of aerial parts and root (g). Regarding the roots, root dry weight and dry matter of aerial parts, stood out the cuttings treated with H2O2 at a concentration of 3% (T4). In the present work conditions, preliminarily concluded that H2O2 at a concentration of 3% can assist in breaking dormancy of the buds of the roostock vine ‘SO4’.

The objective of this study was to compare the costs of mechanical harvesting and grape manual in commercial property of “Santana do Livramento”, “Rio Grande do Sul” (RS) – Brazil. The study was conducted commercial vineyard, over four years (2013–2016), throughout this period we evaluated 154.9 ha on the mechanical harvesting of grapes and; 366.7 ha on the grapes of manual harvesting; for both types of collection were recorded all costs thereof, including annual fixed fees (depreciation + maintenance), obtaining at the end the amount of crop expressed in real per hectare; also calculated the minimum required area vineyard justify mechanical harvesting. The cost of manual harvesting was 133.3% higher than the value obtained for the mechanical harvesting the studied time interval. Obtained the area of 41.92 ha, as the point of balance between the costs of manual and mechanical harvesting (equivalent costs), above this area (41.92 ha), grape mechanical harvest is economically justified. All conditions tested, it was concluded that preliminary cost per hectare of grape mechanical harvesting is lower than the cost per hectare of manual harvesting and vineyard areas plausible mechanical harvesting exceeding 41.92 ha, justify the use of the collection system grape mechanics.

The experiment examined effects on the total chlorophyll and growth of vine rootstock ‘SO4’ under electrical stimulation. The study was conducted from December 2015 to March 2016 by the Core for Study, Research and Extension in Enology (NEPE2), in a greenhouse at the Federal University of “Pampa” (UNIPAMPA) – “Dom Pedrito” Campus. The Rootstocks ‘SO4’ were obtained in property located in the city of “Dom Pedrito” (RS, Brazil).The four treatments were: The first (T1) to control, no electric discharge; the second (T2) with an electric discharge of 0.02 mA for 5 seconds; followed by the third (T3) and fourth (T4) with times of discharge of 9 and 18 seconds respectively. The analyses were made using a chlorophyll meter. To measure chlorophyll content of the rootstock ‘SO4’ when subjected to electrical discharges with a 0.02 mA current during 9 seconds and 18 seconds applied once per week for twelve weeks.