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Introduction. Legume nodulation is regulated by the exchange of molecular signals between the plant and rhizobia. The bacterial nodulation genes are activated by flavonoids present in root exudates. As a result of this activation, the Nod factors are synthesized, which in turn participate in the morphogenesis and function of the nodules. It is then possible to regulate the induction of Nod factors and other signals related to the nodulation process, during the inoculants production. Objective. To determine if the moment to induce the nodulation genes in Bradyrhizobium inoculants affects the synthesis of compounds related to the nodulation process and its interaction with soybean plants. Materials and methods. The research was developed in Rizobacter S.A., Argentina and Fyteko S.A. laboratories, Belgium, and in a plant growth chamber of the first one, during May-June of 2017. Two Bradyrhizobium strains were induced with daidzein in three moments. The signals produced by the strains and the biological effect in soybean plants were studied. Results. Differences were detected in the molecules produced by the bacteria, but it did not affect the growing and plants nodulation related to the different moments of induction. Conclusion. The metabolites excreted by Bradyrhizobium changed with strain and induction moment, although the latter did not affect nodulation or soybean plants growth.

Plant protection is mainly based on the application of synthetic pesticides to limit yield losses resulting from diseases. However, the use of more eco-friendly strategies for sustainable plant protection has become a necessity that could contribute to controlling pathogens through a direct antimicrobial effect and/or an induction of plant resistance. Three different families of natural or bioinspired compounds originated from bacterial or fungal strains have been evaluated to protect wheat against powdery mildew, caused by the biotrophic Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (Bgt). Thus, three bio-inspired mono-rhamnolipids (smRLs), three cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs, mycosubtilin (M), fengycin (F), surfactin (S)) applied individually and in mixtures (M + F and M + F + S), as well as a chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) BioA187 were tested against Bgt, in planta and in vitro. Only the three smRLs (Rh-Eth-C12, Rh-Est-C12 and Rh-Succ-C12), the two CLP mixtures and the BioA187 led to a partial protection of wheat against Bgt. The higher inhibitor effects on the germination of Bgt spores in vitro were observed from smRLs Rh-Eth-C12 and Rh-Succ-C12, mycosubtilin and the two CLP mixtures. Taking together, these results revealed that such molecules could constitute promising tools for a more eco-friendly agriculture.

Introduction: a system of questions for a particular subject must be able to constantly investigate the relevance of work, promote the acquisition of skills and strengthen a learning capacity. Objective: to develop a system of questions for the study of the basic cardiopulmocerebral resuscitation course itself. Method: a pedagogical investigation was carried out related to the study program of the basic cardiopulmocerebral resuscitation course during the 2018-2019 academic period at the “Pedro Borrás Astorga” University Polyclinic in the city of Pinar del Río, governed by the dialectical materialist method and the use of theoretical and empirical methods. The research was approved by the scientific council and institutional ethics committee. Development: a question system was developed as a tool of the teaching-learning process for students in the first year of the Medicine career who received their own basic cardiopulmocerebral resuscitation course; thereby guaranteeing comprehensive scientific training, with acquisition of knowledge and skills that are easy to understand. Conclusions: a question system was developed for the study of the basic cardiopulmocerebral resuscitation course that represents a valuable educational instrument for first year students of the Medicine career.

This article suggests that those conducting research with indigenous women face a number of questions that disrupt their assumed role as researchers, leading them to assume a number of commitments to their research, to the people who they investigate and to themselves. Approaches are recovered from interdisciplinary fields of knowledge, such as Cultural, Gender and Postcolonial Studies to undertake research from an interpretive tradition in which those investigating commit to the decolonization of knowledge, the construction of a new narrative and personal transformation.

Background: Pain in the plantar region of the heel is technically known as talalgia, and it is a very frequent complaint in the orthopaedic service in Guyana. Due to its frequent mortality, the current investigation was carried out. Objectives: To characterize the application of the surgical treatment to a group of patients in Guyana. Method: 70 patients surgically treated were studied presenting rebel talalgia with no responses to the conservative treatment. Age, sex, race, educational level, antibiotic prophylaxis, final outcomes, and patient's satisfaction with the treatment were the set of variables selected. Results: High morbidity of the heel pain syndrome was evidenced in this studied. The most frequent cause was the calcaneal spur. There is predominance in female Indian race. The high influenced of the socio-cultural factor in the genesis of this disease is proved as well as the impossibility of carrying out the conservative treatment due to high cost of medications. Conclusions: The efficacy achieved with combined treatment technique allowed the results obtained. All this contributed to achieve high satisfaction levels.

Background: Recent studies in Cuba stated that a great number of hip fractures are caused due to accidental falls constituting an important health problem in the third age. Objective: To characterize the behaviour of hip fractures from 1997 to 2005 in Cienfuegos Province. Methods: An observational longitudinal descriptive and prospective study was carried out to all patients treated for hip fracture from 1997 to 2005 in the University Hospital ¨Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima¨ in Cienfuegos city. Variable such as age, sex, and topographical diagnosis, and surgical modality, scale of disability, comorbidity, complications, lethality, and second time of admission were taken into account and collected in the analyzed period of time and in specific clinical records elaborated for this purpose. Results: 13,7 per cent of the orthopaedic complications were registered being significantly lower in regard with previous studies in similar contexts. 62 per cent of the assisted patients could get back their initial scale of disability. Conclusions: The results obtained showed the level of experience reached by the specialists using the new technologies at the surgical act.

Propõe-se uma formação alternativa para docentes de educação média superior em Chiapas que responde aos problemas de formação que enfrentam a quatro anos de implementação da Reforma Integral da Educação Média Superior (RIEMS). A proposta é resultado de um estudo coletivo de casos em cinco escolas da zona central de Chiapas, México e procura potenciar o conhecimento prático de seus docentes, mediante processos de investigação, reflexão e ação que tomam como baseie suas experiências pessoais, profissionais e sociais. O artigo tem três partes. Primeiro aborda-se o conceito de formação e precisa-se o tipo de estudo realizado. depois explicam-se os problemas da educação média superior em Chiapas, através da análise de indicadores educativos e as propostas de formação da RIEMS. Para finalizar expõem-se os elementos que configuram a proposta alternativa de formação como resposta às necessidades propostas pelos docentes.

Los Sistemas de Gestión son en la actualidad el desarrollo de los estándares de eficiencia, eficacia y efectividad aplicados al Desarrollo Organizacional. Calidad, Ambiente, Inocuidad, Seguridad y Salud entre otros, se han estandarizado con la finalidad de ser homogéneos y flexibles en la integración de los Sistemas. En Ecuador, el Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social ha cumplido su objetivo planteado hace aproximadamente una década: dejar de ser un ente de recomendación y pasar a ser un organismo auditor de los cumplimientos técnico legal en materia de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales para las empresas sujetas al régimen del IESS. El SART, es ahora, un cumplimiento legal obligatorio en Seguridad y Salud para las empresas a nivel nacional.

Tuberous roots of sweet potato belonging to the clone INIVIT B 93-1, were gather ad and placed in flasks with water in the laboratory to induce the emergence of the yolks. Later on, explants of the limbo was selected to foliate (1 cm2) fields in the means of cultivation of Murashige and Skoog, 100 mg.l-1 myo-inositol, 1 mg.l-1 tiamine, 3% sucrose, 0.2% gelrite, 0.50 mg.l-1 2,4-D and 0.25 mg.l-1 6-BAP as control treatment and the same medium of above mentioned culture with different pectimorf concentrations (5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 20.0 mg.l-1) for the formation of callus with embryogenic structures. Thirty days later the percentage of formed callus, their the callus growth, color, texture and presence of roots were evaluated. The callus stayed in incubation camera under conditions of darkness, temperature of 25 ± 2°C and relative humidity of 80-90%. Good results were obtained in the formation of callus with embryogenic structures, when used the pectimorf at 15.0 mg.l-1 concentration. Key works: embryogenesis, sweet potato, oligopectates

With the application of PECTIMORF and BIOBRAS-16, somatic embryos were obtained in potato (Solanum tuberosum, L) c.v. Desirèe, of 40 days old callus obtained from stem micropropagated plants. These were used as possible substitutes for crop regulators used in culture media for the induction of somatic embryos. The culture media was composed for 10ml.l-1 of Murashige and Skoog salt, 0.1mg.l-1 ANA, 0.1mg.l-1 kinetin, 0.5mg.l-1 thiamine, 2.5mg.l-1 cistein, 100mg.l-1 mioinositol, 20g.l-1 sucrose and 2.0g.l-1 agar. Four culture medias were tested in distinct combinations that contained different concentration of PECTIMOR and BIOBRAS-16 as substitute of auxins and cytokinins. After 90 days, the results obtained showed the possibility of substituting the auxins (0.5mg.l-1 ANA) and the cytokinins (0.5mg.l-1 kinetin) in the culture media, because the application of PECTIMORF at 3.2mg.l-1 and BIOBRAS-16 at 1.0mg.l-1, gave friable callus, high fresh weight (more than 1.4g) and a brownish color at the end of the process, moment in which the somatic embryos of different phases, appeared at the surface of the callus. Keywords: brasinoesteroids, callus, oligopectate, somatic embryo

Root exudates are secondary metabolites secreted by the root, which have different functions in nature. In the literature, there is little information about the effect of these substances on underground biota. In this research, we studied the effect of root exudates of five ecotypes of "castor oil plant" Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) on the first instar larvae of Gymnetis bonplandii Schaum (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae), a common underground pest under high organic matter soil. The five ecotypes of castor oil plant were planted in polyethylene bags in a random complete design with nine replicates and a control. Two first instar larvae from laboratory rearing were conditioned in specially designed cages to confine larvae in the soil. Data of seven-day larval mortality was corrected considering natural mortality using Schneider-Orelli's formula prior to ANOVA and Duncan comparison test using the SPSS statistical program. These results indicate that the five ecotypes had lethal effect on first instar larvae of G. bonplandii Schaum and mortality ranged between 30 and 90 %, therefore they may be used as biological components in pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular dichroism spectrometry was used on oligogalacturonides (OGAs) and showed the existence of a calcium/sodium-induced conformational state that is intermediate between single-isolated chains and calcium-associated multimer chains. This conformation is interpreted as being egg box dimers. Using the 2F4 monoclonal antibody that specifically binds such an egg box dimer conformation of pectin, the stability of OGA dimers was investigated over a period of 24 hours. The extent to which egg box dimers were recognized by the antibody was dependent on the temperature and duration of preincubation of the OGA. This suggests a “maturation” process of the egg-box structure that consists in a progressive increase in the length of the junction sequences between two chains that slide along each other in order to form a maximum number of calcium bridges and dimer ends. The maturation of egg boxes induced both a significant increase in their binding to wall-associated kinase 1 (WAK1) and an increased extracellular alkalinization when applied to Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspensions. The chemical modification of the reducing end of the OGAs largely diminished their elicitating activity but did not hinder either dimerization or binding of these end-reduced egg boxes to WAK1. We conclude that there are at least two different perception systems for egg box dimers. One binds egg box junctions and the other binds egg box ends. The relevance of these results is discussed in terms of pectic signal perception and plant–pathogen interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]