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Together with the gradual spread of BIM in the AECO industry, the concept of open BIM began to take root. Semantically HBIM has demonstrated its ability to dialogue with a wide range of stakeholders though multiple visualization and representation tools.But to be able to apply them from the perspective of interoperability among all the professionals, it is necessary to work with standards. For this reason, there has been a growing interest in HBIM, but the process requires specialized standards, today there are only a few recommendations.The bSDD allows linking between all the content inside the database. It provides a standardised workflow to guarantee data quality and information consistency. Projects must be based on openBIM methodologies, using only open, non-proprietary standards and formats, to guarantee an interoperable and collaborative workflow.It has been applied to the Rame Tower, a pre-16th century cultural heritage site, and a characterisation has been achieved based on an international standard language that is interoperable, allowing all stakeholders to share and exchange information about the objects and their properties, increasing the future possibilities for coordination and collaboration throughout the life cycle of the asset.The Digital Twin obtained through this HBIM modelling process is fully dynamic, sharable, and usable in all phases of the asset’s life cycle, and the characterisation and codification based on the interrelation between IFC and bSDD makes the project fully open and sharable.In addition the incorporation of blockchain technology together with HBIM helps to improve aspects such as: authorship and traceability of processes, metadata registration and quality in the creation phases among others.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.16

Urban modelling processes are the basis for the management of Smart Cities. Automated workflows are typically used to model large portions of cities with homogeneous urban fabrics. These processes result in very simple three-dimensional models with large discrepancies with reality. However, the case of the historic centres of small cities is different due to the complexity of their urban fabric and the heterogeneity of their buildings.This paper proposes a semi-automatic supervised modelling workflow that allows the elaboration of complex urban fabric models following the CityGML standard and its levels of detail. The case study focuses on the historic centre of Cehegín (Spain).The advantage of this methodology is the use of downloadable data from public SDIs such as the Digital Cadastre (cadastral polygons) and the National Geographic Institute (LiDAR point clouds with an approximate density of 0.5 pts/m2). These data are geolocated and processed in GIS, and exported to Rhinoceros-Grasshopper3d where modelling algorithms are implemented for each level of detail, supported by statistical filters and automatic classifiers.This results in richer and more accurate models than those obtained with automatic modellers and can be used for different applications in the field of management and simulation.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.14

Summary: Background: While a low CD4/CD8 ratio during HIV treatment correlates with immunosenescence, its value in identifying patients at an increased risk for clinical events remains unclear. Methods: We analyzed data from the CoRIS cohort to determine whether CD4 count, CD8 count, and CD4/CD8 ratio at year two of antiretroviral therapy (ART) could predict the risk of serious non-AIDS events (SNAEs) during the next five years. These included major adverse cardiovascular events, non-AIDS-defining malignancies, and non-accidental deaths. We used pooled logistic regression with inverse probability weighting to estimate the survival curves and cumulative risk of clinical events. Findings: The study included 4625 participants, 83% male, of whom 200 (4.3%) experienced an SNAE during the follow-up period. A CD4/CD8 ratio

En general, la mímesis puede ser de orden ritual, visual o cognitiva. La mímesis más antigua tiene lugar en el marco de los ritos, pero en tiempos de empobrecimiento simbólico, muchos de ellos han perdido su antiguo vigor y, a veces, han quedado reducidos a mero folclore. La mímesis visual fue abordada por Platón de la que afirmó que no permitía conocer la realidad con la profundidad ni con la perfección con que era posible hacerlo mediante el rito o la reflexión. Aristóteles profundizó en una mímesis de índole cognitiva, señalando que a partir de ella podían conocerse las leyes de la naturaleza, sus fines y el modo en que opera para conseguirlos. Al analizar estos tipos de mímesis trataremos de poner de relieve que una forma legítima y eficaz de reconectar al hombre con el mundo y con la realidad es la puesta en valor del rito.

Background: Evidence from clinical practice on the effects of switching from emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (F/TDF) to emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (F/TAF)-based triple-therapy (TT) regimens on renal parameters is limited. Objective: This retrospective analysis evaluated the effects on renal function of switching from F/TDF to F/TAF-based TT regimens with no change in third agent among people living with HIV (PLWH). Methods: Data were from a multicenter Spanish PLWH cohort. Patients with a baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR-EPI) measurement, ≥1 follow-up measurement, ≥30 days treatment with F/TAF, and who switched from F/TDF to F/TAF with no change in third agent were included. Multivariate mixed linear models were used to evaluate change from baseline over time in eGFR-EPI. eGFR-EPI changes before and after switch were analyzed in a matched patient subgroup. Results: Overall, 340 patients were included. Mean (95% CI) eGFR-EPI in patients with baseline eGFR-EPI

The accurate graphic survey of an archaeological site is fundamental for its analysis and research. Furthermore, if this site is to be covered by a building and will not be accessible or visible, its documentation is essential, not only to continue with the research, but also to disseminate and enhance the discoveries. An example of this is the "Hoya de los Molinos" archaeological site in Caravaca de la Cruz (Region of Murcia, Spain). This is where the first mark of the wheel of a Roman vertical watermill in the Iberian Peninsula has been found. This fact is crucial because remains of Roman vertical-wheeled watermills have been found across the Mediterranean but not in the Iberian Peninsula. Moreover, the fact that this watermill still has all its structural elements makes this archaeological site in Caravaca de la Cruz very interesting. Due to these facts, it is essential to disseminate this discovery, so that it can be recognized and considered as archaeological and cultural heritage. To that end, the researchers have carried out a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the most characteristic elements, such as the vertical wheel, the gears that allowed grinding the grain, and the building protecting them. A virtual recreation was carried out, based on the historical and building research, which is displayed in an explanatory video. Furthermore, two reproductions were created: one made to scale of the archaeological site with a 3D printer and another one of the hypothetical structure of the Roman watermill. To achieve this result, historians, archaeologists and engineers have collaborated, thus enabling not only its adequate dissemination, but also its accurate documentation, in an inclusive manner. Thanks to all the work that this paper describes, the Roman watermill found in Caravaca de la Cruz can be known, studied and assessed. Highlights: • The first Roman watermill in the Iberian Peninsula has been found with all its structural elements, from the imprints left in the stone by the wheel. • Virtual reconstruction of the first vertical wheel watermill discovered in Hispania has been made. • An animated video of the hydraulic watermill gears performance has been created for documentation and dissemination.

El trabajo que se presenta ha consistido en un análisis de los datos de indicadores de calidad de la UPCT utilizando herramientas estadísticas sencillas, acompañado de una revisión bibliográfica de numerosas publicaciones sobre las encuestas de satisfacción y la carga de trabajo. Se han empleado los datos de los títulos de Arquitectura y Edificación de la UPCT durante el curso 2017-2018 y, para contextualizar los resultados, también los del conjunto de esa Universidad y su comparativa con dos cursos anteriores. El objetivo ha sido conocer la relación entre las variables disponibles, su evolución temporal y las posibles diferencias por cursos, tipos de asignatura, niveles, etc., para mejorar los procesos de gestión de la información de la UPCT. Se discuten los resultados obtenidos, entre ellos la no existencia de sesgos en las encuestas de satisfacción y las posibles implicaciones de cargas de trabajo elevadas en determinadas asignaturas. Abstract The work presented has consisted of an analysis of the UPCT quality indicator data using simple statistical tools, accompanied by a bibliographic review of numerous publications on satisfaction surveys and workload. The data of the degrees in Architecture and Building of the UPCT during the academic year 2017-2018 have been used and, to contextualize the results, also those of the whole of that University and its comparison with twor previous courses. The objective has been to know the relationship between the available variables, their temporal evolution and the possible differences by course, type of subject, levels, etc., in order to improve the information management processes of the UPCT. The results obtained are discussed, including the nonexistence of biases in the satisfaction surveys and the possible implications of high workloads in certain subjects.

Resumen Los títulos españoles de Grado y Máster desarrollan 4 tipos de competencias: básicas, específicas, generales y transversales. Las competencias básicas figuran en el RD 861/2010, son comunes para todos los títulos del mismo nivel (Grado/Máster) y son de tipo genérico. Las competencias específicas y las generales, en títulos que habiliten para el ejercicio de profesiones reguladas, vienen marcadas en las correspondientes Órdenes Ministeriales; ese es el caso de la mayoría de los títulos de edificación y de ingeniería. Además, las competencias del RD 1027/2011 del MECES son obligatorias, aunque no se recojan en las memorias de verificación de los títulos; estas competencias son similares a las básicas y también son comunes para todos los títulos del mismo nivel. Finalmente, los títulos que se evalúen según el programa de Sellos Internacionales de Calidad (SIC) de ANECA, para la obtención de sellos como el EUR-ACE®, tendrán que demostrar que integran también las competencias propias del sello solicitado. Las competencias transversales no están definidas en la legislación y, de hecho, es posible verificar un título que no incluya competencias de este tipo. Sin embargo, las competencias básicas y del MECES sí son obligatorias y, al igual que las transversales, son de tipo genérico. Para facilitar el reparto de competencias de estos tipos entre las asignaturas de un título y graduar su adquisición a lo largo de cada plan de estudios, la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT) diseñó un conjunto de 7 competencias transversales, cada una con tres niveles sucesivos para los títulos de Grado y un cuarto para los de Máster. Estas competencias se relacionan directamente con las básicas y las del MECES, además de integrar los resultados del aprendizaje de tipo genérico del sello EUR-ACE®. Para elegirlas se consultaron también documentos de distintas instituciones y los rankings de competencias más demandadas por las empresas. Las 7 competencias transversales se reparten entre las asignaturas del título de forma centralizada, con el fin de que todas estén suficientemente representadas y adecuadamente distribuidas. Cada asignatura solo tiene que hacerse cargo de uno de los niveles de una competencia, que dependerá de las características de la asignatura y del curso en que se sitúe. La UPCT ha desarrollado materiales didácticos para facilitar al profesorado la integración de las competencias en la docencia. En esta comunicación se presenta el modelo de 7 competencias transversales UPCT, con sus definiciones y niveles, y se muestran ejemplos de distribución en distintos planes de estudios. Las competencias y los niveles están expresados en forma de resultados del aprendizaje, siguiendo las recomendaciones de ANECA. Se explican, además, las relaciones de las competencias transversales y básicas, y cómo ambos tipos de competencias van ligados a la hora de distribuirlas entre las asignaturas del plan, de manera que este sea coherente y realizable. Abstract The competences acquired in the Spanish degrees for Master and Bachelor levels are classified into four types: basic, specific, general and transverse [1]. The basic competences are described in the royal decree RD 861/2010 [2]. These are the same for all the Spanish degrees of the same level. The specific and general competences are defined in the corresponding ministerial orders, to be acquired in degrees that qualify for the practice of regulated professions, as it is the case for most building and engineering degrees. In addition, the competences described in RD 1027/2011 of the MECES [3] are mandatory, although they are not included in the verification reports of the studies; these competences are similar to the basic ones and are also common for all degrees of the same level. Finally, the studies that are evaluated according to the program of International Quality Seals of ANECA, for obtaining the quality signature EUR-ACE®, must prove they also integrate the competences of the requested seal The transverse competences are not defined in the legislation and, in fact, it is possible to verify a degree without including competences of this type. However, the basic and MECES competences are mandatory and, as the transverse skills, are generic. To facilitate the distribution of basic, MECES and transverse competences among the syllabus of their different degrees, the Technical University of Cartagena (UPCT) designed a set of seven transverse competences, each with three successive levels for Bachelor degrees, and an additional level for Master studies. These competences are directly related to the basic ones and those of the MECES. They also integrate the learning outcomes of the generic type of the EUR-ACE® seal. In order to define these competences, documents from different institutions [5] and the rankings of most demanded competences by companies were analyzed. The seven transverse competences are distributed among each syllabus in a centralized manner, so that all of them are sufficiently represented and evenly distributed. Every course in a syllabus develops a single transverse competence at a given level, in accordance with its best adequacy [6]. UPCT has developed educational materials to facilitate the integration of competences to teachers [7]. The competences and levels are defined in the form of learning outcomes, following recommendations from ANECA [8]. This paper presents the model of seven UPCT transverse competences, with their definitions and levels, and shows examples of distribution in different degrees. It also explains the relationships between transverse and basic competences, and how both types of competences are time-wise linked along a syllabus, so that their integration is coherent and feasible.

The principal objective of this research work is to produce a thorough cartographical representation of the Holy Caves of Sacromonte Abbey. Today, no graphical documentation remains in existence to act as successor to what Ambrosio de Vico created on copper plates in 1596. By comparing the modelling of the Holy Caves produced through new digital technologies with the top-view drawings of the ancient engravings, will be able to identify areas of both alignment and divergence from the original layout plan. With this information, we will then be able to produce a hypothesis pertaining to the caves’ evolution, acked up by the sources that we have consulted from Sacromonte Abbey’s own archive and from the Historic Diocesan Archive of Granada. The sum of this information will enable us to document this unique example of subterranean heritage via a multimedia approach leveraging the digital representation of historical monuments.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.21.2018.15

Resumen Al contrario que en otras titulaciones técnicas, el porcentaje de alumnas en los estudios de arquitectura y edificación es relativamente alto y no muy distinto del de estudiantes varones. Sin embargo, el porcentaje de mujeres que trabajan en edificación es bastante reducido y no parece que vaya a cambiar sustancialmente. Por otra parte, el porcentaje de profesoras en enseñanzas universitarias relacionadas con la edificación suele ser claramente inferior al de alumnas. Las encuestas de satisfacción de los estudiantes constituyen el procedimiento más habitual para evaluar la actividad docente del profesorado universitario. Este es un tema controvertido, puesto que hay países en los que los resultados de las encuestas se emplean para tomar decisiones que afectan a la carrera docente del profesorado. Entre los detractores de estas encuestas están los que declaran que estas contienen sesgos, como el de género, que invalidan sus resultados. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar la situación de las profesoras en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura y Edificación (ETSAE) de la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena y comprobar si sus evaluaciones son comparables a las de los profesores varones. Se desarrolla una metodología para el análisis de los resultados de evaluación docente del curso 2015-2016, orientada a determinar si existe influencia de género en los indicadores de satisfacción de la actividad docente. Se presentan resultados para los títulos de grado y máster impartidos en la ETSAE, y se plantea la generalización del estudio a otros títulos de la UPCT. Abstract The enrolment of women in building and architecture studies does not reflect accurately their actual contribution to this professional field. In contrast to other engineering degrees [1], the contribution of female students to the overall registration is higher and somewhat similar to the presence of male students. However, the percentage of women that work in the field of building engineering and architecture is quite low [2] and the prospects of a trend change are scant [3]. On the other hand, the percentage of women teaching in architecture and building schools is clearly lower than that of female students. Student surveys are the most common method to assess the quality of teaching in higher education [4]. This is somehow controversial [5], as some countries and/or universities use these results to take actions on the career progress of their faculty. Among the opposing arguments against this methodology, the possible existence of bias -and in particular gender bias- might invalidate the quality assessment results [6]. The main objective of this work is to analyze the status of the female faculty at the School of Architecture (ETSAE) of Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, and evaluate how the students evaluation of their teaching activities compare to those of the male faculty members. A methodology to analyze the results of the surveys during the academic year 2015-16 is presented, that aims to quantify the influence of gender in the quality performance indicators of the quality assessment. Undergraduate and graduate programs at ETSAE are evaluated, and the extension of this methodology to other degrees at UPCT is discussed.

BackgroundSince 1996, the standard of care (SOC) therapy for HIV treatment has consisted of a backbone of two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) paired with a third agent. Use of two-drug combinations (2DC) has been considered for selected patients to avoid toxicities associated with the use of NRTIs. This study aimed to compare the real-world outcomes of integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-containing triple therapy (TT) to dolutegravir- (DTG) and/or boosted protease inhibitor (bPI)-based 2DC in a large Spanish cohort of HIV patients.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed using data from the VACH cohort, a prospective multicentre Spanish cohort of adult HIV patients. All treatment experienced patients initiating a TT of an INSTI combined with two NRTIs or a 2DC-containing DTG and/or a bPI between 01/01/2012 and 01/06/2017 were included. The unit of analysis was patient-regimens. The overall sample analysis was complemented with two sub-analyses. The first sub-analysis focused on patients treated with a backbone plus DTG compared to those treated with DTG+ one other antiretroviral. The second sub-analysis focused on patients with HIV RNAResultsOverall 7,481 patients were included in the analysis, contributing to 9,243 patient-regimens. Patient characteristics at baseline differed among groups, with the 2DC group being significantly older and having a higher proportion of women, a longer time on ART and a higher number of previous virologic failures. Median (95% Confidence Interval [C.I.]) time to switch was 2.5 years (2.3, 2.7) in 2DC group versus 2.9 years (2.7, 3.0) in TT. Adjusted hazard ratios (95% C.I.) for discontinuation due to any reason, virologic failure and toxicity in the 2DC vs TT group were 1.29 (1.15; 1.44), 2.06 (1.54; 2.77) and 1.18 (0.94; 1.48), respectively. Results were consistent in the two sub-analyses.ConclusionIn this analysis, time to discontinuation and probability of remaining free of virologic failure were significantly higher in patients on INSTI-based TT compared to DTG- and/or bPI-containing 2DC, with no differences in toxicity.

Objective National Spanish studies show that prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the female population is increasingly frequent, with an overall estimate of 14% in women aged 18–65 years. The objective of this study is to know the prevalence and distribution of HPV types in the female population of the Canary Islands prior to the introduction of HPV vaccines and to investigate the associated clinical and sociodemographic factors.Methods Based on the Primary Health Care database, a sample of adult women (aged 18–65 years) of Gran Canaria (GC) and Tenerife (TF) stratified into nine age groups was carried out between 2002 and 2007. Women were contacted by postal letter and telephone call and were visited in their primary care centre. A clinical-epidemiological survey was completed and cervical samples were taken for cytological study and HPV detection. HPV prevalence and its 95% CI were estimated, and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression to identify factors associated with the infection.Results 6010 women participated in the study, 3847 from GC and 2163 from TF. The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 13.6% (CI 12.8%–14.5%) and 11.1% (CI 10.3%–11.9%) for high-risk types. The most frequent HPV type was 16 followed by types 51, 53, 31, 42 and 59. HPV types included in the nonavalent vaccine were detected in 54.1% of infected women. Factors associated with an increased risk of infection were: young ages (18–29 years), the number of sexual partners throughout life, not being married, being a smoker, and having had previous cervical lesions or genital warts.Conclusions It is confirmed that prevalence of HPV infection in the female population of the Canary Islands is high, but similar to that of Spain, HPV 16 being the most frequent genotype. The determinants of infection are consistent with those of other populations.

Objective In stroke survivors, atrial fibrillation (AF) is typically evaluated solely by short-term ECG monitoring in the stroke unit. Prolonged continuous ECG monitoring or insertable cardiac monitors require substantial resources. Chest and thumb ECG could provide an alternative means of AF detection, which in turn could allow prompt anticoagulation to prevent recurrent stroke. The objective of this study was to assess the yield of newly diagnosed AF during 28 days of chest and thumb ECG monitoring two times per day in cryptogenic stroke.Methods This study, Transient ECG Assessment in Stroke Evaluation, included patients who had a stroke from Region Gävleborg, Sweden, between 2017 and 2019. Patients with a recent ischaemic stroke without documented AF (or other reasons for anticoagulation) before or during ECG evaluation in the stroke unit were evaluated using the Coala Heart Monitor connected to a smartphone application for remote monitoring.Results The prespecified number of 100 patients (mean age 67.6±10.8 years; 60% men) was analysed. In nine patients (9%, number needed to screen 11) AF but no other significant atrial arrhythmias (>30 s) was diagnosed. The mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was similar among patients with AF and no AF (4.9±1.1 vs 4.3±1.3; p=0.224) and patients with AF were older (74.3±9.0 vs 66.9±10.8; p=0.049). Patients performed on average 90.1%±15.0% of scheduled transmissions.Conclusion In evaluation of cryptogenic stroke, 9% of patients had AF detected using chest and thumb ECG two times per day during 1 month. In many stroke survivors, this is a feasible approach and they will be potentially protected from recurrent stroke by anticoagulation treatment.Trial registration number NCT03301662.

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics.

El conocimiento científico de los retablos es fundamental para poder acometer mejor su conservación y es importante darle una correcta difusión. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es realizar y dar a conocer el levantamiento gráfico tridimensional del retablo barroco de la Iglesia de San Miguel de Murcia con calidad métrica, reflexionar a partir de él sobre los procesos de creación artística y difundir la información a través de la utilización de plataformas informáticas libres, garantizando el acceso a los valores patrimoniales.

El principal objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir al conocimiento de la topografía de la ciudad de Cartagena en la época romana altoimperial. Se ha empleado un Sistema de Información Geográfica y datos procedentes de numerosas excavaciones arqueológicas, de la cartografía histórica disponible y de observaciones GPS realizadas ex profeso y referidas a puntos característicos de aquella época que están actualmente en superficie. Entre los resultados obtenidos están la recopilación de información espacial procedente de diversas fuentes en una base de datos, la creación de cartografía temática y la generación y análisis de modelos digitales de elevaciones basados en esos datos y que se han comparado con el de la época actual. Entre las conclusiones cabe destacar la creación de un modelo metodológico, la aportación al conocimiento sistemático de la topografía histórica de Cartagena y el interés de ampliar la zona de estudio y de considerar también otras épocas.

Recepción: 30 de julio de 2016 Aceptación: 24 de enero de 2017. Los hitos centrales en el desarrollo semántico de la forma haber en presente más participio han sido expuestos por distintos autores (Alarcos Llorach 1947; Harris 1982; Arias 2005, entre otros). Aquí muestro que la noción de ‘cauce temporal’ retomada de García Fajardo (2014) permite explicar cómo se llegó al uso de dicha forma para referirse al pasado cercano, y que su posterior independencia del ‘cauce’ aludido coincide cronológicamente con la época identificada por algunos autores (Lapesa 1942; Lope Blanch 1961, entre otros) como la divergencia entre el uso castellano y el mexicano.

El recuento de la historia permite la traslación en el tiempo hacia épocas más distantes no compartidas. Ese viaje puede resultar interesante para las diferentes generaciones y responderles, de esta forma, a la necesidad de conocer las raíces. Mezclada con los orígenes de la medicina, la Oftalmología, muy rudimentaria, era practicada por diferentes personas como sacerdotes, médicos, cirujanos u otros menos calificados, por lo que solo se conoce parcialmente lo realizado en la antigüedad. Sobre su enseñanza en la provincia de Cienfuegos no existen muchos documentos, por eso este artículo tiene como propósito hacer un recuento de la enseñanza de la Oftalmología en esta provincia desde 1961 hasta la actualidad, haciendo énfasis en los cambios en la etapa revolucionaria que se inicia con la división política administrativa del país. Abarca desde la creación de centros formadores de estudios técnicos, los programas de la Licenciatura en Optometría y Óptica, los médicos especialistas del sector en la nueva provincia hasta la apertura del Centro de Cirugía Oftalmológica, dotado de las más modernas técnicas.

El metaneumovirus humano es un nuevo patógeno asociado a infecciones respiratorias, principalmente en niños, que produce cuadros clínicos que van desde leves hasta graves, los cuales pueden incluso requerir tratamiento en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Hasta el momento, la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcripción inversa y el cultivo celular son los métodos más usados para su diagnóstico. Se presentan los seis primeros casos de metapneumovirus humano en niños de Medellín, Colombia. doi: http//dx.doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v32i2.644

Lorenzo García Aretio. ¿Por qué va ganando la educación a distancia? Estudios de educación a distancia. Madrid: UNED, 2009, 419 págs. ISBN: 978-84-36258790 La Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) inició este tipo de educación hace varias décadas constituyéndose, de esta manera, en una punta de lanza de la educación a distancia. No obstante, poco a poco se han ido incorporando a este ámbito casi todas las universidades presenciales. Debido a esta expansión e interés por la educación a distancia cobra relevancia toda publicación científica que implique una consolidación de las bases teóricas, técnicas, investigadoras y científicas, en general, sobre la misma.

Los avances en fotogrametría han sido espectaculares en los últimos años, debido principalmente a la automatización de los procesos que antes debían hacerse manualmente.

¿Es la vida una serie de repeticiones infinitas o de rupturas? Como respuesta, este artículo pretende disertar sobre el tratamiento estético que Jorge Luis Borges plantea en el cuento El inmortal. Se establece la existencia como un círculo donde las acciones innovadoras no son factibles, Borges propone la imposibilidad humana de trascender realmente, las aportaciones se consideran como inevitables, alguien las haría de cualquier modo. Señales de un espíritu vanguardista propio de su literatura.

Las instituciones educativas de nivel superior presentan características comunes que obstaculizan la implementación de prácticas eficientes de administración de proyectos, entre las que se puede mencionar: poca estandarización para administrar los proyectos y metodologías deficientes para el control del alcance, tiempo y costos del proyecto. Además, existe una falta de definición de roles y responsabilidades, planificación débil y en algunas ocasiones nula. Como resultado, se definen vagamente los informes, eventos, canales de comunicación y no se documentan las lecciones aprendidas. En este artículo se presenta un marco de trabajo para la definición y mejora de procesos de administración de proyectos basado en la extracción del conocimiento tácito de la institución y tomando como referencia el PMBOK.

Se reseño el libro: Argumentación y lenguaje jurídico. Aplicación al análisis de una sentencia de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación

BACKGROUND: Dengue virus (DENV) infection can range in severity from mild dengue fever (DF) to severe dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Changes in host gene expression, temporally through the progression of DENV infection, especially during the early days, remains poorly characterized. Early diagnostic markers for DHF are also lacking. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this study, we investigated host gene expression in a cohort of DENV-infected subjects clinically diagnosed as DF (n = 51) and DHF (n = 13) from Maracay, Venezuela. Blood specimens were collected daily from these subjects from enrollment to early defervescence and at one convalescent time-point. Using convalescent expression levels as baseline, two distinct groups of genes were identified: the "early" group, which included genes associated with innate immunity, type I interferon, cytokine-mediated signaling, chemotaxis, and complement activity peaked at day 0-1 and declined on day 3-4; the second "late" group, comprised of genes associated with cell cycle, emerged from day 4 and peaked at day 5-6. The up-regulation of innate immune response genes coincided with the down-regulation of genes associated with viral replication during day 0-3. Furthermore, DHF patients had lower expression of genes associated with antigen processing and presentation, MHC class II receptor, NK and T cell activities, compared to that of DF patients. These results suggested that the innate and adaptive immunity during the early days of the disease are vital in suppressing DENV replication and in affecting outcome of disease severity. Gene signatures of DHF were identified as early as day 1. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study reveals a broad and dynamic picture of host responses in DENV infected subjects. Host response to DENV infection can now be understood as two distinct phases with unique transcriptional markers. The DHF signatures identified during day 1-3 may have applications in developing early molecular diagnostics for DHF.

Fecha de recepción: 27 de mayo de 2010. Fecha de aceptación: 4 de marzo de 2011. A partir de estudios precedentes de otros autores y del análisis de datos empíricos, se propone una descripción del valor semántico de formas verbales del tipo he esperado, he vuelto y he vivido, en el español de México. El análisis se fundamenta en la relación existente entre interpretaciones contextuales y el valor semántico en el que ellas se basan. Con el fin de argumentar a favor del valor semántico que se propone, se muestra su relación con las interpretaciones contextuales y se sugiere que dicho valor semántico podría ser la base de una extensión de uso que se ha desarrollado en la España continental.

Se reseñó el libro: Cambio lingüístico y normatividad.

Canta, canta

En este número no se incluyeron resúmenes ni palabras clave.

Muere la sirena

Este antropólogo norteamericano (1914-1970), se doctoró en antropología en la Universidad de Columbia (1940) y posteriormente impartió clases en el Brooklyn College en la Universidad de Washington y en la Illinois. Fue consultor tic la fundación Pord en la India. y en México fue Delegado del U.S. National lndian Institutc. Realizó estudios antropológicos en México y Puerto Rico; y se interesó especialmente por la cultura de la pobreza vigente en los ghettos y suburbios de las grandes ciudades. Entre sus obras destacan: La vida de un pueblo mexicano. Tepoután ( 1951), Antropología de la pobreza (1959), Los hijos de Sánchez (1961). Pedro Martínez (1964) y La vída ( 1965).

En este número no se incluyeron resúmenes ni palabras clave.

Se reseñó el libro: Pronunciación del español. Lengua hablada y literaria.

Se reseñó el libro: Perceptual and topological criteria in linguistics description.

Se informa el caso de una paciente femenina de 60 años con historia de presentar protrusión de ambos globos oculares de aproximadamente 7 años de evolución con varios estudios realizados sin concluirse diagnóstico. Se le realiza una biopsia de órbita mediante el método de aspiración con aguja fina y bajo control ultrasonográfico. Se diagnosticó Linfoma no HodgkinThe case of a 60-year-old female patient that presented protrusion of both eyeballs of approximately 7 years of evolution is reported. Several studies had been conducted, but there was not a final diagnosis. A biopsy of the orbit was performed by fine needle aspiration under ultrasonographic control. A non-Hodgkin lymphoma was diagnosed

En este número no se incluyeron resúmenes ni palabras clave.

En este número no se incluyeron resúmenes ni palabras clave.

Se reseñó el libro: Estudio sobre el español de Cuba.

The knowledge of architecture, initially through the direct follow-up of the Vitruvio`s manuscript and later from the intervention of the writers and architects of the Renaissance, has sought to be transmitted over time through the meeting of Its precepts in theoretical works capable of maintaining the principles of shape, style and proportion, guideline and basis for architects and future works. As regards the architect and treatise writer Fray Lorenzo de San Nicolás, we have seen that the theoretical proposals collected in his book “Arte y Uso de Arquitectura” are reflected in their own buildings. Through digital photogrammetric rising techniques we have been able to analyze the degree of approximation or coherence between the theory and the built project.