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Internet of Things (IoT) devices are ubiquitous in various applications, such as smart homes, asset and people tracking, and city management systems. However, their deployment in adverse conditions, including unstable internet connectivity and power sources, present new cybersecurity challenges through new attack vectors. The LoRaWAN protocol, with its open and distributed network architecture, has gained prominence as a leading LPWAN solution, presenting novel security challenges. This paper proposes the implementation of machine learning algorithms, specifically the K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) algorithm, within an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for LoRaWAN networks. Through behavioural analysis based on previously observed packet patterns, the system can detect potential intrusions that may disrupt critical tracking services. Initial simulated packet classification attained over 90% accuracy. By integrating the Suricata IDS and extending it through a custom toolset, sophisticated rule sets are incorporated to generate confidence metrics to classify packets as either presenting an abnormal or normal behaviour. The current work uses third-party multi-vendor sensor data obtained in the city of Lisbon for training and validating the models. The results show the efficacy of the proposed technique in evaluating received packets, logging relevant parameters in the database, and accurately identifying intrusions or expected device behaviours. We considered two use cases for evaluating our work: one with a more traditional approach where the devices and network are static, and another where we assume that both the devices and the network are mobile; for example, when we need to report data back from sensors on a rail infrastructure to a mobile LoRaWAN gateway onboard a train.

The coastal zone is a fascinating place that comprises the interface between sea and land. This interface, which is both very dynamic and sensitive, has been affected by strong urban and industrial pressures, and an increase in both traffic and recreational uses, leading to the deterioration of natural habitats and the growing instability of residential areas. Added to this disruption is ongoing climate change, which will lead to rising sea levels and increased wave action. Another problem we are increasingly concerned about is ocean pollution, which has been one of the main causes of threats to deep-water coral reef areas. The main sources of pollution include oil spills and offshore oil drilling. The effects of pollution caused by oil spills can not only seriously affect the global environmental balance of our planet but can also, on a different scale, seriously affect the economy of countries whose main resources depend heavily on the sea. Wave energy has the potential to alleviate the world's dependence on depleting fossil energy resources. With regard to coastal protection, the development of ecological solutions to preserve ecosystems and address coastal processes as an alternative to traditional coastal protection structures (seawalls, groins and breakwaters) is becoming increasingly important. These structures, generally referred to as passive measures, are usually built to alter the effects of sea waves, currents and the movement of sand along the coastline, with the aim of protecting beaches, ports and harbors. The concerns outlined are critically addressed throughout this review article. All of them are highly relevant today and, as demonstrated throughout this article, are expected to grow even more and with much more pronounced consequences starting from the middle of the current century.

Cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS) continue to be developed to enhance transportation safety and sustainability. However, the communication of vehicle-to-everything (V2X) systems is inherently open, leading to vulnerabilities that attackers can exploit. This represents a threat to all road users, as security failures can lead to privacy violations or even fatalities. Moreover, a high fatality rate is correlated with soft-mobility road users. Therefore, when developing C-ITS systems, it is important to broaden the focus beyond connected vehicles to include soft-mobility users and legacy vehicles. This work presents a new approach developed in the context of emerging hybrid networks, combining intelligent transport systems operating in 5.9 GHz (ITS-G5) and radio-mobile cellular technologies. Two protocols were implemented and evaluated to introduce security guarantees (such as privacy and integrity) in communications within the developed C-ITS hybrid environment. As a result, this work securely integrates G5-connected ITS stations and soft-mobility users through a smartphone application via cellular networks. Commercial equipment was used for this goal, including on-board and roadside units. Computational, transmission and end-to-end latency were used to assess the system’s performance. Implemented protocols introduce an additional 11% end-to-end latency in hybrid communications. Moreover, workflows employing hybrid communications impose, on average, an extra 28.29 ms of end-to-end latency. The proposal shows promise, as it reaches end-to-end times below the latency requirements imposed in most C-ITS use cases.

Numerical models are useful tools for studying complex wave–wave and wave–current interactions in coastal areas. They are also very useful for assessing the potential risks of flooding, hydrodynamic actions on coastal protection structures, bathymetric changes along the coast, and scour phenomena on structures’ foundations. In the coastal zone, there are shallow-water conditions where several nonlinear processes occur. These processes change the flow patterns and interact with the moving bottom. Only fully nonlinear models with the addition of dispersive terms have the potential to reproduce all phenomena with sufficient accuracy. The Boussinesq and Serre models have such characteristics. However, both standard versions of these models are weakly dispersive, being restricted to shallow-water conditions. The need to extend them to deeper waters has given rise to several works that, essentially, add more or fewer terms of dispersive origin. This approach is followed here, giving rise to a set of extended Serre equations up to kh ≈ π. Based on the wavemaker theory, it is also shown that for kh > π/10, the input boundary condition obtained for shallow-waters within the Airy wave theory for 2D waves is not valid. A better estimate for the input wave that satisfies a desired value of kh can be obtained considering a geometrical modification of the conventional shape of the classic piston wavemaker by a limited depth θh, with θ≤ 1.0.

Introdução: apresenta o contexto da comunicação científica e os movimentos de acesso aberto à informação focando na criação e no desenvolvimento das formas de publicação: acesso aberto ou acesso restrito. Contextualiza os sistemas de publicação científica e a disponibilidade e o acesso aos artigos científicos produzidos com recursos públicos. Visa responder qual é a forma de publicação acadêmica adotada pelos docentes dos programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu do Setor de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas da Universidade Federal do Paraná para a comunicação dos resultados de pesquisa. Objetivo: apresenta como objetivo geral identificar por meio da plataforma Lattes e enquanto docente do quadro permanente dos programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu da Universidade Federal do Paraná qual é a forma de publicação adotada para a comunicação dos resultados de pesquisa. Metodologia: o método utilizado para identificação do tipo de sistema de publicação é a aplicação de um algoritmo de coleta e classificação de artigos científicos. Resultados: os resultados indicam que 54% dos docentes do setor publicam seus artigos em acesso aberto.

This paper presents IRONEDGE, an architectural framework that can be used in different edge Stream Processing solutions for “Smart Infrastructure” scenarios, on a case-by-case basis. The architectural framework identifies the common components that any such solution should implement and a generic processing pipeline. In particular, the framework is considered in the context of a study case regarding Internet of Things (IoT) devices to be attached to rolling stock in a railway. A lack of computation and storage resources available in edge devices and infrequent network connectivity are not often seen in the existing literature, but were considered in this paper. Two distinct implementations of IRONEDGE were considered and tested. One, identified as Apache Kafka with Kafka Connect (K0-WC), uses Kafka Connect to pass messages from MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) to Apache Kafka. The second scenario, identified as Apache Kafka with No Kafka Connect (K1-NC), allows Apache Storm to consume messages directly. When the data rate increased, K0-WC showed low throughput resulting from high losses, whereas K1-NC displayed an increase in throughput, but did not match the input rate for the Data Reports. The results showed that the framework can be used for defining new solutions for edge Stream Processing scenarios and identified a reference implementation for the considered study case. In future work, the authors propose to extend the evaluation of the architectural variation of K1-NC.

Serverless computing hides infrastructure management from developers and runs code on-demand automatically scaled and billed during the code’s execution time. One of the most popular serverless backend services is called Function-as-a-Service (FaaS), in which developers are often confronted with cloud-specific requirements. Function signature requirements, and the usage of custom libraries that are unique to cloud providers, were identified as the two main reasons for portability issues in FaaS applications, leading to various vendor lock-in problems. In this work, we define three cloud-agnostic models that compose FaaS platforms. Based on these models, we developed QuickFaaS, a multi-cloud interoperability desktop tool targeting cloud-agnostic functions and FaaS deployments. The proposed cloud-agnostic approach enables developers to reuse their serverless functions in different cloud providers with no need to change code or install extra software. We also provide an evaluation that validates the proposed solution by measuring the impact of a cloud-agnostic approach on the function’s performance, when compared to a cloud-non-agnostic one. The study shows that a cloud-agnostic approach does not significantly impact the function’s performance.

Abstract Background: The creation of a computerized clinical database with the ability to collect prospective information from patients and with the possibility of rescue and crossing data enables scientific studies of higher quality and credibility in less time. Aim: To validate, in a single master protocol, the clinical data referring to Surgery of Digestive System in a multidisciplinary way, incorporating in the SINPE© platform, and to verify the incidence of digestive diseases based on the prospectively performed collections. Method: Organize in one software, in a standardized structure, all the pre-existing items in the SINPE© database; the theoretical basis was computerized through the MIGRASINPE© module creating a single multiprofessional master protocol for use as a whole. Results: The existing specific protocols were created and/or adapted - they correspond to the most prevalent digestive diseases - unifying them. The possibility of multiprofessional use was created by integrating all data collected from medicine, nursing, physiotherapy, nutrition and health management in a prospective way. The total was 4,281 collections, distributed as follows: extrahepatic biliary tract, n=1,786; esophagus, n=1015; anorectal, n=736; colon, n=550; small intestine, n=86; pancreas, n=71; stomach, n=23; liver, n=14. Conclusions: The validation of the unification and structuring in a single master protocol of the clinical data referring to the Surgery of the Digestive System in a multiprofessional and prospective way was possible and the epidemiological study carried out allowed to identify the most prevalent digestive diseases.

O Objetivo é propor um Dicionário Termos de Emoção em Textos Financeiros, composto de palavras que detectam a presença ou não das emoções - Alegria, Medo, Raiva, Repugnância, Surpresa e Tristeza – em textos financeiros. Partiu-se do Dicionário de Sentimentos Positivos e Negativos em Finanças, disponível na língua inglesa, o qual foi traduzido para o português. Na sequência, especialistas em Finanças e Psicologia alocaram os termos oriundos da tradução para seis emoções básicas estudadas. Por fim, o software Tropes foi ajustado para incorporar as expressões do dicionário, possibilitando a detecção de emoção em textos financeiros de forma eletrônica. O presente estudo constrói um Dicionário de Termos de Emoção em Textos Financeiros, composto por 301 expressões de Alegria; 155 de Medo; 136 de Raiva; 109 de Repugnância; 70 de Surpresa; e 233 de Tristeza, o qual pode ser utilizado para detectar e quantificar as emoções presentes nos relatórios financeiros.

O artigo aborda os principais elementos estratégicos a serem considerados na gestão da informação, com o objetivo de investigar as relações entre os elementos estratégicos da gestão da informação através de características bibliométricas para elaborar um quadro conceitual baseado nas publicações de 2017 e 2018. Para tal, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica da literatura, que consistiu em quatro etapas: (1) busca nas bases internacionais Science Direct e Web of Science, (2) seleção por meio de leitura prévia e posteriormente aprofundada dos artigos, resultando em 24 artigos, (3) mapeamento das relações existentes e (4) construção de um quadro conceitual que englobou os construtos referentes aos elementos estratégicos da gestão da informação e temas relacionados a estes. Como resultado, a literatura acerca dos elementos das estratégias da gestão da informação apresenta conceitos correlatos às áreas de inovação, tecnologia da informação e desempenho organizacional. A construção de um quadro conceitual possibilitou a visualização dos construtos como independentes, intervenientes e dependentes, assim como as suas relações, apresentando um panorama geral dos estudos sobre os temas.

We analysed whether the credibility of the Central Bank of Brazil (CBB) influences the substitution effect between the interest channel and the inflation expectations channel. Specifically, based on a DSGE model, we investigate the effects of central bank credibility on key domestic macroeconomic variables. The results show that higher central bank credibility reduces the harmful effect of fighting inflation on domestic macroeconomic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal zone is a fascinating place that comprises the interface between sea and land. This interface, which is both very dynamic and sensitive, has been affected by strong urban and industrial pressures, and an increase in both traffic and recreational uses, leading to the deterioration of natural habitats and the growing instability of residential areas. Added to this disruption is ongoing climate change, which will lead to rising sea levels and increased wave action. Another problem we are increasingly concerned about is ocean pollution, which has been one of the main causes of threats to deep-water coral reef areas. The main sources of pollution include oil spills and offshore oil drilling. The effects of pollution caused by oil spills can not only seriously affect the global environmental balance of our planet but can also, on a different scale, seriously affect the economy of countries whose main resources depend heavily on the sea. Wave energy has the potential to alleviate the world's dependence on depleting fossil energy resources. With regard to coastal protection, the development of ecological solutions to preserve ecosystems and address coastal processes as an alternative to traditional coastal protection structures (seawalls, groins and breakwaters) is becoming increasingly important. These structures, generally referred to as passive measures, are usually built to alter the effects of sea waves, currents and the movement of sand along the coastline, with the aim of protecting beaches, ports and harbors. The concerns outlined are critically addressed throughout this review article. All of them are highly relevant today and, as demonstrated throughout this article, are expected to grow even more and with much more pronounced consequences starting from the middle of the current century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inserted in the use of ICT - Information and Communication Technology - for relationship marketing practices, this paper aims to present a proposal for use of centrality measures as a technique to analyze the interaction between brands and consumers on online social networks. The theoretical framework addresses the characterization of online social networks, relationship marketing practices aligned to the use of online social networks and centrality measures appropriate for its analysis. Descriptive-exploratory methodological feature, this study adopted as observation object the fan pages of Facebook online social network. The recording of data was by running scripts created for this purpose. For evidence of analysis used a spreadsheet and an online application to the cloud generation words. As a result, presents information dissemination graphs contemplating the degree of metrics, proximity and intermediation. Concludes that the adoption of measures of centrality for the analysis of online social networks can be indicated as support for relationship marketing practices.

Abstract Introduction The knowledge and study of surgical techniques and anthropometric measurements of the nose make possible a qualitative and quantitative analysis of surgical results. Objective Study the main technique used in rhinoplasty on Caucasian noses and compare preoperative and postoperative anthropometric measurements of the nose. Methods A prospective study with 170 patients was performed at a private hospital. Data were collected using the Electronic System Integrated of Protocols software (Sistema Integrado de Protocolos Eletrônicos, SINPE©). The surgical techniques used in the nasal dorsum and tip were evaluated. Preoperative and 12-month follow-up photos as well as the measurements compared with the ideal aesthetic standard of a Caucasian nose were analyzed objectively. Student t test and standard deviation test were applied. Results There was a predominance of endonasal access (94.4%). The most common dorsum technique was hump removal (33.33%), and the predominance of sutures (24.76%) was observed on the nasal tip, with the lateral intercrural the most frequent (32.39%). Comparison between preoperative and postoperative photos found statistically significant alterations on the anthropometric measurements of the noses. Conclusion The main surgical techniques on Caucasian noses were evaluated, and a great variety was found. The evaluation of anthropometric measurements of the nose proved the efficiency of the performed procedures.

Este artigo analisou o crescimento da renda per capita municipal de Minas Gerais, entre 1991-2000, utilizando o modelo MRW (1992) com controle para condições de saúde e robusto contra efeitos espaciais. Os resultados indicaram que a renda converge entre 1,03% e 1,70% ao ano. Contudo, os modelos sem controles espaciais tendem a supervalorizar esse resultado. Somente o modelo com transbordamentos e regimes espaciais eliminou efetivamente a autocorrelação espacial, revelando a existência de clubes de convergência e um impacto de maior magnitude do capital físico em relação ao capital humano e à saúde. Ademais, verificou-se um forte "efeito vizinhança" e uma relação positiva entre o estoque de capital físico e o impacto do capital humano sobre a renda.

This paper studies the global imbalances that occurred in the first years of the twenty-first century. The analysis encompasses the two biggest countries in the world: the U.S.A. and China. Many authors defend the assertion that the relationship between the current accounts of these two countries was one important cause of the subprime crisis. While the U.S.A. has increased its deficit in the last decade, China has improved its surplus. To investigate this relationship, this study performed exogeneity tests. Moreover, it conducted Granger causality tests following the approach of Toda–Yamamoto (1995). The results showed that there is a real causal relationship between the American and the Chinese external balance. Furthermore, the global imbalance between these two countries contributed to the subprime crisis, because the tests detected structural breaks for the external balances of America and China in 2008. The dynamics of the Chinese external balance changed after the subprime crisis.

Estudo exploratório e bibliográfico sobre conceitos referentes ao processo de construção do conhecimento. Analisa as teorias da criação do conhecimento organizacional de Nonaka e Takeuchi (1997) e Choo (2006) com a metodologia da terapia comunitária, criada por Barreto (2005), prática popular de terapia em grupo que abraça a diversidade cultural e fundamenta-se na valorização do saber popular, do conhecimento tácito para a busca de soluções em saúde mental. Parte do princípio de que a própria sociedade está sendo chamada de “sociedade do conhecimento”, na qual a conversão da informação em conhecimento constitui a principal riqueza. Com base em estudo bibliográfico, analisa os processos para conversão do conhecimento por meio do compartilhamento e socialização da experiência, procurando aproximações entre os processos observados nas organizações e nas comunidades formadas a partir dos grupos de terapia comunitária. Utiliza, entre outras bases teóricas, o pensamento de Edgar Morin (2011), Fritjof Capra (2006), Humberto Maturana e Francisco Varela (2001), autores de visão sistêmica, para investigar a relação entre o processo de criação do conhecimento organizacional, individual e coletivo, e a terapia comunitária, considerada pela análise aqui apresentada como metodologia facilitadora da produção do conhecimento, com possibilidade de gerar inovação na área de saúde mental.

O político está presente na linguagem de diversos modos, entre eles, nas práticas institucionais sobre a(s) língua(s), como na produção de gramáticas e dicionários e, no caso que propomos, na decretação de acordos ortográficos. Neste trabalho, realizado na perspec­tiva da História das Ideias Linguísticas, que articulamos com a Semântica da Enunciação e a Análise de Discurso, buscamos compreender as filiações de sentidos do documento que aprovou o Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa (1990), em vias de entrar em vigor unificando a ortografia do Português do Brasil, Portugal, Angola, Cabo Verde, Guiné-Bissau, Moçambique, Timor Leste e São Tomé e Príncipe.

RACIONAL: A utilização de protocolo com base eletrônica de dados contribui para tornar disponível um grande volume de informações organizadas e estruturadas. A informática pode contribuir no desenvolvimento do conhecimento da Terapia Nutricional Enteral Domiciliar (TNED) por intermédio da pesquisa. OBJETIVO: Elaborar um protocolo eletrônico para o atendimento de pacientes em TNED. MÉTODO: Após a revisão sobre a TNED em material teórico, foram levantados 1793 subitens e agrupados em nove itens principais: Identificação, Avaliação nutricional, Prescrição dietética, Indicações de nutrição enteral, Vias de acesso para nutrição enteral, Composição da nutrição enteral, Sistema de administração, Complicações e Reinternamentos. Definiu-se com o nome Protocolo Mestre Informatizado de TNED e foi utilizado o Sistema Integrado de Protocolos Eletrônicos (SINPE©) para sua efetivação. A última etapa foi a criação de um protocolo específico a partir do protocolo mestre. Depois de instalado o programa o sistema reconhece o usuário com a identificação de segurança definida pelo tipo de autorização e disponibiliza a tela para seleção do protocolo mestre que o usuário poderá acessar. Os itens que compõe o protocolo específico estão contidos no Protocolo Mestre e as informações referentes a este protocolos são visualizados. CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível criar um protocolo eletrônico para o atendimento de pacientes em TNED com dados seguros que contribuem para a pesquisa nesta área.

Summary Introduction: In the health field, computerization has become increasingly necessary in professional practice, since it facilitates data recovery and assists in the development of research with greater scientific rigor. Objective: the present work aimed to develop, apply, and validate specific electronic protocols for patients referred for rhinoplasty. Methods: The prospective research had 3 stages: (1) preparation of theoretical data bases; (2) creation of a master protocol using Integrated System of Electronic Protocol (SINPE©); and (3) elaboration, application, and validation of a specific protocol for the nose and sinuses regarding rhinoplasty. Results: After the preparation of the master protocol, which dealt with the entire field of otorhinolaryngology, we idealized a specific protocol containing all matters related to the patient. In particular, the aesthetic and functional nasal complaints referred for surgical treatment (i.e., rhinoplasty) were organized into 6 main hierarchical categories: anamnesis, physical examination, complementary exams, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. This protocol utilized these categories and their sub-items: finality; access; surgical maneuvers on the nasal dorsum, tip, and base; clinical evolution after 3, 6, and 12 months; revisional surgery; and quantitative and qualitative evaluations. Conclusion: The developed electronic-specific protocol is feasible and important for information registration from patients referred to rhinoplasty.

Summary Introduction: The merging of medicine with information technology facilitates the retrieval of stored data, aiding the conduct of research with greater scientific rigor. Studies in the field of otorhinolaryngology, specifically in the area of laryngology and voice, are of fundamental importance, since 70% of the economically active need their voice to work. Objective: To create a computerized protocol of the diseases of the larynx, apply and validate it, and use it to evaluate patients undergoing laryngoscopic microsurgery of the larynx. Method: We created a database of ENT diseases through a literature review of textbooks and scientific articles. Next, we computerized the data and incorporated it into the SINPE©, creating a master protocol (ENT diseases) and a specific protocol (laryngeal diseases). Data were collected prospectively from patients undergoing laryngeal microsurgery in the ENT Hospital of Paraná. The collected data were analyzed with graphs through the SINPE© Analyzer module. Results: We evaluated 245 patients aged 9–79 years, and determined that 36.61% (93 patients) underwent surgery for the presence of polyps on the vocal folds, 12.6% (32) underwent surgery for papillomatosis, and 11.83% (29) underwent surgery for intracordal cysts. Conclusions: The creation of an electronic database of clinical ENT diseases was feasible. We were also able to implement and validate the protocol. The database may be released to physicians involved in clinical data collection and retrieval of information to conduct scientific research in an organized manner. The most common laryngeal disorders identified were polyps, papilloma, and intracordal cysts.

Introduction: In the health field, computerization has become increasingly necessary in professional practice, since it facilitates data recovery and assists in the development of research with greater scientific rigor. Objective: the present work aimed to develop, apply, and validate specific electronic protocols for patients referred for rhinoplasty. Methods: The prospective research had 3 stages: (1) preparation of theoretical data bases; (2) creation of a master protocol using Integrated System of Electronic Protocol (SINPE©); and (3) elaboration, application, and validation of a specific protocol for the nose and sinuses regarding rhinoplasty. Results: After the preparation of the master protocol, which dealt with the entire field of otorhinolaryngology, we idealized a specific protocol containing all matters related to the patient. In particular, the aesthetic and functional nasal complaints referred for surgical treatment (i.e., rhinoplasty) were organized into 6 main hierarchical categories: anamnesis, physical examination, complementary exams, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. This protocol utilized these categories and their sub-items: finality; access; surgical maneuvers on the nasal dorsum, tip, and base; clinical evolution after 3, 6, and 12 months; revisional surgery; and quantitative and qualitative evaluations. Conclusion: The developed electronic-specific protocol is feasible and important for information registration from patients referred to rhinoplasty.

Introduction: The merging of medicine with information technology facilitates the retrieval of stored data, aiding the conduct of research with greater scientific rigor. Studies in the field of otorhinolaryngology, specifically in the area of laryngology and voice, are of fundamental importance, since 70% of the economically active need their voice to work. Objective: To create a computerized protocol of the diseases of the larynx, apply and validate it, and use it to evaluate patients undergoing laryngoscopic microsurgery of the larynx. Method: We created a database of ENT diseases through a literature review of textbooks and scientific articles. Next, we computerized the data and incorporated it into the SINPE©, creating a master protocol (ENT diseases) and a specific protocol (laryngeal diseases). Data were collected prospectively from patients undergoing laryngeal microsurgery in the ENT Hospital of Paraná. The collected data were analyzed with graphs through the SINPE© Analyzer module. Results: We evaluated 245 patients aged 9-79 years, and determined that 36.61% (93 patients) underwent surgery for the presence of polyps on the vocal folds, 12.6% (32) underwent surgery for papillomatosis, and 11.83% (29) underwent surgery for intracordal cysts. Conclusions: The creation of an electronic database of clinical ENT diseases was feasible. We were also able to implement and validate the protocol. The database may be released to physicians involved in clinical data collection and retrieval of information to conduct scientific research in an organized manner. The most common laryngeal disorders identified were polyps, papilloma, and intracordal cysts.

RACIONAL: A obesidade é doença multifatorial. A coleta de dados exerce papel fundamental para realização de pesquisas de alto grau de qualidade e, na atualidade, a cirurgia da obesidade carece de meios para realização de pesquisas prospectivas com elevado nível de confiabilidade. Os dados obtidos em protocolos eletrônicos são mais completos, têm poucos erros, são mais consistentes e apresentam baixo percentual de violação em relação aos prontuários de papel. OBJETIVO: 1) Criar base teórica de dados clínicos referentes à multiprofissionalidade na abrangência da Cirurgia Bariátrica e Metabólica; 2) informatizar essa base transformando-a em protocolo eletrônico multiprofissional; 3) incorporá-la ao SINPE©; 4) disponibilizar este protocolo eletrônico e suas coletas para visualização via internet utilizando SINPE WEB©. MÉTODO: A criação da base teórica em Word© - depois transformada em forma digital para ser utilizada como protocolo eletrônico - foi baseada na revisão bibliográfica de nove livros-texto em obesidade mórbida, cirurgia bariátrica e metabólica, livros de multiprofissionalidade, livros específicos em psicologia e nutrição aplicados ao tema. Adicionou-se revisão sistemática da literatura atual com base em artigos científicos publicados nos últimos cinco anos no Medline/Pubmed, Lilacs e Scielo e também em teses e dissertações realizadas com protocolos eletrônicos. Assim, foram informatizados 10.306 itens de forma hierarquizada e ramificada contendo dados relacionados à medicina, fisioterapia, psicologia e nutrição. RESULTADOS: O protocolo completo poderá ser acessado para visualização no site www.sinpe.com.br. CONCLUSÕES: 1) Foi possível criar base eletrônica de dados clínicos referentes à multiprofissionalidade em cirurgia bariátrica e metabólica para coleta padronizada de informações; 2) foi possível informatizar esta base de dados; 3) ela está incorporada ao SINPE©; 4) o protocolo eletrônico e suas coletas foram disponibilizados para visualização via internet utilizando SINPE WEB©.BACKGROUND: Obesity is a multi factorial disease. Data collection plays a fundamental role for conducting papers with high level of quality and obesity surgery lacks the means to carry out prospective studies with high reliability. Data from electronic protocols are more complete, have fewer errors, are more consistent and have a low percentage of violations in relation to paper charts. AIM: 1) To create a theoretical basis of clinical data regarding the multiprofessionalism on metabolic and bariatric surgery; 2) to computerize this basis by transforming it into electronic multi professional protocol; 3) to incorporate it into the SINPE©; 4) to provide the protocol address and their collections for viewing via the Internet using SINPE WEB©. METHOD: The creation of the theoretical background was done in Word© - later transformed into digital form to be used as electronic protocol - based on literature review of nine textbooks in morbid obesity, bariatric surgery and metabolic multi professionalism books, special books in psychology and nutrition applied to the subject. Was added systematic review of the literature based on scientific articles published over the last five years in Medline/Pubmed, Lilacs and Scielo and in theses and dissertations done with electronic protocols. Thus, 10,306 items were computerized in a hierarchical and branched containing data related to medicine, physiotherapy, psychology and nutrition applied to the subject. RESULTS: The complete protocol can be accessed to view in site www.sinpe.com.br CONCLUSIONS: 1) It was possible to create electronic database regarding the clinical multi professionalism on bariatric and metabolic surgery to collect standardized information; 2) it was possible to computerized the database; 3) it is incorporated into the SINPE©; 4) the electronic protocol and its collections were made available for viewing via the Internet using SINPE WEB©.

The main objective of this paper is an empirical analysis concerning the effects caused by Central Bank of Brazil transparency on the Brazilian financial market. Furthermore, a brief review of the literature regarding central bank transparency is presented. The effects of the different dimensions of the monetary authority’s transparency on yield interest are examined. Moreover, the consequences regarding changes in the country risk are considered in this study. The findings denote that the Central Bank of Brazil transparency works as a guide for the future interest rate market and that the different dimensions of transparency contribute to a better market efficiency.

RACIONAL: A informação obtida pelos registros feitos em prontuário de papel, de maneira geral, não é de boa qualidade, pois os dados são perdidos ou coletados precariamente. A informática possibilita a coleta dos dados na forma prospectiva melhorando a assistência ao paciente e o acesso a informação, servindo, também, como base para elaboração de pesquisas científicas. OBJETIVOS: 1) Apresentar estudos de mineração de dados (verificação de padrões e tendências não visíveis pela coleta de dados); 2) apresentar estudos analíticos dos resultados comparados entre grupos de pacientes do protocolo da TEM. MÉTODO: Após a coleta de dados no protocolo eletrônico do TEM no SINPE©, efetuou-se estudo descritivo com interpretação das informações pelo módulo SINPE© Analisador. Primeiro, executou-se estudos de mineração de dados com verificação de padrões e tendências não visíveis pela coleta de dados. Segundo, análise comparativa, comprovadas estatisticamente, dos resultados entre grupos de pacientes submetidos a TEM obtidos pelo protocolo eletrônico em relação à incidência do carcinoma incidental, complicações pós-operatórias e estadiamento pré-operatório e pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: A mineração de dados demonstrou as seguintes tendências: 1) Adenomas maiores que 4 cm de aspecto séssil como fatores de risco de carcinoma incidental; 2) Tumores maiores que 5 cm, invasão angiolinfática, tipo histológico viloso e margens cirúrgicas comprometidas como fatores de risco para recidiva da neoplasia. Os estudos analíticos comparados concluíram que não houve diferenças estatísticas significativas em relação à incidência do carcinoma incidental, em adenomas menores e maiores que 4 cm e, também, em relação à presença de complicações pós-operatórias entre portadores de adenoma e adenocarcinoma. Comprovou-se, ainda, que a margem de erro em tumores com estadiamento ultrassonográfico de uT1, uT2 e uT3, em relação ao estadiamento patológico, é muito maior que em tumores uT0. CONCLUSÕES: Foi possível realizar estudos de mineração doa dados coletados pelo uso do SINPE©. Foi possível realizar estudos analíticos dos resultados comparados entre grupos de pacientes do protocolo da TEM, sendo realizadas análises em relação ao carcinoma incidental, estadiamento pré e pós-operatório e complicações pós-operatórias.BACKGROUND: Information that comes from registers made in paper handbook, in a generalized manner, do not have good quality, due to data lost or precarious collection. Computer science makes possible the data be collected in the prospective way, improving the assistance to the patient and the access to information, being useful to scientific research. AIM: 1) Data mining in TEM protocol to verify the non-visible patterns and trends in the collected data; 2) analytic compared studies using the database. METHOD: Analysis was made using SINPE© software and its SINPE©Analisador module. First, data mining studies verified patterns and tendencies which could not be visualized from simple data collection. Second, statistic comparative analysis of results between groups of patients submitted to TEM related to incidental carcinoma, post-operative complications and pre-operative and post-operative staging. RESULTS: The data mining showed the following trends: 1) adenomas larger than 4 cm and sessile aspect represent risk factors for incidental carcinoma; 2) tumors greater than 5 cm, angiolymphatic invasion, villous histology type and compromised surgery margins as risk factors of tumor recurrence. The analytic compared studies concluded that no statistic differences were found in relation to incidental carcinoma, between adenomas smaller and bigger than 4 cm and, also, in relation to post-operative complications between adenoma and adenocarcinoma. The error margin in tumors with ultrasographic staging of uT1, uT2 and uT3 compared to the pathological staging, was higher than in uT0 tumors. CONCLUSIONS: The data mining using the SINPE© Analisador was possible; analytic studies were possible to be done from electronic protocol among groups of patients submitted to TEM, in relationship to incidental carcinoma, pre and post-operative staging and post-operative complications.

INTRODUÇÃO: A coleta de dados na forma prospectiva melhora a assistência ao paciente e o acesso à informação. Os registros feitos em prontuários de papel geralmente não trazem informação satisfatória, pois os dados acabam sendo perdidos ou não coletados adequadamente. A informática na saúde possibilita o melhor uso da informação, servindo, inclusive, como suporte para pesquisas científicas. OBJETIVOS: 1 - Criar, informatizar e armazenar uma base de dados clínicos da Microcirurgia Endoscópica Transanal (TEM), incorporando-a ao SINPE© e realizando coleta de dados; 2 - apresentar estudo descritivo dos resultados da coleta de dados realizada em 59 pacientes submetidos a TEM. MÉTODOS: Primeiro foi realizada a criação da base teórica de dados da TEM, que foi a seguir informatizada e incorporando-a ao SINPE© e realizou-se a coleta de dados. Segundo, efetuou-se estudo descritivo com interpretação das informações obtidas através de estatísticas e gráficos pelo módulo SINPE©Analisador. RESULTADOS: A utilização do software possibilitou a criação do protocolo da TEM. Os dados armazenados pela coleta de 59 pacientes submetidos ao procedimento cirúrgico foram resgatados e analisados pelo módulo SINPE Analisador©, gerando gráficos e estudos descritivos automaticamente. Verificou-se que 74,55% (41) dos pacientes apresentavam, antes do procedimento operatório, o diagnóstico de adenoma. No estadiamento pré-operatório realizado por ultrassonografia transrretal, notou-se que a maioria dos tumores apresentaram estadiamento pré-operatório de adenoma (uT0). Em relação ao acometimento linfonodal dois foram avaliados no ultrassom como comprometidos. Quanto à profundidade de ressecção da parede retal verificou-se que mais de 60% dos pacientes submetidos à TEM realizaram ressecção em bloco de toda a parede retal, ou seja, até a gordura perirretal. Verificou-se, que o número total de pacientes portadores de adenocarcinoma foi maior no estudo histopatológico da peça cirúrgica que na biópsia pré-operatória. Os resultados do estadiamento histopatológico da peça cirúrgica apresentou diferenças entre o estadiamento pré-operatório e pós-operatório. A presença de carcinoma incidental em pacientes que possuíam diagnóstico pré-operatório de adenoma, foi de 13 (31,7%). Realizou-se avaliação dos pacientes portadores de adenocarcinoma que foram submetidos à ressecção em bloco da parede retal, ou seja, até a gordura perirretal. Foram diagnosticados, no exame histológico pós-operatório, 22 pacientes (37,28% dos pacientes submetidos à TEM) portadores de adenocarcinoma. Destes 19 foram submetidos à ressecção até a gordura perirretal (86,36% dos pacientes portadores de adenocarcinoma). O estadiamento realizado pela ultrassonografia transrretal demonstrou 24 tumores uT0. No exame histopatológico das peças cirúrgicas, observou-se que 11 apresentavam adenoma, nove carcinoma in situ, ou seja, dos 24 tumores estadiados em uT0, 20 apresentaram estadiamento pós-operatório compatível o exame pré-operatório (83,33%). CONCLUSÕES: O software SINPE© representou ferramenta adequada à pesquisa clínica e contribuiu com o levantamento preciso e fácil dos dados coletados em pesquisa prospectiva.BACKGROUND: Prospective data collection improves patient care and information access. Written medical records frequently are not well done, due to bad collected data associated to the risk of loosing important items. The use of computer technology in health care system provides better information. OBJECTIVES: To create, computerize and store a clinical database to Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM), and it´s incorporation into SINPE© software; to present a descriptive study from 59 patients submitted to TEM. METHODS: Initially was created an Word® questionnaire containing all clinical data concerning to TEM; afterwards, this base was computerized and incorporated into SINPE© and, then, data started to be collected. Later, a descriptive study was done using the database with statistic analysis generated through SINPE©Analisador module. Finally, datamining studies verified patterns and tendencies which could not be visualized from simple data collection. RESULTS: The software allowed creation of TEM protocol. The data stored by collecting 59 patients undergoing the surgical procedure were recovered and analyzed by SINPE©Analisador module, generating charts and statistic automatically. It was found that 74.55% (41) of the patients presented with the diagnosis of adenoma before the surgical procedure. Preoperative staging conducted by transrectal ultrasonography defined most tumors as adenomas (uT0). Ultrasound identified that two lymph nodes were involved. With regard to the depth of the rectal wall resection, it was found that over 60% of the patients who underwent TEM had a full-thickness resection of all rectal wall, i.e., up to the peri-rectal fat. The total number of adenocarcinoma patients was greater in the histopathological study of the surgical specimen than in the preoperative biopsy. The results for the histopathological staging of the surgical specimen revealed differences between pre- and postoperative staging. Incidental carcinoma was present in 13 (31.7%) patients with a preoperative diagnosis of adenoma. An evaluation was conducted of the adenocarcinoma patients who underwent the full-thickness resection of the rectal wall. Postoperative histological review diagnosed 22 patients (37.28% of the patients submitted to TEM) with adenocarcinoma. Of these, 19 underwent resection up to the peri-rectal fat (86.36% of the adenocarcinoma patients). The staging carried out through transrectal ultrasonography identified 24 uT0 tumors. The histopathological examinatin of the surgical specimens showed that 11 were adenomas and nine were carcinomas in situ. Thus, 20 (83.33%) of the 24 tumors that had been staged as uT0 presented a postoperative staging consistent with the preoperative assessment. CONCLUSIONS: SINPE© software is an adequate tool for clinical research and contributed to the accurate and easy management of the prospectively collected data.

O político está presente na linguagem de diversos modos, entre eles, nas práticas institucionais sobre a(s) língua(s), como na produção de gramáticas e dicionários e, no caso que propomos, na decretação de acordos ortográficos. Neste trabalho, realizado na perspec­tiva da História das Ideias Linguísticas, que articulamos com a Semântica da Enunciação e a Análise de Discurso, buscamos compreender as filiações de sentidos do documento que aprovou o Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa (1990), em vias de entrar em vigor unificando a ortografia do Português do Brasil, Portugal, Angola, Cabo Verde, Guiné-Bissau, Moçambique, Timor Leste e São Tomé e Príncipe.

RACIONAL: Um banco de dados clínicos informatizado possibilita melhor forma de coleta, resgate e cruzamento de informações para realização de pesquisa científica. Estudos multicêntricos podem ser gerados a partir da utilização destes mecanismos de forma ágil e prática. OBJETIVO: a) Analisar a funcionalidade da base informatizada de dados clínicos das doenças do apêndice ileocecal; b) apresentar os resultados nesta análise para validação do protocolo informatizado das doenças do cólon incorporados no SINPE© (Sistema Integrado de Protocolos Eletrônicos - INPI n° 00051543). MÉTODO: Considerando o protocolo específico das doenças do apêndice cecal, coletaram-se informações de prontuários de 862 pacientes com apendicite aguda, de forma multicêntrica, envolvendo três ambientes universitários: Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital Universitário Evangélico de Curitiba e Hospital do Trabalhador da Universidade Federal do Paraná. O programa de coleta de dados SINPE© foi responsável pelo armazenamento, agrupamento e posterior busca das informações. RESULTADOS: O Hospital de Clínicas colaborou com 53,83% dos pacientes, enquanto que os outros dois com 31,32% e 14,85%, respectivamente. A dor abdominal foi o sintoma mais característico e mais presente do quadro clínico dos pacientes que tiveram apendicite aguda confirmada. O hemograma infeccioso (presente em 77,81%) e a ecografia, visualizando alteração do apêndice cecal (presente em 67,40%) foram os exames complementares mais freqüentes para se firmar o diagnóstico referido. A apendicectomia, realizada em 98,43%, foi o procedimento terapêutico padrão para a resolução da doença, tendo sido efetuada por técnica laparotômica em 92,45% - principalmente pela incisão de MacBurney (74,55%). As cefalosporinas de segunda geração foram as drogas mais empregadas em associação ao procedimento cirúrgico, seja para profilaxia ou terapêutica das infecções. As complicações pós-operatórias estiveram presentes em 10,32% dos pacientes, correspondendo principalmente às infecções de parede abdominal (64,28%). CONCLUSÃO: O protocolo informatizado de dados clínicos das doenças do cólon, especificamente em sua parte das doenças do apêndice cecal, é viável e eficaz na manipulação de informações clínicas para produção de estudos científicos uni ou multicêntricos.BACKGROUND: A clinical database allows a better way to collect and, consequently, search and cross information to scientific researches. Multicentric studies can be easily created by using this mechanism. AIM: a) To analyze the functionality of the computerized database of the appendix diseases; b) to show the results of the analyzed data to validate the computerized database of the colon diseases incorporated to SINPE® (Computerized Database Integrated System - INPI 00051543). METHODS: Information provided by 862 patients with acute appendicitis has been collected into the specific protocol of the appendiceal diseases, from three university centers: Hospital de Clínicas of the Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital Universitário Evangélico de Curitiba and Hospital do Trabalhador of the Universidade Federal do Paraná. SINPE© was the software used to store, to select and to search information thereby compared to general literature. RESULTS: The Hospital de Clínicas supported 53,83% of the patients, meanwhile, the other two included 31,32% e 14,85%, respectively. Abdominal pain was the most common and characteristic symptom in patients who had confirmation of acute appendicitis. Infectious hemogram (in 77, 81%) and abdominal ultrasound showing parietal abnormalities of the appendix (in 67, 40%) were the diagnostic exams more frequently adopted to prove the referred diagnosis. Appendectomy, applied in 98, 43% of the patients, was the standard therapeutic proceeding. The MacBurney incision, applied in 74, 55% of all conventional surgeries, was the most frequent form to make access to the peritoneal cavity. Second generation cephalosporin was the usual drug associated to surgery, even for prophylaxis or therapeutics, on the infectious process. 10, 32% of the patients developed a kind of post-operative complication, being parietal infection (64, 28%) the most prevalent. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical database's computerized protocol of colon diseases, specifically on its appendiceal diseases' protocol, was considered efficient and viable to manipulate clinical information objecting simple or multicentric scientific researches production.

Este artigo analisa comparativamente os índices de pobreza e de desigualdade de renda das cidades médias brasileiras, buscando-se identificar o componente de maior eficácia na redução da pobreza. A partir dos dados do Censo do IBGE para o ano de 2000, utiliza-se a decomposição de Ravallion (1992) para analisar a estratégia ótima de política pública com o objetivo de reduzir a pobreza aos níveis acordados nas Metas do Milênio. Os principais resultados obtidos evidenciam que, apesar da diversidade existente entre os índices de pobreza, as cidades médias apresentaram uma uniformidade com relação aos índices de Gini, que são muito elevados (média de 0,59). Além disso, há uma rigidez da redução da pobreza relativa aos aumentos na renda média. Desta forma, a melhor opção para atingir o objetivo sobredito é criar mecanismos de redução da desigualdade de renda, que pode ser explicada em grande medida pelos atributos de escolaridade, posição na ocupação, migração e idade na maioria das cidades estudadas. Este resultado é confirmado pelos resultados significativos obtidos pelo teste multivariado de MQO.

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Resultado de um estudo exploratório este artigo apresenta uma discussão acerca do uso de sistemas de gerenciamento de direitos autorais em arquivos digitais, focando sua aplicação em e-books. Apresenta-se o cenário dos e-books, sua conceituação, a base legal autoral, o direito digital, para então adentrar na tecnologia que provê o desenvolvimento dos sistemas de DRM. Alguns tipos de DRM são expostos, bem como sua arquitetura básica e componentes mínimos necessários são apresentados. Ao final, apresentam-se considerações de que há a necessidade de nova postura dos agentes envolvidos para uma real evolução do setor.