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Las cáscaras de frutas actualmente generan un gran interés en la industria de alimentos por su amplia variedad de propiedades nutricionales biológicamente activas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la sustitución parcial de harina de trigo por polvo de cáscara de pitahaya en la elaboración de galletas dulces. Se utilizó un Diseño Completamente al Azar, se formularon tres tratamientos con polvo de cáscara de pitahaya al 10, 20 y 30 % más un tratamiento control. Se evaluaron propiedades bromatológicas, microbiológicas, colorimetría, perfil de textura y análisis sensorial (70 jueces no entrenados). En los resultados obtenidos a excepción de la coordenada b* y los parámetros de textura (cohesividad, adhesividad, gomosidad, elasticidad, masticabilidad) las demás variables sí presentaron significancia estadística al 0.05 %, obteniendo valores en proteína de 5.86 - 9.08 %; humedad 4.86 - 6.48 %; pH 6.17 - 6.80; Luminosidad L* 32.01 - 73.29; coordenada a* 2.14 - 26.34; dureza 51.95 N - 206.11 N. Los atributos de perfil sensorial presentaron un p

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la infusión de flor deshidratada de jamaica (IFDJ) sobre los parámetros fisicoquímicos y sensoriales de cerveza artesanal estilo blonde ale. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al alzar con arreglo factorial; el factor A correspondió a las concentraciones de IFDJ al 5%, 10% y 15%. Se trabajó con la prueba de Kruskal Wallis y Tukey al 5% de significancia. En el perfil fisicoquímico se obtuvo un p < 0,05%, los resultados oscilaron entre 0,40% – 0,55% para acidez; 6,17% – 6,66% v/v (grado alcohólico); 3,27 – 3,71 (pH); 2,7 – 3,5 L CO2/L bebida (carbonatación), a nivel sensorial las variables color, persistencia de espuma, transparencia y vivacidad fueron significativamente diferentes, los demás atributos manifestaron un p > 0,05%. Todos los tratamientos presentaron calidad microbiológica aceptable, en cuanto a las variables fisicoquímicas el grado alcohólico y carbonatación se encontraron dentro de lo exigido por la INEN 2262, al contrario, la acidez estuvo por encima de la norma, y el pH solo fue aceptable en el T1 (5% IFDJ). De acuerdo al análisis sensorial el tratamiento T1 manifestó mejor aceptación, con características en color a dorado, espuma persistente, apariencia transparente y vivacidad equilibrada.

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la miel de abeja (Apis mellifera) en la conservación de la pasta de macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia). Se aplicó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con arreglo factorial, el factor en estudio fueron las concentraciones de miel de abeja al 5%, 10% y 15% más un tratamiento control. Se analizaron las variables de perfil sensorial por escala hedónica de 9 puntos. Al mejor tratamiento mediante análisis fisicoquímicos y perfil lipídico se le determinó la composición nutricional y se evaluó actividad microbiológica e índice de rancidez cada 15 días. Se determinó que los atributos color, olor, sabor, textura y apariencia general presentaron un p < 0,05%. El T3 (15% miel de abeja) manifestó valores idóneos en proteína 2,37%; ceniza 1,04%; humedad 6,92%; fibra 14,11%; grasa 61,84%; acidez 0,6%; pH 4,56; carbohidratos 13,72%; calorías 617,49 cal/g; ácidos grasos saturados 10,98%; ácidos grasos monoinsaturados 51,70%; ácidos grasos poliinsaturados 2,54%; omega 3 (1,21%); omega 6 (1,09%) y omega 9 (40,54%). La concentración al 15% de miel de abeja tuvo efecto conservante durante los primeros 15 días en las pruebas microbiológicas e impidió el enranciamiento de las grasas en la pasta de macadamia. La miel de abeja puede ser usada como posible antioxidante natural en la conservación del producto.

En la presente investigación se evaluó el efecto del extracto acuoso de hojas de guanábana en la elaboración de un néctar de fruta. Para la obtención del extracto acuoso se elaboró tres formulaciones en relación material vegetal + disolvente y se determinó su contenido inicial de fenoles totales y capacidad antioxidante, posteriormente se aplicaron a diferentes concentraciones en el néctar siendo el 60%, 70% y 80% que corresponden al factor A. Se aplicó un diseño experimental completamente al azar y para diferenciar las variables en estudio se formuló un tratamiento testigo respectivamente. Se analizaron las variables de análisis sensorial por escala hedónica de 9 puntos. Se determinó diferencia significativa p < 0,05% en los atributos color y sabor, mientras que el olor y apariencia general no fueron estadísticamente diferentes p > 0,05%. Los catadores no entrenados manifestaron mayor aceptación por el tratamiento testigo el cual denotó valores idóneos en vitamina C < 0,5 mg/100 ml; acidez 0,28%; pH 4%: °Brix 13%; fenoles totales 6,22 mg EGA/100 g; capacidad antioxidante 2,38 µmol ET/100 g; y viscosidad 13,54 cp. El extracto acuoso de hojas de guanábana no es viable sustituirlo en su totalidad por el agua, ya que esto influye sobre la aceptación del producto hacia el consumidor, sin embargo, las propiedades fisicoquímicas y funcionales del T3 fueron mejores que el testigo.

The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of amaranth flour in concentrations of 3%, 5% and 8% on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics in the production of dulce de leche. Its effect on soluble solids in each treatment was evaluated and for non-parametric statistics the sensory analysis was used using the Kruskal Wallis test at 0.05% significance, the comparison of results was determined using the IMB SPSS software. By means of a hedonic test with a 7-point scale, the panelists not entering the Agricultural Engineering career, evaluated in terms of quality the attributes, color; odor; flavor and texture The best treatment was T1 (3% HDA) with a category of “I like it moderately and I dislike it”, a concentration of 52 °Brix and microbiologically absence of molds and yeasts, it is concluded that the addition of amaranth flour in the Preparation of dulce de leche influenced the concentration of soluble solids and to a lesser amount of amaranth flour in formula greater is the degree of acceptance by consumers, this product meets the quality parameters present in INEN 700.

A panoramic view of the different groups that compose the Jihadist map in Spain is presented. The activities, general profile of the members, and major structural characteristics of these networks are described.

This paper examines the channel holding time probability distribution in different public telephony systems. The systems analyzed are public access mobile radio under its two possible operation modes (message and transmission trunking) and personal communications systems. The three statistical studies are based on a fully empirical approach and make use of data acquired from actual working systems that the authors considered to be sufficiently representative. Although this empirical approach is obviously highly dependent on environment, it eliminates the need to assume a number of hypotheses present in all analytical and simulation studies. The results achieved through this approach capture effects that others overlook and enrich the existing literature on the subject, and should be useful for teletraffic engineering mobile systems. Index Terms--Channel holding time, mobile telephony, modeling and fitting, personal communications network (PCN), personal communications services, personal communications system (PCS), public access mobile radio (PAMR).

The present paper provides a meta-study of security and defence foresight documents by the Atlantic Alliance, European Union and various official bodies linked to the Defence Ministries of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom and United States. It focuses on the political and social trends impacting on defence and military issues. In global terms, the following can be discerned: rivalry among major powers, with armed conflict between some not ruled out entirely; armed non-state actors strengthened by new technologies; global competition for natural resources; extensive demographic imbalances and migration flows; global risks associated with fragile states. In terms of European internal policy, the following trends are identified: population ageing and the challenges associated with immigrant integration; empowerment of interest-based and identity networks. The paper begins by familiarising readers with the characteristics of foresight documents and the methodologies used in their preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the structure of jihadist terrorism in the West from the perspective of the existence or absence of links between grassroots militants and organizations such as Al Qaeda Central and its regional affiliates. It undertakes a comprehensive case study of jihadist militancy in a European country (Spain) over a period of almost two decades, from 1995 until December 2013. The study analyzes the results of 64 antiterrorist operations carried out during this time. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the effects the drone strike campaign in Pakistan is having on Al Qaeda Central. To that end, it constructs a theoretical model to explain how the campaign is affecting Al Qaeda’s capacity to carry out terrorist attacks in the United States and Western Europe. Although the results of one single empirical case cannot be generalised, they nonetheless constitute a preliminary element for the construction of a broader theoretical framework concerning the use of armed drones as part of a counterterrorism strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article offers a descriptive analysis of jihadi terrorist activity in Western Europe during the years 2001–2010. Following collection and classification, the information has been analyzed using the following variables: target countries, terrorist method used, stays in training camps, links to organizations, and degree of completion of the terrorist incidents. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article has two principal objectives: (1) to study the behavioral dimensions of Muslim prisoners which predict their Islamist radicalism and (2) to study whether the behavior manifested by them is higher in prisons with a greater concentration of Muslims and a higher presence of prisoners convicted for Islamist terrorism than in prisons with fewer Muslims and no convicted Islamist terrorists. We conclude that some Spanish prisons may provide favorable social environments for jihadist radicalism and that the questionnaire utilized is a useful diagnostic tool for evaluating the magnitude of this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grass-roots jihadist networks represent a launch-pad for the Global Jihad Movement, particularly in Europe and the United States. This article explores the concept of a grass-roots jihadist network, the profile of its members, and what influence the network may have on key elements within the Global Jihad Movement. The article will also analyze in detail the strengths and weaknesses of these networks. To do so, it will use the Madrid bombings in March 2004 as a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many experiences of jihadist radicalization in prisons, some of them also in Spain. This article first describes the situation of Muslim convicts in Spanish prisons. Following, it analyzes the challenges and inefficiencies that the Spanish penitentiary system is currently facing. These are weaknesses that affect the relationship between convict jihadists and common prisoners of Muslim origin, the prevention and control of the prisoners' daily lives, the diffusion of radical documents inside the prisons and the communication between the interior and exterior of the center. Overall, it is noticeable the lack of a strategic plan from the penitentiary Administration for the prevention of jihadist radicalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terrorism of Al-Qaeda could gravely endanger social co-existence in western countries with large Islamic communities. Al-Qaeda uses the presence of Muslims in Europe and the United States in order to hide itself, recruit new members and obtain aid. Even though the majority of the Muslims who live in the West reject terrorism, there exists proof that Al-Qaeda has managed to locate itself in minority sectors of Europe and America. The social alarm could endanger the relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims that live in the same country. It is necessary to adopt preventive measures to lessen this risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyse how a terrorist organisation as Al Qaida has successfully taken advantage of the technological and information infrastructure offered by advanced economies and, to this end, the article explores the types of measures needed to be taken by "knowledge societies" in order to win the battle against this new form of terrorism. A description is provided of the ways in which new technologies reinforce non-governmental actors, especially when the adopt a network structure. The importance of knowledge management in the international war against terrorism is also discussed, and the article concludes with recommendations for counter-terrorism policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]