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Vladimir Mayakovsky’s dramatic heritage has had a great impact on Chinese avant-garde director and playwright Meng Jinghui. The study traces the stages of Mayakovsky’s presence in Chinese theater art to focus on Meng Jinghui’s three productions of “The Bedbug” (2000-2017). The dramatists share the same desire for theatrical innovation and a similar understanding of theater art. However, they have different worldviews and aesthetic approaches. Meng Jinghui modernized the original Russian pretext and turned to some theatrical principles, first stipulated by Vsevolod Meyerhold. His remakes are stylistically original textual interpretations that have gained a prominent place in the modern Chinese avant-garde fringe theater. Meng Jinghui followed Mayakovsky in a number of formal techniques and the overall satirical orientation only to reshape and deconstruct the basic ideas of the original play, thus creating a different temporal and cultural chronotope. Authentic as it may seem, Meng Jinghui creativity results sprouted from a dialogue and polemics with the Soviet poet and playwright.

Estuarine ecosystems interconnect freshwater and marine environments, and comprise multiple highly dynamic and complex microhabitats. The resident microbiota in estuary is influenced by contrasting microenvironmental heterogeneity. However, the bacterial patterns and assembly processes in different microhabitats of estuarine ecosystem are not well studied. Here, we investigated the bacterial diversity, functions and community assembly mechanisms of mangrove soil, river sediment and overlying water in a subtropical estuary. Results showed that similar profiles of bacterial communities existed in the mangrove soil and river sediment and were dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria. In terms of different microhabitats, the lowest alpha diversity of bacterial communities was found in overlying water and were dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Meanwhile, the functional potential genes associated with carbon metabolisms were also substantially different in the three microhabitats. The relative abundance of genes connected to aerobic carbon respiration was significantly higher in overlying water than in the other two microhabitats. Bacterial communities in river sediments were enriched for genes associated with aerobic methane oxidation. The strong environmental heterogeneity of the three nearby microhabitats shaped the taxonomic and functional composition of the bacterial communities in estuarine ecosystem. Moreover, the plant rhizosphere effect increased the proportion of the dispersal limitation processes in mangrove soils compared to that in river sediments, while the overlying water was fluid and had less environmental selection processes compared to that in mangrove soil and river sediment. The bacterial communities in river sediment construct a more clustered network, while the overlying water network showed the highest complexity. Our findings reveal the differences of bacterial patterns and community assembly mechanisms in distinct microhabitats of estuarine ecosystems, and provide important insights for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms to maintain estuarine wetland conservation under environmental changes.

Due to the explosive growth of all kinds of Internet services, data centers have become an irreplaceable and vital infrastructure to support this soaring trend. Compared with traditional networks, data center networks (DCNs) have unique features, such as high bandwidth, low latency, many-to-one communication mode, shallow buffered switches, and multi-root topology. These new characteristics pose a lot of challenges to previous network technics (e.g., Ethernet, Equal Cost Multi-path (ECMP), TCP), making them hard to adapt to DCNs and leading to severe performance degradation. In order to solve these challenges, DCNs have attracted a lot of attention from the industry and academia in recent years, and many new mechanisms in different layers are proposed to improve the transmission performance of data center networks. In the meantime, many surveys have emerged currently to introduce the current research of data center networks. However, previous surveys of DCNs mainly focus on only one specific network layer, making them difficult for readers to know about advanced researches on a holistic level. To help readers comprehend the current research progress of data center networks quickly, we employ a multi-layered top down taxonomy to classify the literature and propose several probable dimensions for future research in this area.

The rhizosphere soil microbial community under ice exhibits higher diversity and community turnover in the ice-covered stage. The mechanisms by which community assembly processes shape those patterns are poorly understood in high-latitude wetlands. Based on the 16S rRNA gene and ITS sequencing data, we determined the diversity patterns for the rhizosphere microbial community of two plant species in a seasonally ice-covered wetland, during the ice-covered and ice-free stages. The ecological processes of the community assembly were inferred using the null model at the phylogenetic bins (taxonomic groups divided according to phylogenetic relationships) level. Different effects of ecological processes on rare and abundant microbial sub-communities (defined by the relative abundance of bins) and bins were further analyzed. We found that bacterial and fungal communities had higher alpha and gamma diversity under the ice. During the ice-free stage, the dissimilarity of fungal communities decreased sharply, and the spatial variation disappeared. For the bacterial community, homogeneous selection, dispersal limitation, and ecological processes (undominated processes) were the main processes, and they remained relatively stable across all stages. For the fungal community, during the ice-covered stage, dispersal limitation was the dominant process. In contrast, during the ice-free stage, ecological drift processes were more important in the Scirpus rhizosphere, and ecological drift and homogeneous selection processes were more important in the Phragmites rhizosphere. Regarding the different effects of community assembly processes on abundant and rare microbes, abundant microbes were controlled more by homogeneous selection. In contrast, rare microbes were controlled more by ecological drift, dispersal limitation, and heterogeneous selection, especially bacteria. This is potentially caused by the low growth rates or the intermediate niche breadths of rare microbes under the ice. Our findings suggest the high diversity of microbial communities under the ice, which deepens our understanding of various ecological processes of community assembly across stages and reveals the distinct effects of community assembly processes on abundant and rare microbes at the bin level.

Abstract Background Salvia miltiorrhiza is one of the most important traditional Chinese medicinal plants with high medicinal value. Gibberellins are growth-promoting phytohormones that regulate numerous growth and developmental processes in plants. However, their role on the secondary metabolism regulation has not been investigated. Results In this study, we found that gibberellic acid (GA) can promote hairy roots growth and increase the contents of tanshinones and phenolic acids. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed that many genes involved in the secondary metabolism pathway were the GA-responsive. After further analysis of GA signaling pathway genes, which their expression profiles have significantly changed, it was found that the GRAS transcription factor family had a significant response to GA. We identified 35 SmGRAS genes in S. miltiorrhiza, which can be divided into 10 subfamilies. Thereafter, members of the same subfamily showed similar conserved motifs and gene structures, suggesting possible conserved functions. Conclusions Most SmGRAS genes were significantly responsive to GA, indicating that they may play an important role in the GA signaling pathway, also participating in the GA regulation of root growth and secondary metabolism in S. miltiorrhiza.

Compared to the traditional processing method, fresh processing can significantly enhance the preservation of biologically active ingredients and reduce processing time. This study evaluated the influences of fresh and traditional processing based on different drying conditions (sun drying, oven drying and shade drying) on the active ingredients in the roots and rhizomes of S. miltiorrhiza. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized to determine the contents of six active ingredients in the roots and rhizomes of S. miltiorrhiza. The data were analyzed by fingerprint similarity evaluation, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The results suggest that compared to the traditional processing method, the fresh processing method may significantly increase the preservation of biologically active ingredients. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that among the three drying methods under fresh processing conditions, the shade-drying (21.02–26.38%) method is most beneficial for retaining the active ingredients in the roots and rhizomes of S. miltiorrhiza. Moreover, the fingerprint analysis identified 17 common peaks, and the similarity of fingerprints among samples processed by different methods ranged from 0.989 to 1.000. Collectively, these results suggest novel processing methods that may improve the yield of active ingredients for S. miltiorrhiza and may be implemented for industrial production.

Proanthocyanidins are natural glycosidase inhibitors with excellent antioxidant activity. This study aims to search for a new source of proanthocyanidins for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes with higher content and better activity and get their structure elucidated. First, the total proanthocyanidins contents (TOPCs), antioxidant activity, antidiabetic activity of seven common Polygonaceae plants were analyzed and compared. Then proanthocyanidins from the rhizome of Fagopyrum dibotrys were purified, and the detailed structure was comprehensively analyzed by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR), reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-ESI-MS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The rhizome of F. dibotrys showed the highest TOPCs, the strongest antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities; the TOPCs, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities were all very significantly positively correlated. Proanthocyanidins purified from the rhizome of F. dibotrys showed better antidiabetic activity than grape seed proanthocyanidins (GsPs). Seventy-two proanthocyanidins from trimer to undecamer with a mean degree of polymerization (mDP) of about 5.02 ± 0.21 were identified with catechin and epicatechin as the dominant monomers. Conclusion: Proanthocyanidins are the main antioxidant and antidiabetic active substances of F. dibotrys and are expected to be developed into potential antioxidant and hypoglycemic products.

The gibberellin-responsive element binding factor (GRAS) family of proteins plays an important role in the transcriptional regulation of plant development and hormone signaling. To date, there are no reports on GRAS family proteins expressed in Salvia miltiorrhiza. In this study, 28 ESTs that contained the GRAS domain were identified from a S. miltiorrhiza cDNA library. Of these, full-length sequences of five genes were cloned and sequence analysis indicated that all five proteins contain only one GRAS domain and therefore, belong to the GRAS family. The five genes were designated S. miltiorrhiza GRAS1-5 (SmGRAS1-5), which belong to groups I (SmGRAS2 and SmGRAS4), II (SmGRAS3), III (SmGRAS1), and VIII (SmGRAS5) respectively. Additionally, SmGRAS1-5 have different expression patterns in the reed head, stems, leaves, flowers, and roots of S. miltiorrhiza. In this study, the expression of SmGRAS1-5 was sensitive to Gibberellin (GA) stress and that of SmGRAS1, SmGRAS4 and SmGRAS5 was sensitive to Ethephon (Eth) stress respectively. Moreover, S. miltiorrhiza copalyl diphosphate synthases 1 (SmCPS1) and S. miltiorrhiza kaurene synthase like 1 (SmKSL1), which are two key enzymes gene in the diterpenoid biosynthesis pathway, were also response to GA and Eth stress. In addition, Dihydrotanshinone (DT-I) and Tanshinone I (T-I) content were enhanced by GA and Eth stress, Tanshinone IIA (T-IIA) content was increased by GA stress, and the accumulation of Cryptotanshinone (CT) was insensitive to both GA and Eth stress. Together, these results provide insights into functional conservation and diversification of SmGRASs and are useful information for further elucidating SmGRAS functions.

Background/Aims: Autophagy modulation has been considered a potential therapeutic strategy for human chondrosarcoma, and a previous study indicated that salidroside exhibits significant anti-carcinogenic activity. However, the ability of salidroside to induce autophagy and its role in human chondrosarcoma cell death remains unclear. Methods: We exposed SW1353 cells to different concentrations of salidroside (0.5, 1 and 2 mM) for 24 h. RT-PCR, Western-blotting, Immunocytofluorescence, and Luciferase Reporter Assays were used to evaluate whether salidroside activated the TFEB-dependent autophagy. Results: We show that salidroside induced significant apoptosis in the human chondrosarcoma cell line SW1353. In addition, we demonstrate that salidroside-induced an autophagic response in SW1353 cells, as evidenced by the upregulation of LC3-II and downregulation of P62. Moreover, pharmacological or genetic blocking of autophagy enhanced salidroside -induced apoptosis, indicating the cytoprotective role of autophagy in salidroside-treated SW1353 cells. Salidroside also induced TFEB (Ser142) dephosphorylation, subsequently to activated TFEB nuclear translocation and increase of TFEB reporter activity, which contributed to lysosomal biogenesis and the expression of autophagy-related genes. Importantly, we found that salidroside triggered the generation of ROS in SW1353 cells. Furthermore, NAC, a ROS scavenger, abrogated the effects of salidroside on TFEB-dependent autophagy. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that salidroside increased TFEB-dependent autophagy by activating ROS signaling pathways in human chondrosarcoma cells. These data also suggest that blocking ROS-TFEB-dependent autophagy to enhance the activity of salidroside warrants further attention in treatment of human chondrosarcoma cells.

It is essential to evaluate the ecological risk for the estuary cities area for the environmental restoration of the estuary. The ecological risk of six city areas from the Pearl River Estuary were evaluated by using the relative risk model. The relative risk assessment method was developed by considering the river network density in the sub-region. The results indicated that Dongguan had the largest ecological risk pressure with total risk scores as high as 10,846.3, and Hong Kong had the lowest ecological risk pressure with total risk scores up to 4,104.6. The greatest source was domestic sewage with total risk scores as high as 1,798.6, followed by urbanization and industry. Oxygenconsuming organic pollutants, organic toxic pollutants and nutrients were the major stressors of the water environment. In terms of habitats, the water environment was enduring the greatest pressure. For the endpoints, water deterioration faced the largest risk pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A magnetically separable single-phase MgFe2O4 photocatalyst with a spinel crystal structure was synthesized by using the solid-state reaction method. The formation of spinel structure is confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The magnetic measurements showed that the photocatalyst material can be separated from water when an external magnetic field is added and redispersed into water solution after the external magnetic field is eliminated. It is one of the promising photocatalysts for waste water treatment. The photocatalytic activity of MgFe2O4 was investigated by using the photo-decomposition of methylene blue dye under visible light. The photoelectrochemical property of the MgFe2O4 was studied by measuring their photocurrent–potential behavior in 1 M NaOH electrolyte under AM 1.5100 mW cm−2 illumination. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The temporal and spatial environmental flow requirements (EFRs) for the river ecosystem of the Haihe River Basin were analyzed based mainly on the eco-functional regionalization of available water resources. The annual EFRs for the river ecosystem of the Haihe River Basin were 47.71 × 108 m3, which accounted for 18% of the average annual flow (263.9 × 108 m3). The EFRs for river reaches, wetlands, and estuaries were 22.67,15.32 and 9.72 × 108 m3, respectively. Moreover, the EFRs for the river ecosystem during the wet (June to October), normal (April, May, November), and dry (December to March) periods were 29.99, 9.51 and 8.21 × 108 m3, respectively. Thus, toward a more integrated water resource allocation in the Haihe River Basin, the primary effort should focus on meeting the EFRs for river systems located in protected areas during the dry period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

lthough there are many studies of heavy metal contaminations of sediments, attention has seldom been paid to the problem in developing countries. The purpose of this article is to find the distribution and ecological risk of As, Hg, Cr, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in surface sediment of Baiyangdian which is the biggest wetland in Northeast China. We apply three methodologies. The first is literature analysis comparing total concentrations of heavy metals with other water bodies around world. The second is Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (EQSS), National Environmental Protection Agency of China 1995, and the third is Soil and Aquatic Sediment Guidelines and Standards issued by New York Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). The results show that compared to other water bodies around the world, the seven heavy metals are low. However, Cd was found in the most polluting level of EQSS near a village and was second grade some distance from it. The village was also the most polluted site of Zn, which was in the second grade. When assessed by NYSDEC, Cu, Cr, and As contaminated the sediment and with moderate impacts on benthic life while Pb, Hg, and Zn were found at tolerable levels throughout Baiyangdian. The centre of Cu and Cr contamination was also near the village. As is the most polluting heavy metals with a major occurrence in the middle of the wetland. There were no heavy metals creating severe disturbance to the benthic communities. Based on the assessment, this article proposes different options for more sustainable management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

comprehensive indicator model for risk assessment and a multiple-level theoretical indicator system of the water quality-quantity-ecosystem (WQQE) for the Haihe River basin were constructed in this research. A fuzzy optimization model was used to assess risks for the four water systems of the Haihe River basin, and their risk order from high to lower risk was southern Haihe River system (SH), northern Haihe River system (NH), Tuhaimajiahe River system (TH) and Luanjiyanhai River system (LJ). The highest risk value (SH) was 0.8737. In terms of the WQQE, the secondary parameters for assessment of the four water system risks were 0.3579, 0.7226, 0.9547, and 0.5428 respectively. The results indicated that the main control factors for pollution for LJ, TH, SH and NH differed from each other and involved pollutant level, development of water resources, water flow and quality, ecosystem health and the hydrologic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural and functional attributes of biofilms from Lake Baiyangdian, China, were tested to evaluate the utility of biofilms as indicators of macrophyte-dominated lake health. Biofilms on artificial substrata were sampled at 8 sites in the lake during different seasons. The responses of biofilms to land use and water quality changes were analyzed. The biofilm structural and functional attributes fluctuated seasonally. All attributes we tested differed significantly with different land use. Generally, biomass and enzyme activities increased, whereas chl c/a decreased with human disturbance. Attributes were strongly correlated to environmental variables, especially the trophic status of the lake. Overall, biofilms were good indicators of macrophyte-dominated lake health. The proportions of Bacillariophyta and Cyanophyta, Chlorophyll-a, b, chlorophyll-b/a, chlorophyll-c/a, algal density, β-glucosidase, aminopeptidase and ash-free dry weight of biofilms are recommended as tools for assessing responses to land use changes, and for monitoring the effectiveness of ecosystem rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Street dust was collected from five roads with different traffic volumes in the metropolitan area of Beijing and separated into five size fractions. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed on street dust in different size ranges and their correlation with specific surface area and total organic carbon (TOC) were investigated. Results show that the concentration of 16-PAHs of sieved samples ranges from 0.27 to 1.30 mg/kg for all the sampling sites. Particles smaller than 40 μm in diameter have the highest 16-PAHs concentration among all of the size ranges for street dust from the four sampling sites with vehicles running on. PAHs with three or four rings account for 68% of the overall 16-PAHs on average. Remarkable positive correlation exists between 16-PAHs concentration and specific surface area with R values from 0.7 to 0.96 for the four sampling sites with vehicles running on. The relationship between the concentration of 16-PAHs and TOC is less clear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution and ecosystem risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Luan River, China, has been investigated. ∑PAHs levels ranged from 37.3 to 234 ng L−1 in water, from 20.9 to 287 ng g−1 in sediment and from 36.9 to 378 ng g−1 in bank soil, respectively. A method based on toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) and risk quotient (RQ) which can be used to assess the ecosystem risk of ∑PAHs sensitively and accurately was invented and a new ecosystem risk classification of ∑PAHs was suggested. The results indicated that the PAHs in aquatic environment of the Luan River resulted in low ecosystem risk and at S9 the ecosystem risk of PAHs in water was moderate. Low and moderate molecular PAHs presented much more ecosystem risk than high molecular PAHs in the Luan River basin and the mean ecosystem risk in water was higher than that in sediment and bank soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to investigate the contamination levels and dispersion patterns of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and to estimate the risk to health effects within the Luanhe river basin of northern Hebei Province, China. Samples of water were collected from upstream to downstream locations, and also from the main tributaries of Luanhe river. After appropriate preparation, all samples were analyzed for eight metals (As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Fe) and 16 PAHs. Mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, and Zn were within the permissible levels, but Hg, Pb, and Fe concentrations were exceeded at some sites. The results indicated that the metal levels of upriver sites were higher than lower river sites; the metal levels of the main river were higher than ones of the tributaries except for Goutaizi at Xiaoluanhe. Only seven out 16 PAH components, which were mostly three- to four-ring compounds, were detected. Predominance of three- to four-ring PAHs suggests relatively recent local sources of PAHs in the study area. The combined hazard index for all metals and PAHs was from 2.26E − 02 to 1.18E − 01, which was lower than 1, suggesting minimal risk to humans. Only Arsenic (As) was evaluated with potential carcinogenic risks of 7.27E − 06 to 2.50E − 05. The study represents the preliminary implementation of a well-defined methodology into the environmental management process and provides a scientific basis for the pollutant controlment order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of EDTA on the mechanism of accumulation under Pb2+ stress in Typha orientalis Presl were investigated. The results indicated that addition of the chelator with Pb limited metal phytotoxicity. The mean total chlorophyll concentration and protein content were increased with the addition of EDTA in Pb2+ solution. We also demonstrated a significant effect of EDTA on the reduced glutathione (GSH) content which was obviously increased both in leaves and caudices. It was supposed that EDTA elevated the tolerance of Typha orientalis Presl under Pb2+ stress primarily by increasing the GSH level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating six main rivers and six lakes in Beihuan water system (BWS) and diagnosing the limiting factors of eco-health were conducted for the ecohealth assessment and ecological restoration division of urban water system (UWS) for Beijing. The results indicated that Jingmi River and Nanchang River were in a healthy state, the degree of membership to unhealthy were 0.358, 0.392, respectively; while Yongding River, Beihucheng River, Liangma River, Tongzi River and six lakes were in an unhealthy state, their degree of membership to unhealthy were between 0.459 and 0.927. The order of that was Liangma>Beihucheng>Tongzi>Yongding>six lakes>Jingmi>Nanchang, in which Liangma Rivers of that was over 0.8. The problems of Rivers and lakes in BWS are different. Jingmi River and Nanchang River were ecotype limiting; Yongding River, Tongzi River and six lakes were water quality and ecotype limiting. Beihucheng River and Liangma River were water quantity, water quality and ecotype limiting. BWS could be divided into 3 restoration divisions, pollution control division including Yongding River, Tongzi River and six lakes; Jingmi River and Nanchang River were ecological restoration zone, while Beihucheng River and Liangma River were in comprehensive improvement zone. Restoration potentiality of Jingmi River and Nanchang River were higher, and Liangma River was hardest to restore. The results suggest a new idea to evaluate the impact of human and environmental factors on UWS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distribution and characteristics of heavy metals enrichment in sediment were surveyed including the bioavailable form analyzed for assessment of the Luan River source water quality. The approaches of sediment quality guidelines (SQG), risk assessment code and Hakanson potential ecological risk index were used for the ecological risk assessment. According to SQG, The results show that in animal bodies, Hg at the sampling site of Wuliehexia was 1.39 mg/kg, Cr at Sandaohezi was 152.37 mg/kg and Cu at Hanjiaying was 178.61 mg/kg exceeding the severe effect screening level. There were 90% of sampling sites of Cr and Pb and 50% sites of Cu exceeded the lowest effect screening level. At Boluonuo and Wuliehexia, the exchangeable and carbonate fractions for above 50% of sites were at high risk levels and that for above 30% of sites at Xiahenan and Wulieheshang were also at high risk levels. Other sites were at medium risk level. Compared to soil background values of China, Hg and Cd showed very strong ecological risk, and the seven heavy metals of Hg, Cd, Cu, As, Pb, Cr, Zn at ecological risk levels were in the descending order. The results could give insight into risk assessment of environmental pollution and decision-making for water source security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental flow requirement (EFR) should be assessed, and water resources should be allocated for degraded river ecosystems to improve the ecological integrity of the river ecosystem in the Haihe River Basin, China. This river basin is a semiarid area where water resources are scarce. An EFR assessment model was developed based on both the spatial structure and the dominant eco-function of the river ecosystem at the basin scale. This model was used to assess the temporal and spatial variabilities of the EFR for the river ecosystem in the Haihe River Basin. The results indicate an annual EFR of 4.771 billion m3 for the river ecosystem; this value represents 18% of the average annual flow (26.390 billion m3). The EFR for river reach, wetland, and estuary are 2.267 billion, 1.532 billion, and 0.972 billion m3, respectively. The EFR for different restoration types of river reaches are as follows: the EFR for the ecological water supply type of river reach is 1.140 billion m3, which is 4.320% of the average annual flow (26.390 billion m3); the EFR for the water pollution control type of river reach is 1.138 billion m3, which is 4.312% of the average annual flow (26.390 billion m3); and the EFR for the vegetation evapotranspiration substitute water quantity cycle type of river reach is 0.154 billion m3, which is 0.584% of the average annual flow (26.390 billion m3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]