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Heart disease: A key enzyme for healthy contraction Enhancing activity of an enzyme that promotes healthy heart contraction could benefit patients at risk of serious heart conditions. Chronic high blood pressure can cause excessive thickening of heart muscle tissue, reducing the heart’s ability to contract correctly and leading to heart failure. A healthy heart fuels itself by oxidizing fatty acids to trigger production of the key energy transfer molecule ATP. Yin Hua Zhang and In-Gyu Kim at Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea and co-workers have highlighted how S-nitrosylation, addition of nitric oxide, affects transglutaminase 2 (TG2), an enzyme that promotes ATP production. Experiments on rats and mice showed that fatty acids activate TG2, increasing ATP production and maintaining contractibility in healthy hearts. However, in pressure-overloaded hearts, TG2 activity is inhibited by S-nitrosylation, which stops heart muscle cells contracting properly.

Abstract This split-mouth blinded randomized controlled study compared the efficacy of a desensitizing agent with oxalate/resin polymer and a universal adhesive containing mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) for dentin hypersensitivity (DH) relief, using Schiff sensitivity score (SSS) and visual analog scale (VAS). Split quadrants containing teeth with DH were treated with either MS Coat ONE or Hi-Bond Universal with MBG as the functional additive. Assessments at baseline, immediately post-application, and at 1- and 2-week follow-ups used standardized stimulus protocols (air, cold, and acid). The SSS difference was the primary outcome, while the VAS difference was the secondary outcome. A mixed linear effect model performed statistical analysis. Immediate DH reduction occurred in response to air stimuli, with a significant decrease in Group HB than in Group MS (p = 0.0178). Cold stimulus reduction exhibited a gradual cumulative effect, with consistently greater reductions in Group HB than in Group MS (p ≤ 0.0377). Both groups effectively managed acidic stimuli, with no significant differences (p > 0.05). The VAS scores decreased gradually over the follow-up period (p

Abstract Background The addition of bioactive glass (BG), a highly bioactive material with remineralization potential, might improve the drawback of weakening property of mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) when it encounters with body fluid. This study aims to evaluate the effect of BG addition on physical properties of MTA. Methods ProRoot (MTA), and MTA with various concentrations of BG (1, 2, 5 and 10% BG/MTA) were prepared. Simulated body fluid (SBF) was used to investigate the effect of the storage solution on dentin remineralization. Prepared specimens were examined as following; the push-out bond strength to dentin, compressive strength, setting time solubility and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Results The 2% BG/MTA showed higher push-out bond strengths than control group after 7 days of SBF storage. The 2% BG/MTA exhibited the highest compressive strength. Setting times were reduced in the 1 and 2% BG/MTA groups, and solubility of all experimental groups were clinically acceptable. In all groups, precipitates were observed in dentinal tubules via SEM. XRD showed the increased hydroxyapatite peaks in the 2, 5 and 10% BG/MTA groups. Conclusion It was verified that the BG-added MTA increased dentin push-out bond strength and compressive strength under SBF storage. The addition of BG did not negatively affect the MTA maturation reaction; it increased the amount of hydroxyapatite during SBF maturation.

Germanium (Ge) has potential as a dopant suitable for the hematite-based photoelectrochemical water splitting system. Here, the authors report the fabrication of Ge doped porous hematite and demonstrate an efficient tandem system of Ge doped porous hematite and the perovskite solar cell.

Abstract Although mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) have been adopted as an endodontic sealer because of excellent sealing effect and bioactive property and been modified with improvement of its characteristics, the developed MTA sealers have not yet satisfied all the ideal requirements of endodontic sealers. The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of elastin-like polypeptide (ELP)-incorporated MTA for use as an endodontic sealer and compare them with those of commercial MTA sealers. Two commercial MTA sealers and three experimental ELP-incorporated MTA sealers with 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 liquid/powder (L/P) ratio for 10 wt% ELP liquid were evaluated. The push-out bond strength, flow rate, sealer penetrability and wash-out resistance were tested and the sealer-dentin interface was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Our study revealed the ELP-incorporated MTA sealer, especially in 0.4 L/P ratio, exhibited the higher push-out bond strength and flow rate (P

The aim of this study is to explore the policy considerations that should be taken into account regarding the practical introduction of affirmative action policies in the field of education. For this purpose, we analysed the 100 most relevant YouTube videos produced between 2015 and 2023 using network analysis, the aim being to utilize the material they provide on affirmative action so as to reflect this in future education policies. As a result, nine key policy considerations that should be considered when introducing affirmative action policies in the field of education were derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Control of blood clotting in root canal systems is one of the most critical and difficult concerns for regenerative endodontics therapy (RET). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using gelatin- and fibrin-based hemostatic hydrogels as a scaffold on pulp regeneration in a minipig model. Cell viability of human dental pulp stem cells cultured three-dimensionally in gelatin-based and fibrin-based scaffolds was evaluated by MTT and live/dead assay. RET was performed on 24 immature premolars with an autologous blood clot (PC), gelatin-based and fibrin-based hemostatic matrices (GM and FM), or without the insertion of a scaffold (NC). The follow-up period was 12 weeks. Radiographic and histologic assessments for pulp regeneration were performed. Gelatin-based scaffolds exhibited significantly higher cell viability than fibrin-based scaffolds after 15 days (P

Background/purpose: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of dental caries, collapse of adhesive interface, and chemical erosion of teeth. The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of zinc on collagen degradation. Materials and methods: Human dentin was ground and demineralized by citric acid (pH 2.0). The demineralized ground dentin was incubated in six different media: artificial saliva (AS); 5 mg/ml doxycycline in AS; 3.33, 6.82, 13.63, and 27.26 mg/ml of zinc chloride (Zn) in AS. Each group was divided into two subgroups, and active MMP-2 was incorporated into one subgroup. Specimens were incubated for 24 h, 1 week, and 2 weeks. Collagen degradation product was assessed using ELISA. The results were analyzed using repeated measured ANOVA and Duncan's post hoc analysis (α = 0.05). Results: The amount of collagen degradation was the lowest in Doxy group. Zn groups showed a significant inhibitory effect in collagen degradation for all concentrations (P

Abstract Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are synthetic bioactive cements widely used as hard tissue substitutes. Critical limitations of use include their poor mechanical properties and poor anti-washout behaviour. To address those limitations, we combined CPC with genetically engineered elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs). We investigated the effect of the ELPs on the physical properties and biocompatibility of CPC by testing ELP/CPC composites with various liquid/powder ratios. Our results show that the addition of ELPs improved the mechanical properties of the CPC, including the microhardness, compressive strength, and washout resistance. The biocompatibility of ELP/CPC composites was also comparable to that of the CPC alone. However, supplementing CPC with ELPs functionalized with octaglutamate as a hydroxyapatite binding peptide increased the setting time of the cement. With further design and modification of our biomolecules and composites, our research will lead to products with diverse applications in biology and medicine.

Three-dimensionally (3D) cultured dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) reportedly exhibit superior multi-lineage differentiation capacities and have a higher expression in regeneration-related gene categories compared to conventionally cultured DPSCs. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of various mineral trioxide aggregates (MTAs) on DPSCs cultured in 3D, assessing their cell viability and tissue mineralization properties. We examined the morphology, cell viability, alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity and qualitative alizarin red S staining assay of the DPSCs that reacted with various MTAs, which included ProRoot (PRM), Biodentine (BIO), and Well-Root PT (WRP), in two different culture plates, an ultra-low attachment plate (ULA) and a conventional monolayer plate (2D). As a control, MTA-free and IRM samples were prepared. None of the MTA groups affected the microsphere-forming characteristics of DPSCs that had been cultured in ULA. The DPSCs that were cultured in ULA showed high cell viability in all MTA groups compared to IRM. The mineralization potential was favorable in all MTA groups, with a significantly higher ALP activity among the DPSCs that were cultured in ULA. Among MTAs, the PRM group showed substantially higher ALP activity than the other MTA groups. In conclusion, our results indicate that 3D-cultured DPSCs with various MTAs showed comparable viability and mineralization capacity similar to those cultured without reacting with MTA cement.

Objectives In this study, we characterized human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) obtained by different culture methods to establish the most suitable methodology for dental tissue engineering and regenerative endodontic applications. Materials and Methods HDPCs were isolated by the outgrowth method (HDPCs-OG), the enzymatic digestion method (collagenase/dispase/trypsin, HDPCs-ED), or the combination of both methods (HDPCs-Combined). The expression of mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD105, CD90, and CD73) was investigated. In vitro differentiation capacities of HDPCs into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages were compared. Differentiation markers were analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. Results Our data indicated that whole HDPCs-ED, HPDCs-OG, and HDPCs-Combined could be differentiated into adipogenic, chrondrogenic, and osteogenic cell types. However, we found that the methods for isolating and culturing HDPCs influence the differentiation capacities of cells. HDPCs-OG and HDPCs-ED were preferably differentiated into adipogenic and osteogenic cells, respectively. Differentiation markers shown by RT-PCR and western blotting analysis were mostly upregulated in the treated groups compared with the control groups. Conclusions Our findings confirmed that cell populations formed by two different culture methods and the combined culture method exhibited different properties. The results of this study could provide an insight into regenerative endodontic treatment using HDPCs.

Root canal treatment of mandibular incisor is difficult because of the narrow pulp space and apical curvature. The aim of this study was to measure the anatomical indicators of the mandibular incisors in Koreans using micro-computed tomography (MCT) with novel software (Kappa 2). The MCT-scanned data from 27 mandibular incisors were reconstructed and analyzed. For each canal, 3-dimensional (3D) surface models were re-sliced at 0.1 mm intervals perpendicular to the central axis of the root canal. Root canal width, dentine thickness, and direction and degree of root canal curvatures were measured automatically on each slice. Measurements were analyzed statistically with Bhapkar test, Friedman test, and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Labial and lingual dentine thicknesses were significantly larger than mesial and distal thicknesses (p < 0.001). The thinnest dentine was mainly located on the mesio-lingual side of the canals in the apical third. The mean narrowest and widest canal width in the apical sixth were 0.22 mm and 0.40 mm, respectively. The canal curvature abruptly increased in the apical 0.5-mm portion. MCT with novel software provided useful anatomical information for root canal instrumentation.

This case report presents surgical endodontic management outcomes of maxillary incisors that were infected via the lateral canals. Two cases are presented in which endodontically-treated maxillary central incisors had sustained lateral canal infections. A surgical endodontic treatment was performed on both teeth. Flap elevation revealed vertical bone destruction along the root surface and infected lateral canals, and microscopy revealed that the lateral canals were the origin of the lesions. After the infected lateral canals were surgically managed, both teeth were asymptomatic and labial fistulas were resolved. There were no clinical or radiographic signs of surgical endodontic management failure at follow-up visits. This case report highlights the clinical significance and surgical endodontic management of infected lateral canal of maxillary incisor. It is important to be aware of root canal anatomy variability in maxillary incisors. Maxillary central incisors infected via the lateral canal can be successfully managed by surgical endodontic treatment.

n dentistry, the term 'fusion' is used to describe a developmental disorder of dental hard tissues. In the permanent dentition, fusion of a normal tooth and a supernumerary tooth usually involves the incisors or canines. However, a few cases of fusion involving premolars have also been reported to date. We present a rare case in which fusion of the maxillary left second premolar and a supernumerary tooth in a 13-year-old girl was diagnosed using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT, Alphard-3030, Asahi Roentgen Ind. Co., Ltd.). The tooth was bicuspidized after routine nonsurgical root canal treatment, and the separated teeth underwent appropriate restoration procedures. The second premolar and supernumerary tooth remained asymptomatic without any signs of inflammation after a follow-up period of 9 years. Identification of anatomical anomalies is important for treatment in cases involving fusion with supernumerary tooth, and therefore the microscopic examinations and CBCT are essential for the diagnosis. Fused teeth can be effectively managed by the comprehensive treatment which includes both endodontic and periodontal procedures.

Background/purpose: This study examined the stress distribution in endodontically treated maxillary central incisors restored with various lengths of either titanium or fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) post-and-core systems, using two-dimensional finite element analysis models. Materials and methods: Eight models of the maxillary central incisor were formed, surrounded by cortical bone, cancellous bone, and the periodontal ligament. Two different post-and-core systems, titanium and FRC posts (D.T Light Post), were modeled. In each restorative system, four models were designed by changing the post lengths cemented to the root at 10 mm, 9 mm, 8 mm, and 7 mm. A 100-N load was applied at a 45° angle to the long axis of each model. The stress distribution levels were calculated according to the Von Mises criteria. Results: The titanium post showed stress concentrations toward the post when loaded, and its stress concentration shifted toward the direction of the crown with a decreasing post length. In contrast, there was no stress concentration in the FRC post when loaded and no shift of the stress concentration toward the crown with a change in the post length. Conclusion: Results suggest that the possibility of fracture of the FRC post is relatively low, compared to the titanium post, even for a short post. The same criteria for installation of a metal post should not be applied to an FRC post.

Objectives This study analyzed the difference in color caused by different thickness in enamel layer of composite resins when applied with single and layering placement technique, and evaluated if the results agreed with the shade guide from the manufacturers to verify reliability of the color matching process of the manufacturers. Materials and Methods For single composite resin samples, 6 mm diameter and 4 mm thickness cylindrical samples were fabricated using Ceram-X mono (DENTSPLY DeTrey) and CIE L*a*b* values were measured with spectrophotometer. Same process was done for layering composite resin samples, making 3 dentinal shade samples, 4 mm thickness, for each shade using Ceram-X duo (DENTSPLY DeTrey) and enamel shade resins were layered in 2 mm thickness and CIE L*a*b* values were measured. These samples were ground to 0.2 mm thickness each time, and CIE L*a*b* values were measured to 1 mm thickness of enamel shade resin. Results Color difference (ΔE*) between single and layering composite resin was 1.37 minimum and 10.53 maximum when layering thicknesses were between 1 mm and 2 mm and 6 out of 10 same shade groups suggested by manufacturer showed remarkable color difference at any thickness (ΔE* > 3.3). Conclusion When using Ceram-X mono and duo for composite resin restoration, following the manufacturer's instructions for choosing the shade is not appropriate, and more accurate information for Ceram-X duo is needed on the variation and expression of the shades depending on the thickness of the enamel.

Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of germ line-encoded receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The activation of PRRs is crucial for the initiation of innate immunity, which plays a key role in first-line defense until more specific adaptive immunity is developed. PRRs differ in the signaling cascades and host responses activated by their engagement and in their tissue distribution. Currently identified PRR families are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs), and the AIM2-like receptor (ALR). The environment of the dental pulp is substantially different from that of other tissues of the body. Dental pulp resides in a low compliance root canal system that limits the expansion of pulpal tissues during inflammatory processes. An understanding of the PRRs in dental pulp is important for immunomodulation and hence for developing therapeutic targets in the field of endodontics. Here we comprehensively review recent finding on the PRRs and the mechanisms by which innate immunity is activated. We focus on the PRRs expressed on dental pulp and periapical tissues and their role in dental pulp inflammation.

The aim of this study was to ascertain the levels of well-being that local residents experience in different types of community in Korea. To this end, the study divided Korean communities into three types - metropolitan communities, small and medium-sized city communities, and rural communities - and attempted to analyse the factors affecting the happiness of residents in each type. For this purpose, decision tree analysis was applied. As a result of the analysis, the 69 metropolitan communities were all divided into five nodes, and it was found that the biggest factor influencing the happiness of residents in these communities was social capital. The 99 small and medium-sized city communities were all classified into nine nodes, and it was found that in these communities environmental capital had the greatest influence on residents' happiness. The 82 rural communities were all classified into eleven nodes, and here it was found that human capital had the greatest influence. Taken together, these findings indicate that each individual community needs to establish a policy reflecting the characteristics of the nodes to which it belongs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. This study aims to compare the volumetric change, degree of conversion (DOC), and cytotoxicity of 3D-printed restorations post-cured under three different conditions. Materials and Methods. 3D-printed interim restorations were post-cured under three different conditions and systems: 5 min, 30 min, and 24 h. Three-unit and six-unit fixed dental prostheses (n = 30 for each case) were printed; ten specimens from each group were post-cured and then scanned to compare their volumetric changes. Root-mean-squared (RMS) values of the data were acquired by superimposing the scanned files with original files. Thirty disk-shaped specimens were printed to evaluate the DOC ratio. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to compare the DOCs of 10 specimens from each group. Human gingival fibroblasts were used to measure the cell viability of every specimen (n = 7). The data from this experiment were employed for one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc comparisons. Results. Differences between the three-unit restorations were statistically insignificant, regardless of the post-curing conditions. However, for the six-unit restorations, a high RMS value was acquired when the post-curing duration was 30 min. The average DOC was approximately 56 - 62%; the difference between each group was statistically insignificant. All the groups exhibited cell viability greater than 70%, rendering them clinically acceptable. Conclusion. The post-curing conditions influenced the volume when the length of the restoration was increased. However, this deviation was found to be clinically acceptable. Additionally, postcuring did not significantly influence the DOC and cytotoxicity of the restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare chemical properties and bioactivities of with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and EndoSequence Root Repair Material (ERRM). After setting, surfaces of test materials were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The pH and cell viability of materials were tested. Osteoblastic differentiation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and ALP staining. MTA showed spindle-shaped crystals while ERRM showed round-shaped crystals of various sizes. ERRM presented lower pH than MTA. Both materials showed good cell viabilities compared to the control. Expression levels of osteoblastic genes and ALP staining were increased significantly (p<0.05) in ERRM and MTA groups compared to those in the control group. In conclusion, ERRM and MTA both had effects on osteoblastic differentiation. Therefore, ERRM can be used as a desirable alternative to MTA for root-end filling material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the effects of various agitation methods on the adhesive layer formation of a new HEMA-free universal dentin adhesive. The μTBS of the universal adhesive, G-Premio BOND in the self-etch mode was evaluated using three agitation methods [passive agitation (PA), active agitation (AA), ultrasonic agitation (UA)], with and without aging treatment. Two-way analysis of variance revealed that aging treatment was not a statistically significant factor. Tukey's HSD test showed significant differences based on the application method, UA>AA>PA. TEM images of the PA group revealed multiple water blisters in the adhesive layers; AA and UA groups presented significantly less or no blisters within the adhesive layers,thus, AA and UA groups exhibited better bonding performance for the HEMA-free universal adhesive. It is assumed that the entrap ped blisters can be reduced with the active application of dentin adhesive, and thus improving the bonding performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We investigated the prognostic factors for distant metastasis (DM) in patients with locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) treated with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: Eighty-five patients treated between January 1995 and August 2014 were evaluated retrospectively. Data regarding the pathological tumour and nodal status, human papillomavirus (HPV) status, treatment characteristics, and pretreatment maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan (18F-FDG PET-CT) were evaluated, and their influence on DM and survival outcomes were analyzed. Results: Median follow-up period was 48.0 months. Recurrence was observed in 20 patients, including locoregional recurrence and DM. DM was observed in 13 patients. A multivariate analysis confirmed that the presence of lymphovascular invasion (p=0.031), lower neck lymph node (LN) involvement (p=0.006), SUVmax ≽ 9.7 (p=0.014), and tumour size ≽ 3 cm (p=0.037) significantly affected DM. HPV status was not associated with DM. Perineural invasion (p=0.048), lower neck LN involvement (p=0.008), SUVmax ≽ 9.7 (p=0.019), and tumour size ≽ 3 cm (p=0.033) were also significant factors for the DM-free survival rate. Conclusion: Lower neck LN involvement, high SUVmax in pretreatment 18F-FDG PET-CT, and large tumour size were predictive factors for DM in patients of OPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the dentin bond strength of a new universal adhesive with that of contemporary multi-step dentin adhesives. Six experimental groups were prepared according to the adhesives used and their application modes: Optibond FL (OB), Adper Single Bond Plus (SB), One-Step Plus (OS), Clearfil SE Bond (CS), All-Bond Universal using etch-and-rinse mode (ABE), and All- Bond Universal using self-etch mode (ABS). Micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) and failure mode were evaluated for each group. The bonded interface was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As a result, μTBS of 6 experimental groups was followed as: OB=ABE=SE=ABS>SB>OS group. TEM micrographs of ABE and ABS groups revealed a homogenous adhesive layer formation. In conclusion, a new universal adhesive can make reliable bond to dentin, regardless of the application mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LPSs are widely used to stimulate TLR4, but their effects on ion channels in immune cells are poorly known. In THP-1 cells and human blood monocytes treated with LPS, inwardly rectifying K+ channel current (IKir,LPS) newly emerged at 1 h, peaked at 4 h (-119 ± 8.6 pA/pF), and decayed afterward (-32 ± 6.7 pA/pF at 24 h). Whereas both the Kir2.1 and Kir2.2 mRNAs and proteins were observed, single-channel conductance (38 pS) of IKir,LPS and small interfering RNA-induced knockdown commonly indicated Kir2.2 than Kir2.1. LPS-induced cytokine release and store-operated Ca2+ entry were commonly decreased by ML-133, a Kir2 inhibitor. Immunoblot, confocal microscopy, and the effects of vesicular trafficking inhibitors commonly suggested plasma membrane translocation of Kir2.2 by LPS. Both IKir,LPS and membrane translocation of Kir2.2 were inhibited by GF109203X (protein kinase C [PKC] inhibitor) or by transfection with small interfering RNA-specific PKCε. Interestingly, pharmacological activation of PKC by PMA induced both Kir2.1 and Kir2.2 currents. The spontaneously decayed IKir,LPS at 24 h was recovered by PI3K inhibitors but further suppressed by an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) phosphatase (phosphatase and tensin homolog). However, IKir,LPS at 24 h was not affected by Akt inhibitors, suggesting that the decreased phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate availability, that is, conversion into PIP3 by PI3K, per se accounts for the decay of IKir,LPS. Taken together, to our knowledge these data are the first demonstrations that IKir is newly induced by TLR4 stimulation via PKC-dependent membrane trafficking of Kir2.2, and that conversion of phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate to PIP3 modulates Kir2.2. The augmentation of Ca2+ influx and cytokine release suggests a physiological role for Kir2.2 in TLR4-stimulated monocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the micromorphologic changes that accompany different surface treatments on mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and their effect on the bond strength to the composite resin with 4 adhesive systems. Methods Three types of MTA cement, ProRoot MTA (WMTA) (Dentsply, Tulsa, OK), MTA Angelus (AMTA) (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil), and Endocem MTA (EMTA) (Maruchi, Wonju, Korea), were prepared and stored for a week to encourage setting. Surface treatment was performed using phosphoric acid or self-etch primer, and an untreated MTA surface was prepared as a control. The surface changes were observed using scanning electron microscopy. MTA surfaces were bonded with 4 adhesive systems, including Scotchbond Multipurpose (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN), Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE), Clearfil SE BOND (Kuraray, Osaka, Japan), and AdheSE One F (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), to evaluate the adhesive effectiveness of MTA followed by composite resin restoration. The shear bond strength of the polymerized specimens was tested. Results For WMTA and AMTA, untreated surfaces showed an irregular crystalline plate with clusters of globular aggregate particles. For EMTA, the untreated surface presented a reticular matrix with acicular crystals. After surface treatment, superficial crystalline structures were eroded regardless of the MTA cement and adhesive system used. WMTA bonded significantly more strongly than AMTA and EMTA, regardless of the adhesive system used. In the WMTA and AMTA groups, AdheSE One F showed the highest bond strength to the composite. For EMTA, no significant differences were found across adhesive systems. Conclusions Acidic treatment of the MTA surface affected the micromorphology and the bond strength to the composite. Within the limitations of this study, using a 1-step self-etch adhesive system might result in a strong bond to WMTA when the composite resin restoration is required over MTA cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute self-limited vasculitis of infants and children that manifests as fever and signs of mucocutaneous inflammation. Coronary artery aneurysms develop in approximately 15-25% of untreated children. Although the etiology of KD is largely unknown, epidemiologic data suggest the importance of genetic factors in the susceptibility to KD. In order to identify genetic variants that influence KD susceptibility, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using Affymetrix SNP array 6.0 in 186 Korean KD patients and 600 healthy controls; 18 and 26 genomic regions with one or more sequence variants were associated with KD and KD with coronary artery lesions (CALs), respectively ( p < 1 × 10). Of these, one locus on chromosome 1p31 (rs527409) was replicated in 266 children with KD and 600 normal controls (odds ratio [OR] = 2.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.85-4.54, P = 1.46 × 10); and a PELI1 locus on chromosome 2p13.3 (rs7604693) was replicated in 86 KD patients with CALs and 600 controls (OR = 2.70, 95% CI = 1.77-4.12, P = 2.00 × 10). These results implicate a locus in the 1p31 region and the PELI1 gene locus in the 2p13.3 region as susceptibility loci for KD and CALs, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining the multi-faceted environmental responsiveness of polymers with photonically active structures, we developed spiral photonic actuators which can reversibly change both shape and colour in response to the chemical environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate that organized, porous, polymer microstructures with continuous open nanoscale pores and a sub-micron spacing obtained via interference lithography can be successfully utilized in a non-traditional field of ordered polymer microcomposites. The examples presented here include porous matrices for the fabrication of binary, glassy-rubbery microcomposites with intriguing mechanical properties with large energy dissipation and lattice-controlled fracturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase mask interference lithography was employed to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel structures with high surface area on neural prosthetic devices. A random terpolymer of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate- ran-methyl methacrylate- ran-methacrylic acid) was synthesized and used as a negative-tone photoresist to generate bicontinuous 3D hydrogel structures at the submicrometer scale. We demonstrated that the fully open 3D hydrogel/air networks can be used as a pH-responsive polymeric drug-release system for the delivery of neurotrophins to enhance the performance of neural prosthetic devices. Additionally an open hydrogel structure will provide direct access of neuronal growth to the device for improved electrical coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twelve Korean infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) were isolated in the field from chickens suspected of being carriers of infectious bronchitis between 2001 and 2003. The S1 glycoprotein genes of these IBV isolates were amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. These Korean IBV isolates were classified into three groups according to their RFLP patterns obtained using the restriction enzyme HaeIII. Half of the twelve isolates were similar to the KM91 RFLP pattern, which is a common pattern in Korea. Three more isolates were related to the Arkansas strain pattern, but with some unique variations. The other three viruses showed variant RFLP patterns. For a comparison with the published sequences for non-Korean IBV strains, amplified PCR products from the twelve isolates were cloned and sequenced. The Korean IBV field isolates had 71.2-99.7% nucleotide sequence homology with each other and 45.9-80.7% nucleotide sequence homology with non-Korean IBV strains. With respect to the deduced amino acid sequence, the Korean IBV isolates had 71.5-99.3% similarity with each other and 44.9-80.3% similarity with non-Korean IBV strains. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that some of the IBV isolates appear to belong to a new group, different from the non-Korean IBV strains or from previously isolated Korean IBV strains. Specifically, the new Korean IBV isolates K10217-03, K3-3 and K1255-03 represented a separate group. These findings suggest that the Korean IBVs appear to be continuously evolving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new route for the fabrication of highly nonspherical complex multivalent submicron particles. This technique exploits the ability of holographic interference lithography to control geometrical elements such as symmetry and volume fraction in 3D lattices on the submicron scale. Colloidal particles with prescribed complex concave shapes are obtained by cleaving low volume fraction connected structures fabricated by interference lithography. Controlling which Wyckoff sites in the space group of the parent structure are connected assures specific “valencies” of the particles. Two types of particles, 2D “4-valent” and 3D “6-valent” particles are fabricated via this technique. In addition to being able to control multivalent particle shape, this technique has the potential to provide tight control over size, yield, and dispersity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Norbornene copolymers having derivatives of lithocholic acid were synthesized as matrix polymers for 193-nm lithography. Norbornene with a succinic acid ester group was introduced into the matrix polymers in order to improve adhesion to a silicon substrate without causing cross-linking during the post-exposure bake process. Dry-etching resistances of the polymers to CF[sub4]-reactive ion etching are comparable to that of poly(4-hydroxystyrene), a typical matrix resin for 248-nm lithography. The resists formulated with the polymers gave 0.15 µm line and space patterns at a dose of 14 mJ/cm² using an ArF excimer laser stepper and a standard 2.38 wt% tetramethylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) decorated with aliphatic dendrimers having gold nanoparticles either in their endo- or exo-positions was firstly formulated through fully noncovalent functionalization approaches. Noncovalent binding of aliphatic dendrimers specifically on rGO rather than on graphene oxide (GO) could be clearly visualized in transmission electron microscopy analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide-terminated partially fluorinated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (GO-PAES) was synthesized via step growth polymerization with graphene oxide. A small amount of graphene oxide was incorporated into the polymer matrix to enhance the properties of the polymer/GO composites. The chemical structures of the synthesized copolymers containing graphene oxide were confirmed by 1HNMR and FT-IR spectra. The thermal properties of GO-PAES analyzed by TGA and DSC were significantly improved due to the thermal stability of graphene oxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the effect of a synthesis of cyclopropyl-containing photoacid generators (PAG) on absorbance and photobleaching effect. Use of triphenylsulfonium salts as photoacid generators for the cleavage of acid labile groups in chemically amplified resists; Result of substitution of alkyl groups for the aryl groups in the sulfonium salts; Comparison of resolutions resulting from resist containing cyclopropyldiphenylsulfonium triflate and resist containing a conventional PAG, triphenylsulfonium triflate.

Abstract The 4-week double-blind clinical trial to manage dentin hypersensitivity (DH) using different desensitizing toothpastes was conducted. 53 participants with DH were enrolled in this trial. The participants were randomized into 3 groups: Group N; no active ingredient-containing toothpaste (Pleasia fluoride-free), Group SC; a toothpaste containing strontium chloride (Sensodyne Original), and Group TP; a toothpaste containing tricalcium phosphate (Vussen S). They were instructed to brush their teeth manually for 3 min, 3 times per day for 4 weeks with the allocated toothpastes, and were assessed at baseline (0), 2, and 4 weeks, respectively. Schiff sensitivity score was recorded to 3 different stimuli (air-blast, cold, and acid) at each assessment. Overall DH was also assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS). The longer participants used the toothpastes, the greater reduction in DH in all groups to the three stimuli. Group TP demonstrated significant reduction of DH compared to group N for air-blast and cold stimuli. Group TP showed significantly lower VAS than group N and SC. Tricalcium phosphate containing toothpaste used in this trial was most useful to reduce DH. It can be one of the treatment options that alleviate DH.

Minimally invasive surgery for the treatment of macroscopic cervical cancer leads to worse oncologic outcomes than with open surgery. Preoperative conization may mitigate the risk of surgical approach. Our objective was to describe the oncologic outcomes in cases of cervical cancer initially treated with conization, and subsequently found to have no residual cervical cancer after hysterectomy performed via open and minimally invasive approaches. This was a retrospective cohort study of surgically treated cervical cancer at 11 Canadian institutions from 2007 to 2017. Cases initially treated with cervical conization and subsequent hysterectomy, with no residual disease on hysterectomy specimen were included. They were subdivided according to minimally invasive (laparoscopic/robotic (MIS) or laparoscopically assisted vaginal/vaginal hysterectomy (LVH)), or abdominal (AH). Recurrence free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Chi-square and log-rank tests were used to compare between cohorts. Within the total cohort, 238/1696 (14%) had no residual disease on hysterectomy specimen (122 MIS, 103 AH, and 13 VLH). The majority of cases in the cohort were FIGO 2018 stage IB1 (43.7%) and underwent a radical hysterectomy (81.9%). There was no statistical difference between stage, histology, and radical vs simple hysterectomy between the abdominal and minimally invasive groups. There were no significant differences in RFS (5-year: MIS/LVH 97.7%, AH 95.8%, p = 0.23) or OS (5-year: MIS/VLH 98.9%, AH 97.4%, p = 0.10), although event-rates were low. There were only two recurrences. In this large study including only patients with no residual cervical cancer on hysterectomy specimen, no significant differences in survival were seen by surgical approach. This may be due to the small number of events or due to no actual difference between the groups. Further studies are warranted.

Abstract Background Recently, various kinds of heat-treated nickel-titanium (NiTi) glide path instruments have been manufactured. This study aimed to investigate design, phase transformation behavior, mechanical properties of TruNatomy Glider (#17/02), V Taper 2H (#14/03), and HyFlex EDM (#15/03) and compare torque/force generated during simulated glide path preparation with them. Methods The designs and phase-transformation behaviors of the instruments were examined via scanning electron microscopy (n = 3) and differential scanning calorimetry (n = 2). Their bending (n = 15), torsional (n = 15), and cyclic fatigue resistances (n = 15) were tested. The ultimate strength and distortion angle were obtained from torsional resistance test. The number of cycles to failure (NCF) was calculated from cyclic fatigue resistance test. The preparation of the glide path was simulated using a double-curved artificial canal (n = 15), and the maximum torque and screw-in forces were measured. Data except NCF was compared between brands with one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s honestly significant difference test. NCF was analyzed via Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests. Results TruNatomy Glider had the greatest number of threads. TruNatomy Glider showed progressive taper, while V Taper 2H and HyFlex EDM had constant taper. The austenitic transformation-finish temperatures of all the instruments were above body temperature. V Taper 2H demonstrated significantly lower ultimate strength, higher distortion angle, and a higher number of cycles to failure compared with HyFlex EDM and TruNatomy Glider (p

The characteristics of 3-dimensional (3D) cultured periodontal ligament stem cells derived from permanent teeth (pPDLSCs) and supernumerary teeth (sPDLSCs) were compared and evaluated in this study. pPDLSCs and sPDLSCs were cultured in an ultra-low attachment 6-well plate, and the changes in morphology and size were observed under an optical microscope for 14 days. Cell counting kit-8 was used to quantitatively evaluate cell viability, and a live/dead assay was performed for the qualitative assessment. The degrees of osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation of pPDLSCs and sPDLSCs were also assessed. The pPDLSCs and sPDLSCs were initially spherical, and sPDLSCs were smaller than pPDLSCs. The viability of pPDLSCs decreased by 47.9% (day 3) and 10.4% (day 7), whereas that of sPDLSCs decreased by 34.3% (day 3) and 2.5% (day 7) compared to the percentage on Day 1. No significant difference in osteogenic differentiation was found (p = 0.94); however, significant differences in adipocyte and cartilage differentiation were observed (p = 0.003 and p = 0.013, respectively). Within the limitations of this study, sPDLSCs and pPDLSCs exhibited multilineage differentiation capacities, including osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation, in 3D culture. Overall, pPDLSCs should be further investigated as a source of stem cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Abstract We report a wire-shaped three-dimensional (3D)-hybrid supercapacitor with high volumetric capacitance and high energy density due to an interconnected 3D-configuration of the electrode allowing for large number of electrochemical active sites, easy access of electrolyte ions, and facile charge transport for flexible wearable applications. The interconnected and compact electrode delivers a high volumetric capacitance (gravimetric capacitance) of 73 F cm−3 (2446 F g−1), excellent rate capability, and cycle stability. The 3D-nickel cobalt-layered double hydroxide onto 3D-nickel wire (NiCo LDH/3D-Ni)//the 3D-manganese oxide onto 3D-nickel wire (Mn3O4/3D-Ni) hybrid supercapacitor exhibits energy density of 153.3 Wh kg−1 and power density of 8810 W kg−1. The red light-emitting diode powered by the as-prepared hybrid supercapacitor can operate for 80 min after being charged for tens of seconds and exhibit excellent electrochemical stability under various deformation conditions. The results verify that such wire-shaped 3D-hybrid supercapacitors are promising alternatives for batteries with long charge–discharge times, for smart wearable and implantable devices.

Xanthones are secondary metabolites isolated from the peel of mangosteen showing medicinal potencies. Alpha-mangostin (α-MG) is the most plentiful xanthone, which has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-bacterial activities. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of xanthones on LPS-treated hDPCs. Cell viability was determined using the WST-1 assay. The mRNA and protein expression profiles of inflammatory mediators were evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot analysis. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed using the Western blot analysis to examine underlying mechanisms. A one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s post hoc test was used to determine statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). The study found no significant differences between the cytotoxic effects in the α-MG-treated groups and controls. The mRNA and protein expression levels of inflammatory markers in the α-MG treated groups decreased. α-MG significantly inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of proteins associated with the MAPK and NF-κB pathways. This study suggests that α-MG exerts anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-treated hDPCs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of novel bioactive glass (BAG)-containing desensitizers on the permeability of dentin. Experimental dentin desensitizers containing 3 wt% BAG with or without acidic functional monomers (10-MDP or 4-META) were prepared. A commercial desensitizer, Seal & Protect (SNP), was used as a control. To evaluate the permeability of dentin, real-time dentinal fluid flow (DFF) rates were measured at four different time points (demineralized, immediately after desensitizer application, after two weeks in simulated body fluid (SBF), and post-ultrasonication). The DFF reduction rate (ΔDFF) was also calculated. The surface changes were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Raman spectroscopy was performed to analyze chemical changes on the dentin surface. The ΔDFF of the desensitizers containing BAG, BAG with 10-MDP, and BAG with 4-META significantly increased after two weeks of SBF storage and post-ultrasonication compared to the SNP at each time point (p < 0.05). Multiple precipitates were observed on the surfaces of the three BAG-containing desensitizers. Raman spectroscopy revealed hydroxyapatite (HAp) peaks on the dentin surfaces treated with the three BAG-containing desensitizers. Novel BAG-containing dentin desensitizers can reduce the DFF rate about 70.84 to 77.09% in the aspect of reduction of DFF through the HAp precipitations after two weeks of SBF storage.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a novel bioactive glass (BAG)-containing dentin adhesive on the permeability of demineralized dentin. Bioactive glass (85% SiO2, 15% CaO) was fabricated using the sol-gel process, and two experimental dentin adhesives were prepared with 3 wt% silica (silica-containing dentin adhesive; SCA) or BAG (BAG-containing dentin adhesive; BCA). Micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) test, fracture mode analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis of adhesive and demineralized dentin, real-time dentinal fluid flow (DFF) rate measurement, and Raman confocal microscopy were performed to compare SCA and BCA. There was no difference in μTBS between the SCA and BCA (p > 0.05). Multiple precipitates were evident on the surface of the BCA, and partial occlusion of dentinal tubules was observed in FE-SEM of BCA-approximated dentin. The DFF rate was reduced by 50.10% after BCA approximation and increased by 6.54% after SCA approximation. Raman confocal spectroscopy revealed an increased intensity of the hydroxyapatite (HA) peak on the dentin surface after BCA application. The novel BAG-containing dentin adhesive showed the potential of both reducing dentin permeability and dentin remineralization.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of periodontal ligament stem cells derived from supernumerary teeth (sPDLSCs), cultured using a three-dimensional (3D) method and a conventional two-dimensional (2D) method. Methods: The morphology, viability, and osteogenic differentiation of the cells were analyzed. In addition, gene expression was analyzed by RNA sequencing, to characterize the functional differences. Results: The diameter of the 3D-cultured sPDLSCs decreased over time, but the spheroid shape was maintained for 7 days. The osteogenic differentiation was similar in the 2D and 3D. The gene expression related to the extracellular matrix (7.3%), angiogenesis (5.6%), cell proliferation (4.6%), inflammatory response (3.7%), and cell migration (3.5%) differed (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, sPDLSCs varied in formation and function, depending on the culture method. In future, it is necessary to study tissue engineering using the advantages of 3D culture and the fewer ethical problems of supernumerary teeth.

This study compared the characteristics of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) cultured using 3-dimensional (3D) versus conventional 2-dimensional (2D) methods. PDLSCs were cultured in either a 3D culture with a non-adhesive culture plate (Stemfit 3D®) or a conventional 2D culture using a 6-well plate. Morphology, viability, proliferation ability, and osteogenic differentiation were analyzed to characterize the differences induced in identical PDLSCs by 3D and 2D culture environments. In addition, gene expression was analyzed using RNA sequencing to further characterize the functional differences. The diameter and the viability of the 3D-cultured PDLSCs decreased over time, but the shape of the spheroid was maintained for 20 days. Although osteogenic differentiation occurred in both the 2D- and 3D-cultured PDLSCs, compared to the control group it was 20.8 and 1.6 higher in the 3D- and 2D-cultured cells, respectively. RNA sequencing revealed that PDLSCs cultured using 2D and 3D methods have different gene expression profiles. The viability of the 3D-cultured cells was decreased, but they showed superior osteogenic differentiation compared to 2D-cultured cells. Within the limitations of this study, the results demonstrate that the structure and function of PDLSCs are influenced by the cell culture method.