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Abstract Human activities are altering ecological communities around the globe. Understanding the implications of these changes requires that we consider the composition of those communities. However, composition can be summarized by many metrics which in turn are influenced by different ecological processes. For example, incidence‐based metrics strongly reflect species gains or losses, while abundance‐based metrics are minimally affected by changes in the abundance of small or uncommon species. Furthermore, metrics might be correlated with different predictors. We used a globally distributed experiment to examine variation in species composition within 60 grasslands on six continents. Each site had an identical experimental and sampling design: 24 plots × 4 years. We expressed compositional variation within each site—not across sites—using abundance‐ and incidence‐based metrics of the magnitude of dissimilarity (Bray–Curtis and Sorensen, respectively), abundance‐ and incidence‐based measures of the relative importance of replacement (balanced variation and species turnover, respectively), and species richness at two scales (per plot‐year [alpha] and per site [gamma]). Average compositional variation among all plot‐years at a site was high and similar to spatial variation among plots in the pretreatment year, but lower among years in untreated plots. For both types of metrics, most variation was due to replacement rather than nestedness. Differences among sites in overall within‐site compositional variation were related to several predictors. Environmental heterogeneity (expressed as the CV of total aboveground plant biomass in unfertilized plots of the site) was an important predictor for most metrics. Biomass production was a predictor of species turnover and of alpha diversity but not of other metrics. Continentality (measured as annual temperature range) was a strong predictor of Sorensen dissimilarity. Metrics of compositional variation are moderately correlated: knowing the magnitude of dissimilarity at a site provides little insight into whether the variation is driven by replacement processes. Overall, our understanding of compositional variation at a site is enhanced by considering multiple metrics simultaneously. Monitoring programs that explicitly incorporate these implications, both when designing sampling strategies and analyzing data, will have a stronger ability to understand the compositional variation of systems and to quantify the impacts of human activities.

Sexual violence against athletes in elite and leisure sport has become of growing interest in recent years. In line with social media initiatives such as #SportToo and #CoachDontTouchMe and a rise in general media coverage, research in this field indicates an urgent need for action. These recent developments occasionally have led to no-touch policies, which may result in moral panic, uncertainty, and fear of unjustified suspicion among coaches. However, the role of closeness and distance in the development of sexual violence within the coach-athlete relationship has not yet been researched systematically. In this scoping review, the authors focus on the coach-athlete relationship, particularly its predispositions to sexual violence and how to prevent abusive relationships. Some characteristics typical of elite sport may predispose coaches to commit abuse, such as gender and power relations, the need for physical touch, hierarchical structures in sport, and trust and closeness between coaches and athletes. This scoping review follows an interdisciplinary approach combining sociological and psychological perspectives. It comprises 25 publications in English and German published from 2000 to 2019. The literature review highlights that closeness, power, blurred boundaries, and ambiguous roles are areas that seem to be crucial to the analysis of the coach-athlete relationship from both sociological and psychological perspectives., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Gaedicke, Schäfer, Hoffmann, Ohlert, Allroggen, Hartmann-Tews and Rulofs.)

Interpersonal violence in sport occurs in different forms, from emotional abuse, overtraining, bullying, physical aggression and pressuring to punishment and sexual abuse. Due to the use of different definitions, a comparison of prevalence estimates between studies in different countries has not been possible to date. The aim of the current study was thus to present the prevalence estimates of interpersonal violence in elite sport for the Netherlands, Belgium (Flanders), and Germany and to examine the overlap of three types of interpersonal violence. Data from two different surveys (one in the Netherlands and Flanders and another in Germany) of a total of 1,665 elite athletes ( n  = 533 from the Netherlands and Flanders, n  = 1,132 from Germany) were used. Athletes were asked to answer questions about their experiences of psychological, physical, and sexual violence in the context of organized sport. In general, lifetime prevalence estimates for all three types of interpersonal violence are more than 24% in elite athletes, with the highest numbers for psychological violence. Compared to representative population samples the prevalence rate of psychological violence seems to be particularly high. Gender differences were only evident for sexual violence, with female athletes showing higher prevalence estimates than male athletes. Furthermore, a high overlap of experiences of the three different forms of interpersonal violence was found for all three countries. The differences in prevalence estimates between the three countries are discussed.

Do Children and Adolescents with Different Reasons for Admission Equally Benefit from Institutional Care? Currently, almost 150.000 children and adolescents are placed in institutional care in Germany with the aim to improve their living conditions. Various studies showed positive effects concerning the development of those institutionalized children and adolescents. Within the present study, 500 children and adolescents in institutional care were examined regarding the improvement of quality of life and social competencies during their care placement depending on the respective reason for admission (group A: admission due to mental health and behavior problems; group S: problems in the context of the school; group O: no mental health problems, but other reasons). Furthermore, differences in the development of children and adolescents who initiated the placement by themselves and those who did not were examined. Results show that over a period of 18-24 months, all three groups developed effectively equally. Group A had a lower initial level regarding quality of life and social competencies compared to group S and group O and therefore reached lower outcomes within the investigation period. Development was irrespective of whether or not children and adolescents initiated the institutional placement by themselves. The results demonstrate that all three groups were able to benefit from institutional care, although children and adolescents with mental health problems had a notable potential for further development.

Quality of Life and Behavioral Problems of Unaccompanied Minor Refugees in Child Care Facilities Unaccompanied minor refugees (UMR) who arrive in Germany are generally placed in institutional child care facilities. UMR are a very burdened group, however other children and adolescents in institutional care are burdened as well, and their quality of life is often reduced. The aim of the current study was thus to compare quality of life and behavioral problems of UMR in child care facilities with those of other resident adolescents. For a total of 50 UMR, data regarding behavioral problems was available, for 41 UMR ratings on quality of life, both from external assessments. Two parallel comparison samples of other adolescents in the same institutional care facilities were drawn with adolescents with and without a migration background. Results show that in general, UMR show fewer behavioral problems than the other two groups, especially in externalizing behavior. For internalizing behavior, no differences were evident. For quality of life, no differences could be found between the three groups of inhabitants in institutional care. This indicates that the same factors determining quality of life are present in all three groups, but that the underlying mental problems are different in UMR than in other adolescents. Thus, staff in institutional care should possibly work differently with these group of adolescents than with other inhabitants and should be educated respectively.

Mental Disorders of Adolescents in Boarding Schools: A Germany-Wide Survey Overall, research on children and adolescents in boarding schools is still scarce. Especially mental disorders of students in boarding schools have not been investigated. As part of this study, a standardized questionnaire survey helped to ask adolescents starting from the age of 15 in boarding schools about mental disorders and depressive symptoms. 169 adolescents from a total of twelve boarding schools in Germany participated in the study. The results of the present Germany-wide survey of adolescents in boarding schools show that the students are a group of rather inconspicuous adolescents, especially the group of boys. Girls show increased risk of depressive behavior and externalizing problems in comparison to the general population. Therefore, child and adolescent psychiatric care should be considered when placed in a boarding school.

Adolescents in institutionalized care are at a particularly high risk of exhibiting sexually aggressive behavior including sexual harassment. So far, however, studies about the prevalence of sexually aggressive behavior in institutions are lacking. In this survey, 322 adolescents (43% female, average age 16.7 years) from 32 residential care facilities and boarding schools across Germany were asked about sexually aggressive behavior via a standardized questionnaire. Overall, 23.5% of the participants engaged in some form of sexually aggressive behavior in their lives, and 4.6% reported having committed a sexual assault with (actual or attempted) penetration. A closer look at the circumstances of those offenses shows that the victims were in most cases acquainted with and of the same age as the offenders, that threats and violence were used in some cases, and especially in the case of actual or attempted penetration, and that only a minority of offenders suffered any consequences for their acts. The implementation of protective measures for institutions and the treatment of adolescents in institutions will be discussed.

Childhood Experiences of Adolescents in Boarding Schools. A Comparison with Adolescents in Residential Care and with the General Population Various studies indicate that students in boarding schools experience a lot of violence during their accommodation. However, it is not proved whether adolescents in boarding schools are also a burdensome group regarding early childhood experiences such as neglect and abuse. The aim of the study was to find out more about the experiences of adolescents in boarding schools and to determine whether there are differences between adolescents in residential care and between the general population. Furthermore, it should be examined whether boys and girls differ in their experiences. In the study, adolescents of boarding schools and of residential care all over Germany, starting at the age of 15 (n = 322), were asked regarding physical and emotional neglect/abuse, light/severe parent violence, negative/positive educational behavior of the parents. The results show that students in boarding schools were less likely to be affected by childhood maltreatment and more likely to have experienced positive parental behavior compared to children in residential care. Compared to the general population, students in boarding schools were more often and more severely affected by parental violence. Moreover, girls had experienced parental violence more often than boys. The results indicate that in boarding schools there is a need for support offers for adolescents with a history of violent experiences and that the risk group should be identified directly at the admission to the school.

Young elite athletes (EA) have to solve the same developmental tasks (DTs) as non-athletes, even though they spend a lot of time with their sports and have to solve certain sports-related DTs in addition [Ohlert & Kleinert (2014). Entwicklungsaufgaben jugendlicher Elite-Handballerinnen und -Handballer [Developmental tasks in adolescent elite handball players]. Zeitschrift für Sportpsychologie, 21(4), 161-172. doi: 10.1026/1612-5010/a000129 ]. The aim of this study was to find out if this situation leads to a shortfall in certain DTs and, furthermore, to a reduced well-being in adolescent EA. In total, 185 EA participated in the survey together with 166 recreational/non-athletes (RA). Participants were between 16 and 19 years old (69% female) and answered questions regarding the relevance of different DTs, their actual progression, satisfaction with their actual progression, and the WHO-5 measure for well-being. Compared to the RA group, the EA group reported a different relevance for some DTs. No significant differences were found between the two groups in progression or satisfaction with progression. The stepwise multiple regression resulted in two significant predictors for well-being in EA: satisfaction with progression in the DTs "to find oneself" and "circle of friends". For RA, the analysis revealed only satisfaction with progression in "circle of friends" as a significant predictor. Implications are that, at least for this age group, problems with DTs were not detected for the adolescent EA. However, if satisfaction with the own progression in certain DTs is low, well-being will also be reduced.

Haumea-one of the four known trans-Neptunian dwarf planets-is a very elongated and rapidly rotating body. In contrast to other dwarf planets, its size, shape, albedo and density are not well constrained. The Centaur Chariklo was the first body other than a giant planet known to have a ring system, and the Centaur Chiron was later found to possess something similar to Chariklo's rings. Here we report observations from multiple Earth-based observatories of Haumea passing in front of a distant star (a multi-chord stellar occultation). Secondary events observed around the main body of Haumea are consistent with the presence of a ring with an opacity of 0.5, width of 70 kilometres and radius of about 2,287 kilometres. The ring is coplanar with both Haumea's equator and the orbit of its satellite Hi'iaka. The radius of the ring places it close to the 3:1 mean-motion resonance with Haumea's spin period-that is, Haumea rotates three times on its axis in the time that a ring particle completes one revolution. The occultation by the main body provides an instantaneous elliptical projected shape with axes of about 1,704 kilometres and 1,138 kilometres. Combined with rotational light curves, the occultation constrains the three-dimensional orientation of Haumea and its triaxial shape, which is inconsistent with a homogeneous body in hydrostatic equilibrium. Haumea's largest axis is at least 2,322 kilometres, larger than previously thought, implying an upper limit for its density of 1,885 kilograms per cubic metre and a geometric albedo of 0.51, both smaller than previous estimates. In addition, this estimate of the density of Haumea is closer to that of Pluto than are previous estimates, in line with expectations. No global nitrogen- or methane-dominated atmosphere was detected.

An increasingly important issue is the mental strain of professionals in residential care for children and adolescents. However, only few studies investigate mental strain and overload of professionals in an educational context in general and even less in youth welfare institutions. The goal of this study was to examine mental strain experiences of professionals with the "Perceived Stress Questionnaire" (PSQ) in youth welfare institutions, as well as to investigate the relationship between age, duration of employment in this work environment and gender of participants. A total of 426 care providers participated in the online survey. The results tend to show higher stress levels among younger professionals and significantly higher values in tension compared to older employees, but no effect of gender. Furthermore, there is no relation between stress experience and duration of employment in this work environment, but a significant correlation between a feeling of security from violence in this institution and stress level. The total score for stress experience of professionals is similar to that of healthy adults, while in the subscales compared to the norm sample professionals show higher scores on requirements in terms of deadlines and time pressure as well as on tension. The results indicate a high vulnerability of young professionals, which could be addressed by institutional interventions. More studies are needed to clarify causal relationships., Competing Interests: Interessenkonflikt: Die Autoren geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Research on sexual violence victims and perpetrators indicates that victims in general are found to report higher levels of psychopathological symptoms, especially internalizing behavior, whereas perpetrators often show externalizing behavior. Little is known, however, about the psychopathology of perpetrators of sexual violence who have also experienced sexual victimization (victim-perpetrators). Thus, the aim of the current study was to examine this group within a sample of adolescents living in residential care or federal boarding schools. Participants reported their lifetime experience with sexual violence (both as victim and perpetrator) and completed the Youth Self Report. Results indicate that all three groups of adolescents with sexual violence experience report higher total problem scores than adolescents without this experience. Victim-perpetrators show results more similar to those of perpetrators only than those of victims only. The discussion deals with the implications of our findings for the treatment of victims of sexual violence.

The frequency of sexual victimization in high-risk populations like adolescents in institutional care has hardly been studied. In this study, we report lifetime prevalence and incidence from a nationwide German sample including 322 adolescents (mean age 16.69 years, 43% female) from 20 residential care facilities and 12 boarding schools. Lifetime prevalence for severe sexual victimization (in and outside of institution) was 46.7% for girls and 8.0% for boys. Moreover, 5% of all adolescents experienced severe sexual victimization for the first time after they were admitted to the current institution (mean duration of stay in the current institution 3.08 years). Offenders were mostly adolescents of the same age whereas staff members played a minor role as perpetrators. We conclude that the high rate of sexual victimization among adolescents in institutional care should be considered during decision-making processes concerning out-of-home placement and during a stay in residential care., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Disclosure of Adolescents in Residential Care Institutions and Boarding Schools after Exposure to Sexual Violence In international research, many papers exist about the issue of disclosure after having experienced sexual violence. However, specific research regarding disclosure processes of children and adolescents in institutional care are missing, even though those are particularly often affected by sexual violence. In the Germany-wide study "Sprich mit!", adolescents from the age of 15 up (n = 322; average age 16,69 (SD = 1,3); 57,1 % males) who live in residential care or boarding schools were asked for experiences of sexual violence and their consequences by means of a self-report questionnaire. Results showed that the majority of the adolescents (82 %) entrusted themselves to someone, mostly towards peers (56 %) and less frequent towards adults (24 %). Boys and girls opened up equally often, regardless of the severity of the experienced violence. Adolescents who entrusted themselves towards their peers indicated retrospectively more satisfaction than those entrusting themselves towards adults, even if there were no consequences following the disclosure. Considering that the disclosure towards peers did not initiate a process of help, adolescents in institutional care should be better informed about relevant possibilities to entrust themselves and receive support.

Besides pyrolysis the technology of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is tested to produce hydrochars for soil improvement. The chemical and physical properties of the hydrochars mainly depend on the feedstock and the process parameters reaction time and process temperature. Systematic investigations on the influences of these process parameters on soil properties of hydrochars like water holding capacity (WHC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) are missing. In this study, a rush-rich biomass was carbonized within defined HTC process conditions under variation of reaction time and process temperature to produce hydrochars. Analysis of WHC, CEC, the elemental composition and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were performed to evaluate the influence of HTC process conditions on the pedological hydrochar properties. The results indicated that at increasing reaction severity (reaction time and process temperature) WHC and CEC decreased as well as the elemental O/C ratio. The decrease of WHC and CEC is based on the decrease of the hydrochar surface polarity. However, even the lowest WHC and CEC of investigated hydrochars still exceeded those of pure quartz sand by factors of 5-10. An application of hydrochars produced at severe HTC conditions could improve WHC and CEC of sandy soils. This has to be investigated in further studies., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Rehabilitation of rheumatic diseases is a difficult subject because it deals with a chronic life-long illness. The necessary therapy has to adjust to the changing symptoms of pain and malfunction. In this article we introduce the various means of physical medicine required. It will be a life-long rehabilitation process with changing handicaps and disabilities. Improvement with nearly no functional deficits and no clinical symptoms but impairment and disability show how varied this group of patients is. There is no borderline between the acute and chronic stage. We need an interdisciplinary approach and specialised centres for the rehabilitation of rheumatoid diseases.

Background: Previous research has emphasized the importance of visitation in critical care units and its beneficial effects on patients and their families. However, nurses' attitudes and beliefs about visitation did not correlate with those of patients and their families, nor did actual visitation practices correlate with written policy., Objective: To investigate nurses' perceptions about open vs restricted visiting hours and the effects on the patient, the patient's family, and the nurse., Methods: Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 201 nurses who completed a survey instrument about nurses' perceptions of visitation at five metropolitan hospitals in a midwestern city., Results: Seventy percent of official policies for visitation were restrictive. In practice, 78% of nurses were nonrestrictive in their visitation practices. Variables that affected practices regarding visiting hours were the patient's need for rest, the nurse's workload, and the beneficial effects of visitation on patients. Requests from patients and their families were ranked least important. Significant differences in practices were found regarding restriction of visiting by immediate family members and of the number of visitors. Restricted hours were perceived to decrease noise (83%) and promote patients' rest (85%). Open visitation practices were perceived to beneficially affect the patient (67%) and the patient's family (88%) and to decrease anxiety (64%). Perceptions of ideal visiting hours included restrictions on the number of visitors (75%), hours (57%), visits by children (55%), and duration of visits (54%), but no restriction on visitation by immediate family members (60%). Qualitative data revealed recurrent themes in visitation practices, policies and exceptions, control of visitation by patients, and nurses' wishes., Conclusion: Data indicate that most nurses do not restrict visitation, regardless of whether restrictive policies are in place. Most nurses base their visitation decisions on the needs of the patient and the nurse. Needs of the family were ranked as less important in decision making about family visitation.

Study Objective: To examine whether well-trained paramedics can perform emergent, successful, uncomplicated, endotracheal intubations during in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)., Design: Retrospective review of medical records of in-patients undergoing emergent, endotracheal intubations during in-hospital, CPR over 8 months, with comparison of the performance of the paramedics against that of other hospital-based personnel., Setting: A 437-bed Midwestern community teaching hospital., Patients: Adult in-patients in general medical/surgical wards., Main Outcome Measures: The rapidity of response of paramedics and other medical personnel to a cardiorespiratory arrest (code 4) announcement, and reported difficulties, success rate, rapidity, and complications of endotracheal intubation., Results: In the 47 cardiorespiratory arrests requiring intubation that we analyzed, the median response times (with values in parentheses representing interquartile range [IQR]) for paramedics, nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), anesthesiologists, and other physicians respectively, were 2.00 (4.25), 4.00 (2.0), 4.00 (15.0), and 7.00 (8.0) min, requiring a median of 1.0 attempt for all groups (mean values, 1.4, 1.125, 1.0, and 1.4 respectively) to place an endotracheal tube. The paramedics were successful in 13 of 15 instances. Median times (seconds) required for intubation by various groups (same order as response times, with IQR given in parentheses) were 60 (30), 150 (270), 45 (30), and 60 (30). Difficulties were reported by all groups, including patients' resistance to intubation, airway obstruction by extraneous material, and difficulty in visualizing the glottis. Reported complications (4%) were confined to groups other than the paramedics., Conclusions: Paramedics can successfully, and without undue difficulty or complications, place endotracheal tubes during in-hospital CPR. Appropriately trained paramedics may be incorporated into hospital-based CPR teams in two contexts: (1) to provide an acceptable, long-term solution to the scarcity of personnel highly skilled in endotracheal tube placement during in-hospital CPR, and (2) to fulfill the need for hospitals to have on-site, qualified professionals to perform emergent endotracheal intubation during CPR. In the latter situation, personnel skilled in airway management could supplement the paramedics on demand. Further investigation in this area could be fruitful in view of the small sample size covered in this study.

Objective: To compare the clinical characteristics and survival of elderly and younger hospitalized patients who sustain cardiac arrest and receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in the 1990's and to assess predictors of survival., Design: Retrospective survey of cardiac arrest database and hospital charts, plus telephone follow-up., Setting: 450-bed acute care teaching hospital., Study Population: Seventy-eight hospitalized patients 70 years or older and 73 hospitalized patients under 70 years of age., Measurements: Survey of cardiac arrest data base, hospital charts, and telephonic follow-up to allow (1) comparison of clinical characteristics, survival, and long-term follow-up between two age groups and (2) univariate and multivariate analysis of predictors of mortality., Main Results: Pre-arrest clinical characteristics were not significantly different between the age groups. Prior to arrest the majority of patients were functionally active, and over one-third were hospitalized for acute coronary artery syndromes. In approximately 85% of the patients, the arrest was witnessed, and 70% of the patients had their cardiac rhythm monitored at onset of the arrest. Survival was not significantly different between the age groups; 26% of the total 151 patients were discharged. No significant difference was noted in pre-post arrest functional status of survivors. Survival at 1, 2, and 3 years in elderly and younger survivors was 86% versus 80%, 76% versus 67%, and 71% versus 61%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified the presence of coronary artery disease, admission systolic blood pressure, and functional level to be independent pre-arrest predictors of mortality. At the time of the arrest, the initial cardiac rhythm and duration of CPR were found to be independent predictors of mortality., Conclusions: Elderly patients hospitalized in the 1990's who receive CPR have outcomes similar to younger patients who receive CPR. The favorable outcome in the elderly patients may reflect patient selection: the majority of our patients were functionally active prior to hospitalization, without multiple serious illnesses; many were hospitalized for acute coronary artery syndromes; and, in most cases, the arrest was witnessed with the patient's cardiac rhythm monitored at onset of the arrest.