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We present the analysis of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) J- and H-band imaging for 29 galaxies on the star-forming main sequence at z ∼ 2, which have adaptive optics Very Large Telescope SINFONI integral field spectroscopy from our SINS/zC-SINF program. The SINFONI Hα data resolve the ongoing star formation and the ionized gas kinematics on scales of 1–2 kpc; the near-IR images trace the galaxies’ rest-frame optical morphologies and distributions of stellar mass in old stellar populations at a similar resolution. The global light profiles of most galaxies show disk-like properties well described by a single Sérsic profile with , with only requiring a high Sérsic index, all more massive than . In bulge+disk fits, about 40% of galaxies have a measurable bulge component in the light profiles, with showing a substantial bulge-to-total ratio (B/T) . This is a lower limit to the frequency of z ∼ 2 massive galaxies with a developed bulge component in stellar mass because it could be hidden by dust and/or outshined by a thick actively star-forming disk component. The galaxies’ rest-optical half-light radii range between 1 and 7 kpc, with a median of 2.1 kpc, and lie slightly above the size–mass relation at these epochs reported in the literature. This is attributed to differences in sample selection and definitions of size and/or mass measurements. The color gradient and scatter within individual z ∼ 2 massive galaxies with are as high as in z = 0 low-mass, late-type galaxies and are consistent with the high star formation rates of massive z ∼ 2 galaxies being sustained at large galactocentric distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer visualization techniques (CVTs) are an emerging technology that can organize all cancer specialists. This article describes CVTs' ability to maximize the currently untapped advantages of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). The visual speed and dynamic strategies inherent in CVTs improves IMRT by distilling vast amounts of anatomic, multimodal imaging, textual/meaning, and surgical/outcome data into a large, rigorous, standardized evidence base of storable target delineation plans. This ability to standardize strategies will allow the collection of meaningful evidence based outcome data.

Background and Aims of the Study: Several techniques were utilized to evaluate the performance of bileaflet mechanical heart valves and improve upon current valve designs., Methods: Particle image velocimetry (PIV), computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and video analysis were used to evaluate St. Jude Medical (SJM) and ATS valves in an abrupt enlargement outlet chamber. Video analysis and PIV provided information on the opening angle of the leaflets and 2D velocity fields. PAM-FLOW CFD software was used to predict flow through the valves with leaflets in the fully open position, which corresponds to steady flow conditions in the experimental study. The ATS valve was also modeled at its reported incomplete leaflet opening angle, and with an orifice modification. Additional CFD techniques were employed to find the natural opening angle of the ATS valve., Results: In steady and pulsatile flow, the SJM leaflets opened completely. PIV showed three fairly uniform jets passing through the SJM valve. CFD analysis of the pressure distribution across the SJM valve showed a resultant moment in the open direction, indicating that the leaflets were held against the open stops at 85 degrees. In both steady and pulsatile flow, the leaflets in the ATS valve did not open to the designed opening angle. From video analysis, the ATS leaflet opening angle was estimated at 72-76 degrees. PIV showed that the incomplete opening angle of the ATS leaflets produced a large wake region behind the leaflets, and lateral jets that impinged on the side walls of the test chamber. CFD analysis showed a pressure distribution across the ATS valve which produced a moment causing the leaflets not to open to 85 degrees. The equilibrium position of the leaflet was approximately 75 degrees. The leaflets in the CFD model opened to the full 85 degrees when the orifice was increased by 2 mm on the outflow side., Conclusion: The combination of techniques used in this study provided a method that will be useful in evaluating new valve designs. It was learned that leaflet position, pivot location and orifice height influence pressure distribution across the leaflets, thereby affecting the opening angle.