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This article presents a study on the distribution of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) alleles in the Danish population. CYP450 enzymes are important for drug metabolism, and genetic variations in the genes encoding these enzymes can impact drug response. The study compared genotype data from different genotyping platforms and found that the CYP2C19*17 and CYP2C9*2 alleles were more common than the CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C9*3 alleles. The results provide valuable insights into the genetic variability of these enzymes in the Danish population and suggest that the Illumina GSA platform could be useful for identifying drug-gene interactions. [Extracted from the article]

The recently discovered Fåvne vent field, located at 3,040 m depth on the slow‐spreading Mohns mid‐ocean ridge between Greenland and Norway, is a high‐temperature (≥250°C) vent field that is characterized by Fe oxyhydroxide‐rich and S‐poor chimneys and mounds. The vent field is located on both the hanging wall and footwall of a normal fault with a ∼1.5 km throw that forms the western edge of the ∼20 km wide ridge axial valley. Data collected during exploration of the site using a remotely operated vehicle as well as mineralogical and geochemical analyses of rock samples and sediments are used to characterize the geological setting of the vent field and composition of the hydrothermal deposits. The chimney walls are highly porous and lack defined chalcopyrite lined conduits, typical of high‐temperature chimneys. Overall, abundant Fe oxyhydroxide precipitation at high‐temperature vents at Fåvne reflects an excess of Fe over reduced S in the fluid, leading to precipitation of Fe oxide and oxyhydroxide minerals at high to moderate temperature vents (>100°C), and as microbially mediated and abiotic precipitation of Fe oxyhydroxide minerals at low‐temperature diffuse vents (<100°C). The mounds and chimneys exhibit low base metal and reduced S concentrations relative to globally averaged seafloor deposits and suggest subseafloor mixing of hydrothermal fluid with seawater, causing metal sulfide precipitation. Cobalt enrichment at Fåvne may reflect a subsurface influence of an ultramafic substrate on circulating fluids, although ultramafic rocks are absent on the seafloor and no other elements typical of ultramafic deposits are present. Plain Language Summary: Seafloor hydrothermal deposits are mineral deposits formed from seawater penetrating the oceanic crust and becoming enriched in metals by leaching the surrounding rocks as the temperature rises close to a heat source. Once heated, the fluid rises back to the seafloor where it comes into contact with cold seawater and the metals precipitate, forming chimneys and mounds. The minerals and metal concentrations record temperatures of formation and environments, and can help us understand the processes associated with plate tectonics and the formation of ore deposits. Using underwater vehicles, we collected rocks and sediments from the Fåvne vent field and measured the temperature of the chimneys, mounds, and surrounding seafloor to understand how these deposits form on the seafloor. The Fåvne vent field differs from other vent fields because it is enriched in iron‐rich‐minerals and depleted in sulfur‐rich‐minerals. The dominance of iron‐rich minerals and the abundance of fractures in the seafloor at the vent field suggest that the hydrothermal fluid is cooled by seawater percolating along the fractures, accumulating these metals in the subsurface instead of at the seafloor. This process is important for understanding the current land‐based mineral deposits being mined today and for the exploration of seafloor mineral deposits. Key Points: The Fåvne vent field consists of chimneys and mounds composed of Fe oxyhydroxide minerals with minor sulfide mineralsVenting of hot fluids with temperatures up to 267°C is dominantly diffuse, sustaining significant microbial communitiesLow base metal concentrations of the Fåvne deposits suggest subsurface seawater mixing and mineral precipitation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document summarizes a pilot study conducted in Denmark to assess the agreement between publicly funded genotyping tests and phenotype classification for certain genes. The study found inconsistencies in genotype and phenotype agreement between three laboratories, highlighting the need for standardization in pharmacogenetic testing. The document also discusses the lack of national alignment between laboratories in Denmark, which poses challenges in the use and implementation of pharmacogenetic testing. The study recommends continuous updating of the phenotype approach and alignment of genotyping and phenotyping classifications to ensure consistent implementation of pharmacogenetic testing in Denmark. The document also references various guidelines and studies related to pharmacogenetic testing in mental health care settings. [Extracted from the article]

Microbial sulfate reduction is generally limited in the deep sea compared to shallower marine environments, but cold seeps and hydrothermal systems are considered an exception. Here, we report sulfate reduction rates and geochemical data from marine sediments and hydrothermal vent fields along the Arctic Mid Ocean Ridges (AMOR), to assess the significance of basalt-hosted hydrothermal activity on sulfate reduction in a distal deep marine setting. We find that cored marine sediments do not display evidence for sulfate reduction, apart from low rates in sediments from the Knipovich Ridge. This likely reflects the overall limited availability of reactive organic matter and low sedimentation rates along the AMOR, except for areas in the vicinity of Svalbard and Bear Island. In contrast, hydrothermal samples from the Seven Sisters, Jan Mayen and Loki's Castle vent fields all demonstrate active microbial sulfate reduction. Rates increase from a few 10s to 100s of pmol SO42- cm-3 d-1 in active hightemperature hydrothermal chimneys, to 10s of nmol SO42- cm-3 d-1 in lowtemperature barite chimneys and up to 110 nmol cm-3 d-1 in diffuse venting hydrothermal sediments in the Barite field at Loki's Castle. Pore fluid and sediment geochemical data suggest that these high rates are sustained by organic compounds from microbial mats and vent fauna as well as methane supplied by high-temperature hydrothermal fluids. However, significant variation was observed between replicate hydrothermal samples and observation of high rates in seemingly inactive barite chimneys suggests that other electron donors may be important as well. Sediment sulfur isotope signatures concur with measured rates in the Barite field and indicate that microbial sulfate reduction has occurred in the hydrothermal sediments since the recent geological past Our findings indicate that basalt-hosted vent fields provide sufficient electron donors to support microbial sulfate reduction in high- and low-temperature hydrothermal areas in settings that otherwise show very low sulfate reduction rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the mechanisms for integrating an analytic artefact with Manufacturing Execution System (MES), by constructing and deploying an artefact within two manufacturing sites. The findings indicate that analytic artefacts, unlike EIS or IT integrations, can be constructed based on a business problem and do not have to address specific factors such as IT-systems, process, people, or tasks. As a consequence, an analytic artefact can be built centrally and deployed across heterogeneous manufacturing sites, if they share a common data model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: World Health Organization guidelines now recommend routine use of viral load testing, where available, for patients receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART). However, its use has not been routinely implemented in many resource‐limited settings due to cost, availability and accessibility. Viral load testing is complex, making its application in resource‐limited settings challenging. We describe the issues encountered by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) when using routine viral load testing in a large HIV programme in sub‐Saharan Africa. Methods: Between October 2005 and August 2006, more than 1200 patients on ART had viral load tests at baseline and at three‐month intervals performed by a local reference laboratory that was quality assured by an experienced international institution. Concerns with reliability of results halted testing. The quality control measures instituted with a second laboratory and outcomes of these were documented. Results: In 2005 and 2006, only 178 of 334 (53%) previously ART‐naïve patients tested after six to 12 months of treatment had viral loads of less than 1000 copies/mL. Similar MSF programmes elsewhere demonstrated virological suppression rates of more than 85%, and duplicate testing showed unacceptable discordance. Laboratory problems encountered included: disregarded quality control; time delays; requirement for retesting; and duplicate sample variations. Potentially harmful clinical outcomes of inaccurate viral load results include: unnecessary ART regimen changes; unnecessary enhanced adherence counselling after “false failures”; and undetected virological failure. Conclusions: Viral load testing performed without rigorous quality control carries the risk of erroneous and potentially damaging results. Viral load testing should be utilized only if robust quality assurance has been implemented. Our experience in this and other settings led to the development of a guide for assessing the suitability of a laboratory for viral load testing that can be used to help achieve reliable results., Background Viral load (VL) testing is the only definitive method for early detection of antiretroviral treatment (ART) failure [1,2]. HIV treatment can be managed without routine laboratory assessment [3], but [...]

Oxygen constitutes one of the strongest factors explaining microbial taxonomic variability in deep-sea sediments. However, deep-sea microbiome studies often lack the spatial resolution to study the oxygen gradient and transition zone beyond the oxic-anoxic dichotomy, thus leaving important questions regarding the microbial response to changing conditions unanswered. Here, we use machine learning and differential abundance analysis on 184 samples from 11 sediment cores retrieved along the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge to study how changing oxygen concentrations (1) are predicted by the relative abundance of higher taxa and (2) influence the distribution of individual Operational Taxonomic Units. We find that some of the most abundant classes of microorganisms can be used to classify samples according to oxygen concentration. At the level of Operational Taxonomic Units, however, representatives of common classes are not differentially abundant from high-oxic to low-oxic conditions. This weakened response to changing oxygen concentration suggests that the abundance and prevalence of highly abundant OTUs may be better explained by other variables than oxygen. Our results suggest that a relatively homogeneous microbiome is recruited to the benthos, and that the microbiome then becomes more heterogeneous as oxygen drops below 25 μM. Our analytical approach takes into account the oft-ignored compositional nature of relative abundance data, and provides a framework for extracting biologically meaningful associations from datasets spanning multiple sedimentary cores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No other environment hosts as many microbial cells as the marine sedimentary biosphere. While the majority of these cells are expected to be alive, they are speculated to be persisting in a state of maintenance without net growth due to extreme starvation. Here, we report evidence for in situ growth of anaerobic ammoniumoxidizing (anammox) bacteria in ~80,000-y-old subsurface sediments from the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge. The growth is confined to the nitrate-ammonium transition zone (NATZ), a widespread geochemical transition zone where most of the upward ammonium flux from deep anoxic sediments is being consumed. In this zone the anammox bacteria abundances, assessed by quantification of marker genes, consistently displayed a four order of magnitude increase relative to adjacent layers in four cores. This subsurface cell increase coincides with a markedly higher power supply driven mainly by intensified anammox reaction rates, thereby providing a quantitative link between microbial proliferation and energy availability. The reconstructed draft genome of the dominant anammox bacterium showed an index of replication (iRep) of 1.32, suggesting that 32% of this population was actively replicating. The genome belongs to a Scalindua species which we name Candidatus Scalindua sediminis, so far exclusively found in marine sediments. It has the capacity to utilize urea and cyanate and a mixotrophic lifestyle. Our results demonstrate that specific microbial groups are not only able to survive unfavorable conditions over geological timescales, but can proliferate in situ when encountering ideal conditions with significant consequences for biogeochemical nitrogen cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]